王棟棟,王占禮,2※,張慶瑋,張琪琳,田娜玲
草地植被覆蓋度坡度及雨強對坡面徑流含沙量影響試驗研究
王棟棟1,王占禮1,2※,張慶瑋1,張琪琳1,田娜玲1
(1. 西北農林科技大學水土保持研究所 黃土高原土壤侵蝕與旱地農業(yè)國家重點實驗室,楊凌 712100;2. 中國科學院水利部水土保持研究所,楊凌712100)
為研究植被修復狀態(tài)下徑流含沙量變化。該試驗運用人工模擬降雨試驗方法,分析了徑流含沙量草被調控效益變化。結果:1)不同降雨強度或坡度下,平均徑流含沙量隨草被蓋度的增大而減小,草被蓋度從30%~70%,含沙量分別降低約10或5 kg/m3,可用線性方程顯著描述。草被消減雨強對徑流含沙量影響大于草被消減坡度的。平均徑流含沙量隨降雨強度或坡度的增大而增大,分別可用冪函數(shù)或指數(shù)函數(shù)方程顯著描述,決定系數(shù)在0.5或0.8以上。2)基于單位水流功率建立冪函數(shù)模型決定系數(shù)為0.940,模型有效系數(shù)為0.986,說明模型模擬精度都較高。3)基于坡度、雨強和蓋度建立指數(shù)函數(shù)模型決定系數(shù)為0.937,模型有效系數(shù)為0.894,說明模型模擬精度都較高。該研究可以預測草地坡面含沙量,為生態(tài)建設和流域管理提供指導。
土壤;侵蝕;徑流;徑流含沙量;草地植被;水力學參數(shù);土壤侵蝕模型;蓋度
王棟棟,王占禮,張慶瑋,張琪琳,田娜玲. 草地植被覆蓋度坡度及雨強對坡面徑流含沙量影響試驗研究[J]. 農業(yè)工程學報,2017,33(15):119-125. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.015 http://www.tcsae.org
Wang Dongdong, Wang Zhanli, Zhang Qingwei, Zhang Qilin, Tian Naling. Experiment on influence of cover degree, slope and rainfall intensity on sediment concentration of slope runoff in rangeland[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(15): 119-125. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.015 http://www.tcsae.org
片蝕是坡面薄層水流對土壤的分散和輸移過程[1-2],是中國黃土地區(qū)垂直分布帶土壤侵蝕的初級階段[3]。徑流含沙量變化是產流、產沙及水沙關系消長與演變過程的重要指標[4],也是衡量水土流失嚴重性的重要參數(shù)之一;另外徑流含沙量變化可引起河床形態(tài)變化危及河道運行安全。自從退耕還草還林以來,草地得到很好的自行修復,片蝕徑流含沙量也隨之產生變化。建立草地坡面片蝕徑流含沙量模型預測植被修復狀態(tài)下徑流含沙量對指導生態(tài)建設和加強流域管理有著極其重要作用。
坡面含沙量主要受雨強、坡度、坡長、植被影響,很多學者運用室內模擬降雨試驗方法對此進行研究。李君蘭等[5]對坡面細溝侵蝕發(fā)生過程中的坡面流速的沿坡變化進行了研究,試驗結果表明坡面徑流含沙量與坡度、雨強和坡面流速相關,與坡長無關。Liu等[4,6-8]研究了坡度雨強對含沙量變化過程影響,結果一致表明含沙量隨降雨歷時增加最終逐漸趨于穩(wěn)定。盛賀偉等[9]研究在不同質地黃土、降雨強度和坡度條件下,水流含沙量均呈先減小后趨于平穩(wěn)的規(guī)律;穩(wěn)定含沙量隨降雨強度和坡度的增大而增大。李浩宏等[10]試驗結果表明片蝕水流平均含沙量隨雨強和坡度的增大而增大,分別可用冪函數(shù)方程和對數(shù)方程描述。而關于有植被坡面的徑流含沙量研究多采用野外降雨試驗方法,研究內容集中在植被形態(tài)及種類對含沙量影響,近幾年研究轉向徑流含沙量變化對水力學參數(shù)影響。楊帆等[11]和甘卓婷等[12]研究表明草被的蓋度和種類以及草本植物結構間接的影響徑流含沙量。甘卓婷等[12]還認為有草被覆蓋的徑流小區(qū)比裸坡的坡面徑流含沙量小,并且坡面徑流含沙量隨草地植被生長階段的增加而減小。吳卿等[13]采用人工徑流沖刷模擬裝置,研究了30%~40%及60%~80%草被蓋度對侵蝕影響,研究結果表明在坡度和沖刷流量相同的條件下,植被蓋度變化對徑流含沙量有顯著影響。Ghadiri等[14-15]研究認為植被過濾帶前面的回水段泥沙沉積更為重要。肖培青等[16]、潘成忠等[17]、趙春紅等[18],朱冰冰等[19]和吳淑芳等[20]通過野外人工模擬降雨試驗研究徑流含沙量對水力學參數(shù)影響,研究結果一致表明徑流含沙量可顯著影響水力學參數(shù)。綜上可知,草地調控徑流含沙量研究匱乏,使植被修復狀態(tài)下徑流含沙量變化認知缺失,以致無法科學進行生態(tài)建設和流域管理。
該試驗運用人工模擬降雨試驗方法,分析不同草地植被蓋度、雨強及坡度條件下坡面含沙量的變化,探求草地植被影響坡面徑流含沙量的變化規(guī)律;確定最適合描述徑流含沙量變化的水力學參數(shù);基于坡度、雨強及蓋度建立草被坡面徑流含沙量模型,以及基于最佳水力學參數(shù)建立草被坡面含沙量模型。該研究一方面預測草地坡面含沙量,另一方面為生態(tài)建設和流域管理提供指導。
試驗在中科院水利部水土保持研究所黃土高原土壤侵蝕與旱地農業(yè)國家重點實驗室人工模擬降雨大廳進行。試驗土壤取自位于黃土高原腹地的陜西安塞(屬于典型黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)),土壤類型為黃綿土。
試驗主要設備包括徑流小區(qū)及模擬降雨器。徑流小區(qū)為移動式變坡度鋼質小區(qū),可調坡度范圍為0°~30°,小區(qū)尺度為140 cm×120 cm×25 cm,底部按10 cm的間距開孔。試驗所用降雨設備為側噴式人工降雨設備,噴頭安裝高度14.5 m,雨滴上噴高度1.5 m,降雨均勻度大于80%[21],實際降雨高度為16 m,能夠滿足所有雨滴都能達到終點速度[22]。
所有試驗土壤自然風干并過5 mm篩,除去雜草和石塊。當自然風干土壤的質量含水量低于設計含水量時,要往土壤中加適量的水以至達到設計含水量14%。小區(qū)裝土之前,在底部鋪設5 cm厚的天然細沙,用透水紗布覆蓋,以保持土層的透水狀況接近天然坡面。裝填土壤厚度為20 cm。為保證裝土的均勻性,按設計容重分層(每層5 cm)裝填,每次試驗均裝填新土。填土時,采用邊填充邊壓實,并在所有邊界0.5 cm的范圍都加以夯實,以減小由于邊壁所造成的對入滲和產流產沙過程及坡面侵蝕微形態(tài)發(fā)育等方面的影響,并使下墊面土壤條件的變異性達到最小,保證試驗土壤容重達到1.2 g/cm3。填土后,用刮板將表面刮平整。
草地小區(qū)由先建成裸土小區(qū)后再在其上種草建成,草長出后要對草地進行管護,以保證草能種活、長成,包括施肥、病蟲害防治、澆水等,待草長勢穩(wěn)定后即可進行試驗。試驗選取草種為草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.),種草方式為條帶狀種植。植被蓋度(C)分別為30%、40%、50%、60%、70% 5個等級,草的長勢穩(wěn)定后可進行試驗。每次降雨試驗前用數(shù)碼相機對草地小區(qū)垂直拍照,再將照片拿回室內用ImageJ得到準確的植被蓋度,如與設計覆蓋度不一致,則要對草冠進行適當修剪,以保證試驗蓋度與設計蓋度一致。
試驗坡度(S)選取7°、10°、15°、20°、25° 5個等級。試驗雨強(I)選取0.7、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min五個等級。1個坡度5個雨強5個覆蓋度及1個雨強5個坡度5個覆蓋度組合的草地小區(qū)試驗45場次,重復2次,共90場。具體試驗設計見表1。
表1 試驗設計Table 1 Experiment Design
降雨歷時為40 min。開始產流后前6 min每隔1、2、3 min觀測1次,以后每隔3 min觀測一次,觀測時間至降雨結束(最后1個觀測時距小于3 min),用小桶接取時段全部徑流泥沙。用高錳酸鉀測定徑流表層流速,用溫度計測量渾水溫度,然后計算出雷諾數(shù)并判定水流流態(tài),將不同流態(tài)的表面流速乘流速修正系數(shù)計算獲得水流斷面平均流速[23]。小區(qū)出口的流量用小桶接取時段全樣后,用天平稱取渾水樣質量,然后澄清、撇掉清水、烘干稱質量后計算出徑流含沙量(SC)。
根據(jù)有關學者論著計算切應力[24]、水流功率[25-26]、單位水流功率[27-28]等水力學參數(shù)。
坡面徑流切應力是破壞土壤結構及分離土壤的主要動力,它將分離的土粒帶入水流并攜帶出坡面。其表達式
式中τ為水流切應力,Pa;γ為水流的容重,N/m3;R為水力半徑,m;J為水力坡度,J=sinθ,θ為床面坡度,(°)。
坡面徑流對土壤侵蝕的過程是做功耗能的過程,因此該過程就具有一定的功率。水流功率被表述為單位面積水體的勢能在時間尺度上的變化率,它表征了處于一定高度的水體沿坡流動時具有的勢能。其表達式
式中ω為水流功率,W/m2;V為流速,m/s。
單位水流功率為單位質量水體對床面做功而消耗的功率。其表達式如下
式中U為單位水流功率,m/s;s 為單位面積,m2。
采用Excel2003繪圖及SPSS 18.0數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析軟件做相關性分析,將數(shù)據(jù)分成2組,一組27場數(shù)據(jù)基于坡度雨強蓋度或最佳水力學參數(shù)(單位水流功率)建模,另外一組18場數(shù)據(jù)用來驗證模型。具體驗證指標見下式分析可知,不同蓋度條件下,草地植被徑流含沙量隨降雨強度或坡度的變化趨勢不同。同一坡度下雨強從0.7增加到2.0 mm/min,徑流含沙量增加約10 kg/m3,雨強從2.0增加到2.5 mm/min,徑流含沙量降低約3 kg/m3;同一雨強下坡度從7°增加到25°,徑流含沙量增加約40 kg/m3。
式中RE是相對誤差,%;EE平均相對誤差,%;RME絕對相對誤差,%;R2決定系數(shù);NE是Nash模型有效系數(shù)[29],Oi是實測值,Pi是預測值,O平均實測值,P平均預測值,n樣本數(shù).
圖1為不同降雨強度條件下含沙量對蓋度的響應。不同降雨強度或坡度下,平均徑流含沙量隨草被蓋度的增大而減小,草被蓋度從30%增加到70%,含沙量分別降低約10或5 kg/m3。由表2可知,不同降雨強度或坡度條件下,平均徑流含沙量隨草被蓋度變化可用線性方程描述,方程可簡化SC=?aC+b形式,決定系數(shù)在0.8以上,顯著性水平為0.01。對比方程系數(shù)a發(fā)現(xiàn),不同降雨強度下的方程系數(shù)整體大于不同坡度下方程系數(shù)??梢?,草被消減雨強對徑流含沙量影響明顯大于草被消減坡度對徑流含沙量影響。
圖2為不同蓋度條件下含沙量對降雨強度或坡度的響應。不同蓋度條件下,平均徑流含沙量隨降雨強度或坡度的增大而增大。由表3可知,不同蓋度下,徑流含沙量隨降雨強度變化可用冪函數(shù)方程描述方程可簡化SC=?aIb形式,決定系數(shù)在0.5以上,顯著性水平為0.01;隨坡度變化可用指數(shù)函數(shù)方程描述,方程可簡化SC=?aebs形式,決定系數(shù)在0.8以上,顯著性水平為0.01。進一步
圖1 不同雨強或坡度下含沙量隨蓋度變化Fig.1 Variations of sediment concentration with cover under different rainfall intensities or slopes
圖2 不同蓋度下含沙量隨雨強或坡度的變化Fig.2 Variations of sediment concentration with rainfall intensity or slope under different cover
表2 不同降雨強度或坡度下草被蓋度與平均徑流含沙量的經驗方程Table 2 Empirical equations between cover and sediment concentration under different rainfall intensities or slopes
表3 不同蓋度下降雨強度或坡度與平均徑流含沙量的經驗方程Table 3 Empirical equations between rainfall intensity or slope and sediment concentration under different covers
由表4可知,不同草地蓋度下,徑流含沙量與切應力和水流功率呈冪函數(shù)方程,決定系數(shù)在0.2~0.5,顯著性水平為0.01。而不同草地蓋度下,徑流含沙量與單位水流功率呈對數(shù)方程,決定系數(shù)在0.7~0.9,顯著性水平為0.01。對比決定系數(shù)可知,單位水流功率與徑流含沙量決定系數(shù)最大,單位水流功率比切應力和水流功率更適合用來描述含沙量水動力過程。
表4 徑流含沙量與水力學參數(shù)的經驗方程Table 4 Empirical equations between sediment concentration and hydrodynamic parameters
2.3.1 基于坡度、雨強 和草被蓋度模擬
在該試驗條件下,雨強、坡度和草地蓋度是影響坡面徑流含沙量特征的3個主要因素,將27場次試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計,分析坡面徑流含沙量變化對雨強、坡度和草地蓋度的響應關系,得到式(9)。
式中SC為含沙量,kg/m3;I為雨強,mm/min;S為坡度,(°);C為蓋度,%。
式(9)表明,草被坡面徑流含沙量對雨強、坡度和草地蓋度的響應關系可用三元指數(shù)函數(shù)方程描述,顯著性水平Sig<0.01。相對誤差RE范圍在?25.755~18.277之間,相對誤差絕對值的平均值RME為10.650,平均相對誤差EE為0.802,決定系數(shù)R2為0.937,模型有效系數(shù)NE達到0.894。說明基于坡度、雨強和蓋度模型對實測值的模擬精度很高。
2.3.2 基于單位水流功率模擬
在本試驗條件下,單位水流功率最適合用來描述含沙量水動力過程。基于此,將27場次試驗數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計,分析坡面徑流含沙量變化對單位水流功率的響應關系,見式(10)。
式中SC為含沙量,kg/m3;U為單位水流功率,m/s。
式(10)表明,草被坡面徑流含沙量對單位水流功率的響應關系可用冪函數(shù)方程描述,顯著性水平Sig<0.01。相對誤差RE范圍在?32.781%~15.540%之間,相對誤差絕對值平均值RME為10.280%,平均相對誤差EE為?0.903%,決定系數(shù)R2為0.940,模型有效系數(shù)NE達到0.986。說明基于單位水流功率模型對實測值的模擬精度也很高。
同一坡度不同雨強下,在中小雨強0.7增加到2.0 mm/min時,徑流產生的動能只能分離表層土壤,土壤可蝕性系數(shù)很低,只要徑流動能增加,侵蝕量就會急速增加,從而造成中小雨強0.7增加到2.0 mm/min,徑流含沙量呈急速增加趨勢。在大雨強2.0增加到2.5 mm/min時,徑流需要分離深層土壤,而草被緊固較深層土壤可蝕性系數(shù)明顯提高,分離出來土壤減少。再加上土壤入滲能力和蓄水能力有限,徑流量隨之增加。從而造成在大雨強情況下,徑流含沙量呈降低趨勢。同一雨強下坡度從7°增加到25°,試驗坡面匯水量降低,重力作用和流速增加,侵蝕動能反而增加,而坡面土壤穩(wěn)定性降低,可蝕性系數(shù)降低。從而造成坡度增加,徑流含沙量呈急速增加趨勢。
不同草地蓋度下,徑流含沙量與單位水流功率可呈顯著的冪函數(shù)方程,決定系數(shù)0.7~0.9,最適合用來描述含沙量水動力過程。盛賀偉等[9]、李浩宏等[10]和Shih等[30]研究也一致認為單位水流功率最適合用來描述含沙量水動力過程,但這3位的試驗條件為裸坡,盛賀偉等[9]在研究不同土質含沙量變化時考慮了土壤顆粒體積分形維數(shù)在含沙量中影響,徑流含沙量與單位水流功率、土壤顆粒體積分形維數(shù)呈可呈顯著的冪函數(shù)方程,可見徑流含沙量與單位水流功率關系最為密切,但兩者關系受土壤類型影響。草地坡面單位水流功率之所以與單位水流功率關系最為密切,原因是單位水流功率計算并沒有考慮受植被影響很大的水深,其他水力學參數(shù)像切應力和水流功率的計算考慮了水深,造成其實際計算中誤差變大,與含沙量的相關性顯著降低。
通過對驗證指標分析可知,2個含沙量模型對實測值的模擬精度都很高。雖然基于單位水流功率模型精度(NE=0.986)要比基于坡度雨強蓋度模型精度高(NE=0.894),但考慮到模型的實用性,基于坡度雨強蓋度模擬含沙量模型價值更高。驗證指標也表明用單位水流功率模擬含沙量模型要低估實際值,而用坡度、雨強和蓋度模擬含沙量模型要高估實際值,可能含沙量模型并沒有有效估計草被減少含沙量作用。因為植被布局、根形態(tài)植被對含沙量影響一直是研究難點并且很難進行定量分析。這些問題造成模擬含沙量中誤差產生,因此后期應繼續(xù)加強植被布局、根形態(tài)植被對含沙量影響的定量分析。
1)不同降雨強度或坡度下,平均徑流含沙量隨草被蓋度的增大而減小,草被蓋度從30%增加到70%,含沙量分別降低約10或5 kg/m3,可用線性方程描述,決定系數(shù)在0.8以上,顯著性水平為0.01。對比分析發(fā)現(xiàn)草被消減雨強對徑流含沙量影響明顯大于草被消減坡度對徑流含沙量影響。不同蓋度條件下,平均徑流含沙量隨降雨強度或坡度的增大而增大,可用冪函數(shù)方程描述;隨坡度變化可用指數(shù)函數(shù)方程描述,決定系數(shù)在0.5或0.8以上,顯著性水平為0.01。同一坡度下雨強從0.7增加到2.0 mm/min,徑流含沙量增加約10 kg/m3,雨強從2.0增加到2.5 mm/min,徑流含沙量降低約3 kg/m3;同一雨強下坡度從7°增加到25°,徑流含沙量約增加40 kg/m3。
2)不同草地蓋度下,徑流含沙量與單位水流功率可呈顯著冪函數(shù)方程,決定系數(shù)0.7~0.9,最適合用來描述含沙量水動力過程?;趩挝凰鞴β式⒛P蜎Q定系數(shù)R2為0.940,模型有效系數(shù)NE為0.986,說明模型模擬精度較高。
3)草被坡面徑流含沙量對雨強、坡度和草地蓋度的響應關系可用三元指數(shù)函數(shù)方程描述,顯著性水平Sig<0.01。基于坡度、雨強和蓋度建立含沙量模型的決定系數(shù)R2為0.937,模型有效系數(shù)NE達到0.894,說明模型模擬精度較高
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Experiment on influence of cover degree, slope and rainfall intensity on sediment concentration of slope runoff in rangeland
Wang Dongdong1, Wang Zhanli1,2※, Zhang Qingwei1, Zhang Qilin1, Tian Naling1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100,China;2.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100,China)
The purpose of this study was to model sediment concentration of sheet erosion on rangeland, which has a major impact on strengthening river basin management and controlling the source of soil erosion. The impact of herbaceous vegetation on sediment concentration under different slopes or rain intensities was studied by artificial rainfall experiment. The relationship of sediment concentration and slope gradient, rainfall intensity, and hydraulic parameters, such as shear stress, stream power and unit stream power, was investigated to derive an accurate experimental model. Each experiment soil pan with metal frames was 140 cm long, 120 cm wide and 2.5 cm deep. The experiment soil sample was collected from Ansai County, Shaanxi Province in China. After the soil was packed, herbaceous vegetation (Poa pratensis L.) was transplanted in a banded uniform layout. Poa pratensis L. was a gramineous plant, and the current year’s Poa pratensis L. was selected. The duration of all simulated rainfall events was 40 min. The experiment was conducted at 5 herbaceous vegetation cover densities (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%), 5 rainfall intensities (0.7, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm/min) and 5 slopes (7°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°), respectively. All combinations were tested with 2 replicates of each run, a total of 90 experimental units. All statistical analyses were carried out using Excel or spss 18.0. Results show that: 1) Herbaceous vegetation not only decreases sediment concentration, but also reduces the effect of rainfall intensity or slope on it, which would increase with cover increasing. Cover increases from 30% to 70%, herbaceous vegetation decreases sediment concentration by more than 5 kg/m3, and reduces the effect of rainfall intensity or slope on it by more than 10 kg/m3. Under different slopes or rainfall intensities, sediment concentration decreases as linear equations with cover, and the relationship between sediment concentration and cover is significant (P<0.01). Under different covers, sediment concentration totally increases as power equations or exponential equations with rainfall intensity or slope, the relationship between sediment concentration and rainfall intensity is very well (P<0.01), and the relationship between sediment concentration and slope is also good (P<0.01). 2) Unit stream power is the parameter most suitably describing sediment concentration with an exponential equation among the 3 hydraulic parameters considered in this paper. Sediment concentration increases as shear stress or stream power increases, and both can be described by a logarithmic equation, but the relationship between sediment concentration and shear stress or stream power is poor. 3) Rainfall intensity, slope and cover can be used to predict sediment concentration with an exponential function accurately, which was satisfactory for predicting sediment concentration with the R2value of 0.937 and the NE (Nash coefficient) of 0.894. Meanwhile, unit stream power also can be used to predict sediment concentration with a power function equation, which was satisfactory for predicting sediment concentration with the R2value of 0.940 and the NE of 0.986. Vegetation species, layout and root morphology affect the simulation effect of sediment concentration on rangeland. In the later period, the vegetation species, layout and root morphology should be studied to quantify the sediment concentration and optimize the sediment concentration model.
soils; erosion; runoff; sediment concentration; herbaceous vegetation; hydrodynamic parameters; soil erosion model; cover
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.015
S157
A
1002-6819(2017)-15-0119-07
2017-03-02
2017-07-09
國家自然科學基金資助項目(41471230,41171227);國家重點研發(fā)計劃(No.2016YFC0402401);黃土高原土壤侵蝕與旱地農業(yè)國家重點實驗室專項經費項目(A314021403-C2)
王棟棟,男,山東省東營人,博士生,主要從事土壤侵蝕與林草生態(tài)方面研究。楊凌 西北農林科技大學水土保持研究所,712100。
Email:1534849533@qq.com
※通信作者:王占禮,男,陜西榆林人,博士,研究員,博士生導師,主要從事土壤侵蝕過程及預報模型研究工作。楊凌 西北農林科技大學水土保持研究所,712100。Email:zwang@nwsuaf. edu. cn