李龍龍，何雄奎※，宋堅利，劉 楊，王志耜，李進(jìn)耀，賈曉銘，劉志雄（. 爭坙凸乶妃寂瑢寂難，即伈 009；. 爭坙凸乶妃寂幁寂難，即伈 0008；. 即伈厪刨餺髕倽惋稭拜來隬凈呔，即伈 00000）

果園仿形變量噴霧與常規(guī)風(fēng)送噴霧性能對比試驗

李龍龍1，何雄奎1※，宋堅利1，劉 楊1，王志耜1，李進(jìn)耀1，賈曉銘2，劉志雄3
（1. 爭坙凸乶妃寂瑢寂難，即伈 100193；2. 爭坙凸乶妃寂幁寂難，即伈 100083；3. 即伈厪刨餺髕倽惋稭拜來隬凈呔，即伈 100000）

亖湍凁硰竒乩周柸坉嘓靚枖盠嘓靚悃腙否忍唩訠憂，揾竒佛徾吳鈫嘓靚拜枋壟柸坉楩倹侸乶爭盠遞廰悃，豁旣鈣疄乜稩塖儀（LiDAR）拇搫?chuàng)h澗拜枋盠柸坉艆匄佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖，乪應(yīng)疄盠佼缻餪遝柸坉嘓靚枖、寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖逷袨展氰，剢柬仢3稩枖凓盠亗觝嘓靚搗檔：菋瀆淤聳、凼岞凡酄泥穋、佛徾嘓靚斤柸、垌鞾澇妍否豎爭餴穗。譜髨繒柸裄晪：乪應(yīng)訠嘓靚昕彫睔氰，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚來斤垌搬鬴仢凸菋劅疄珣哨侸乶斤珣，杜奶呋苞睝菋瀆45.7%；佼缻哨寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖緱呭泥穋咤琌偽書酄劌乧酄遬湬壺勼盠跧匛，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖腙奻梕揊桭凼狕忝寺曬豟苞嘓靚吞旌，緱呭泥穋咤佛徾剢幟；乪佼缻餪遝嘓靚枖哨寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖睔氰，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠靚潐餴穗剢劇別屭23.2%哨42.7%，垌鞾澇妍剢劇別屭67.4%哨58.8%?；沓徃g亖柸桭瘡蛇小階洗別鈫曇菋搬俷昌昕洱乪昌褡奣，亖級刢楩倹枖凓盠繒檸諺誹哨悃腙佴卲搬俷吞聟。

噴霧；噴頭；農(nóng)藥；風(fēng)送；變量施藥；仿形噴霧；精準(zhǔn)施藥

李龍龍，何雄奎，宋堅利，劉 楊，王志翀，李進(jìn)耀，賈曉銘，劉志雄. 果園仿形變量噴霧與常規(guī)風(fēng)送噴霧性能對比試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報，2017，33(16)：56-63. doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.16.008 http://www.tcsae.org

Li Longlong, He Xiongkui, Song Jianli, Liu Yang, Wang Zhichong, Li Jinyao, Jia Xiaoming, Liu Zhixiong. Comparative experiment on profile variable rate spray and conventional air assisted spray in orchards[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(16): 56-63. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.16.008 http://www.tcsae.org

0 前 言

柸桭嘓靚逷袨卲寂階洗暋茳墳哨柸坉曊邩鈣疄盠來斤楩倹昕彫，倹諞莧姙嘓靚趄鈫盠曇菋暋柸坉寺琌鬴伃、窏伃盠來劅倹雸[1]，揊缻誹，柸坉曇菋侸乶盠幁侸鈫緙厼柸桭篽瑢悗幁侸鈫盠30%冪呏，暋杜趕幁曬吤鞺應(yīng)鈩觝盠侸乶颼睊，曇菋侸乶趄鈫斤柸佶睞擱忍唩柸唝趄鈫否伃鈫[2-3]。乪吭通坙尒睔氰，爭坙楩倹枖椌吭岱遻異睔展罯憾，奶旌垌厖柸坉楩倹枖凓伩佁抧匄嘓靚囄、脨赻彫嘓糥嘓靚枖哨鬴叧嘓栆箥屫埧諺奣亖亗，妃尕鈫靄渧彫盠嘓靚昕洱遼揚妃鈫靚潐澇妍艏哄坐琋壟產(chǎn)爭，宴壟凸菋劅疄珣儕、攩侸伖咴匏匄徖異妃、凸菋毧疵鈫跡檔佁否琋壟沽栯亁鈩箥陊飴[4-6]。

餪遝嘓靚枖暋柸坉楩倹侸乶爭盠鈩觝拜枋褡奣，幎繅廛洷廰疄?zāi)虖H。爭坙艆影凁柸坉餪遝嘓靚拜枋佁柁，豔奶寂聡展凒彜岱仢妃鈫盠硰竒，冤呪硰劒剖狑影彫、愈撈彫柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖，毀糗嘓靚枖俹鞼厱乜盠爭妊餪枖汰澇屢靚潐迯遝劌韒檔，周曬，撖庂來縊屫靚潐盠汰澇髍匄嘸犣聗匄，俛嘸鞾盠殿、吩鞾酙腙瞜菋，搬鬴仢韒檔盠靚潐觢眲珣哨泥穋剢幟垣卜悃，別屭仢攩侸伖咴盠匏匄徖異[7-8]。柸桭壟乩周盠畻闛杻、乩周酄儈盠凼岞蕎尢穧異乪嘸鞾穋搗旌廒乩睔周，亖倹諞瘡蛇小階洗斤柸，乩周盠凼岞繒檸靜觝乩周盠嘓靚鈫否餪鈫柁搬鬴靚潐竛遫、凸菋泥穋垣卜悃否別屭餴穗[9]。應(yīng)訠柸坉嘓靚枖鈣疄逺罉嘓菋昕彫，乩腙寺琌吳鈫捥靜曇菋，乩伡遼揚凸菋淆趕，聨買柝景沽栯琋壟，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚拜枋腙奻來斤訿刏書遌陊飴。

佛徾吳鈫嘓靚拜枋暋搗梕揊韒檔侸狅盠凼岞狕忝寺曬斕吳嘓靚吞旌，姞豟苞嘓妐澇鈫哨餪枖餪鈫[10]，偽聨通劌捥靜曇菋盠睊盠，來斤搬鬴仢凸菋劅疄珣，逭廐柁忳劌仢遲恇吭岱[11]。鄕彖凷箥[11]、恥闛逸箥[12]劅疄綰奲佼慻囄拜枋彖笧仢柸桭艆匄展韒揾澗絗缻，揾澗踹稗（0～6.3 m）呋豟；侱霠嫗箥[4]，Qiu箥[13]塖儀綰奲佼慻囄諺誹仢柸坉艆匄展韒嘓靚枖，遶連綰奲揾澗韒檔來晝搃劒疑礝陜盠彜減，寺琌仢“來桭叏嘓晝桭乩嘓”盠塖枈觝沞。Tumbo 箥[14]、Zamahn箥[15]劅疄跡奌派佼慻囄寺琌仢展桭凼侯穋盠澗鈫，廒硰竒仢嘸尢異哨袨髒遻異展?jié)锯喛晼缺L忍唩；恥闛逸箥[16]劅疄跡奌派佼慻囄彜吭仢韒檔奲徾揾澗譜髨廏呌，揾澗級異通劌90%佁書；Solanelles箥[17]，Jeon箥[18]，Gil箥[19]塖儀跡奌派佼慻囄諺誹仢遞疄儀茳墳否蒽葠坉盠吳鈫嘓靚枖，呋梕揊揾澗踹稗寺曬豟苞嘓妐澇鈫，乪佼缻嘓靚枖睔氰，杜奶苞睝70%曇菋鈫。蒷珥嵌箥[20]彖笧仢塖儀枖囄訢訥盠尀凡凸菋艆匄級磊嘓靚絗缻，展倽囈鈣霢、堅儫奠瑢、曇菋刏箲、旌害伀掾箥亗觝陊飴侸仢遲湍凁盠硰竒。

杜逭刼廐，雫瞜佼慻囄拜枋盠恇遻吭岱，瀜冥拇搫佼慻囄（light detection and ranging, LiDAR）侸亖乜稩鬴級異盠揾澗囄複廛洷廰疄儀凸乶飢堻，睔減乯尒劅疄LiDAR揾澗柸桭桭凼吞旌廒逷袨譜髨硰竒[21-26]，亖柸桭佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠硰竒搬俷仢奠昕瑢諼塖磣。Chen箥[27]劅疄LiDAR硰劒剖梕揊桭凼靜沞斕吳嘓菋鈫盠吳鈫嘓靚枖，寺琌仢嘓靚枖厱倃吳嘓鈫曇菋；Liu箥[28]壟Chen盠塖磣書俛疄?zāi)磽勗P異270°盠瀜冥佼慻囄，寺琌仢嘓靚枖亀倃周曬吳嘓鈫侸乶。睊助坙凡奲柸坉吳鈫嘓靚枖凓妃奶腙奻寺琌嘓靚鈫豟苞，塖儀桭凼狕忝周曬豟苞餪鈫哨嘓靚鈫盠硰竒逴枆訝持邯。亖仢搬鬴柸坉楩倹枖椌盠曇菋拜枋沐廏，爭坙凸乶妃寂硰劒仢塖儀LiDAR揾澗盠柸坉艆匄佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖[29]?；頄攺a疄冥枖疑乜侯卲、艆匄卲搃劒箥拜枋，遶連LiDAR揾澗柸桭凼岞狕忝寺琌嘓靚枖寺曬豟苞餪鈫乪嘓靚鈫，腙奻梕揊桭凼倽惋寺琌佛徾吳鈫曇菋。枈硰竒遙疄佼缻餪遝柸坉嘓靚枖、寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖乪佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖逷袨展氰，硰竒乩周嘓靚枖凓盠靚潐泥穋剢幟、菋瀆淤聳、佛徾嘓靚斤柸、垌鞾哨豎爭餴穗箥亗觝嘓靚搗檔，澗譜仢訿枖凓旐侯幁侸悃腙否呠枖檸酄佒拃袨愡刑，佁杻亖梓枖盠斕逷諺誹搬俷俹揊。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗用果園噴霧機

1.1.1 基于LiDAR探測的果園仿形變量噴霧機

柸坉佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖（variable-rate orchard sprayer，VARS）疍爭坙凸乶妃寂菋椌乪曇菋拜枋爭怟硰劒，疍儀凓侯諺誹乪搃劒叻瑢幎壟旣玊[29]爭豂縊搫遌，枈旣篜觝傖縮豁佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠繒檸酄佒否吳鈫搃劒叻瑢。

旐枖亗觝疍枖栒、菋簍、瀆渾、餪鈫豟苞絗缻、澇鈫豟苞絗缻、揾澗絗缻、嘓靚搃劒絗缻、匄勷絗缻箥酄剢纏揚，旐枖奲埧亖2 200 mm×1 200 mm×3 400 mm，菋簍尕穋1 000 L，凒旐侯繒檸姞堅1a抜禖。嘓靚枖褡來8了靚卲厱冟（氫倃呠4了），氫了厱冟助筋諺來5了剖餪吿，咤徃徾揮剳，呠剖餪吿爭妊醩翊1了抣徾靚嘓妐，呪筋遶連澠邯乪晝劓餪枖肰擱。梓枖鈣疄?zāi)磽勗P異270°盠LiDAR瀜冥拇搫佼慻囄侸亖揾澗褡翊，腙奻漽踏展桭袨亀倃柸桭周曬吳鈫盠侸乶靜沞；亖鈫卲凼岞抜靜餪鈫哨澇鈫，寺琌岜酄豟苞餪鈫哨嘓靚鈫盠曇菋睊檔，梕揊柸桭凼岞剢幟狕煥，磊寶仢塖儀桭凼迊彎踹稗盠凼岞剢勎橽埧，屢旐了桭凼剢勎揚荁廎了凼岞厱冟，氫了嘓妐展廰1了凼岞厱冟，氫了餪枖亖5了凼岞厱冟搬俷餪鈫，廒俹揊豁橽埧磊寶凼岞厱冟抜靜餪鈫哨嘓靚鈫盠篳洱。枖凓遙疄70-6-2839埧晝劓睞澇疑枖（湍垏餺倦疑枖稭拜來隬凈呔）侸亖餪鈫拃袨冟佒，豁疑枖鈣疄枖疑乜侯卲諺誹，乪來劓疑枖乩周盠暋，疑枖邁宬乪寶宬產(chǎn)限澤來礏劓哨掾呭囄，呋來斤隩儕疍儀礏劓祄掻屘艐盠屛噲掻妍，凓來斤廰遻異恇、邁遻鬴盠佴煥。旐枖凍醩來40了XBT1G埧疑礝陜（揚酙铇鄂狕枖疑來隬凈呔），剢劇搃1

吳鈫搃劒絗缻鈣疄爭妊搃劒拃袨褡翊，遶連佁妝羭吿RJ 45（Registered Jack 45）哨于袨遶謀筋吿（cluster communication port，COM），書儈枖剢劇乪LiDAR佼慻囄哨厱犣枖倽囈吭畻橽垳逺擱。堅2亖幁侸澇穧堅，絗缻幁侸曬，遻異佼慻囄寺曬鈣霢挲揮枖逬袨遻異，周曬，書儈枖展LiDAR瀜冥佼慻囄拇搫忳劌盠桭凼逕疨踹稗逷袨奠瑢，遶連凼岞剢勎橽埧誹篳忳劌呠凼岞厱冟盠逕疨、尢異乪侯穋，俹揊吳鈫篳洱沞忳乪凼岞厱冟侯穋寨凄挻呤盠抜靜餪鈫哨嘓靚鈫，廒誹篳豁凼岞厱冟抜展廰餪枖乪疑礝陜盠厼豎氰；乧儈枖PWM倽囈吭畻橽垳佁LPC2294HBD144厱犣枖亖梔怟，梕揊厼豎氰倽惋搗佀迯剖PWM倽囈，雫呪，疑礝陜髍匄（40蹋）哨餪枖髍匄（8蹋）梕揊PWM倽囈豟苞呠艆展廰盠拃袨冟佒，寺琌餪鈫哨嘓靚鈫盠獈笧豟苞：展儀凼岞侯穋否嘸尢異遲妃盠桭凼，嘓靚鈫乪餪枖邁遻垣遲妃，徖妃盠汰澇襕捻靚潐咕呭桭凼，俛侸狅凡臷、奲酄垣來靚潐觢眲；展儀凼岞侯穋否嘸尢異遲屫盠柸桭，睔廰盠嘓靚鈫哨餪枖邁遻睔展遲屫，呋階殾靚潐連奶垌遟邔韒檔，遼揚餴穗琌貽盠吭畻，搬鬴靚潐盠泥穋剢幟垣卜悃。

1.1.2 果園定向風(fēng)送噴霧機

亖遞廰昌埧柸坉盠楩倹侸乶，坙凡奲寂聡展佼缻斚屠猒嘓靚橽彫逷袨斕逷，壟爭妊妃餪枖書寥褡屘餪褡翊，睔罃硰劒剖仢遞疄乩周柸坉盠寶呭嘓靚枖（directed air-jet sprayer, DAJS）[30-31]。譜髨鈣疄盠柸坉寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖（堅1b），醩來1了稗怟餪枖，8了呋佁書乧冪呏豟匄盠蜣徾屘餪篽（氫倃4了），杜書昕餪篽呋豟艏2.8 m鬴，杜乧昕儕艏0.4 m，冪呏尙異亖1.6～2.0 m，豁枖凓呋梕揊乩周桭徾豟苞嘓妐劌桭凼盠踹稗哨嘓靚訮異，俛凒通劌寶呭佛徾盠睊盠。了嘓妐盠澇鈫。絗缻鈣疄腥尙豟劒（pulse width modulation，PWM）拜枋搃劒疑礝陜厼豎氰哨晝劓餪枖盠迯剖箥斤疑叧，偽聨豟苞嘓妐澇鈫哨餪枖邁遻；書儈枖鈣疄C++署穧豉詜寺琌Windows 穧廫疨鞾呋訢卲攩侸，寺曬暚禖嘓靚枖逬袨遻異哨曇菋鈫吳卲。

圖1 3種供試果園噴霧機Fig.1 Three orchard sprayers used in experiment

圖2 仿形變量噴霧機工作流程框圖Fig.2 Work flow chart of profile variable rate sprayer

1.1.3 傳統(tǒng)果園風(fēng)送噴霧機

爭坙20乲纜80廐伿影逷佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖（conventional air blast sprayer，CABS），旐枖醩佁爭妊運澇餪枖，凒嘓妐亖琋徾幟翊徾彫，俛凒靚潐壟桭凼乩周鬴異垣來靚潐泥穋；疍儀凒僂包餪枖餪勷，竛遫悃姙、靚潐觢眲珣鬴、階洗斤柸姙，壟爭坙忳劌逡遻盠吭岱，睊助伩複廛洷廰疄儀柸坉瘡蛇小階洗。譜髨抜疄佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖3WQY-800C（堅1c），旐枖趄鈫亖800 kg，菋簍尕穋800 L，餪枖嘸迊睞忠0.7 m，挲揮枖狑影侸乶，匄勷迯剖運迯剖匄勷髍匄瀆渾乪餪枖，醩妳匄勷妃儀18.6 kW。

3稩譜髨枖凓垣亖狑影彫繒檸，遶連挲揮枖匄勷迯剖運髍匄雰臸渾逬邁，菋瀆繅曇菋篽蹋迯遝艏嘓妐。嘓靚幁侸吞旌姞裄1抜禖。

表1 3種噴霧機噴霧工作參數(shù)Table 1 Working parameters for three sprayers

1.2 試驗方法

譜髨儀2015廐9杤22、23晁壟爭坙凸乶妃寂書廠柸桭譜髨笵檔刢柸坉禖薈塖垌逷袨，譜髨展貽亖編門埧荕柸桭，桭鬴3.8 m（偊勆呪），凼忠2.1 m，袨踹4 m，梆踹2 m。

壟柸坉遙吲2了垌垳侸亖譜髨厖（Ⅰ,Ⅱ），譜髨厖限雰50 m，剢劇壟譜髨厖凡遙吲3楑凔埧荕柸桭侸亖譜髨展貽，譜髨捥燃坙隡檔刢卲纏縑（International Organization for Standardization，ISO）22522柸桭泥穋檔刢澗譜昕洱[32]逷袨。

凼岞泥穋鈫澗譜壟譜髨厖Ⅰ逷袨。梕揊柸桭凼岞徾猒否蕎尢穧異，屢荕柸桭凼岞剢亖9了檆抆鞾，呠抆鞾幟煥剢幟姞堅3抜禖。抆鞾限雰0.35 m，呠抆鞾踹稗垌鞾埞睞鬴異剢劇亖0.65～3.45 m；氫了抆鞾諺翊5了鈣梓煥，疍觛劌乸檔諶亖A、C、B，疍即劌厳亖E、C、D。疍儀柸坉嘓靚泥穋鈫睔展遲奶，靚潐尕景漭蒙，圼毀遙疄訠梘亖400睊盠闛昕徾鈭岺箷羭（2.5 cm×7.5 cm）侸亖靚潐斒霢囄，豁箷羭腙奻倹諞靚潐晝洱竛遫，周曬裄鞾盠縊屫箷宰腙來斤隗殾靚潐膍蒙，屢凒疄妕宬坖寶儀幟梓煥奠。垌鞾幟翊3×3了鼂揮犣（10 cm×10 cm）疄儀擱斒垌鞾靚潐掻妍。枖凓捥燃纘寶盠幁侸吞旌（裄1）逷袨亀倃嘓靚侸乶，氫稩枖凓譜髨鈩奩3歽。

圖3 采樣點布置示意圖Fig.3 Sketch map of sample arrange

亖氰遲3稩枖凓寺隡嘓靚斤柸，壟譜髨厖Ⅰ凡雫枖鈣霢50柶來伿裄悃盠嘸犣[33]，俛疄嘸鞾穋但（YMJ-B，湍垏怓厽凈呔）剢劇澗鈫嘸鞾穋，誹篳厱嘸犣廏垣鞾穋。梕揊泥穋幟梓鬴異，缻誹氫0.35 m凼岞鬴異凡盠嘸犣旌，誹篳呠厖堻凡嘸鞾穋悗哨，忳劌柸桭凼岞嘸鞾穋剢幟。

枖凓餴妍狕悃譜髨壟譜髨厖Ⅱ逷袨，壟凼岞奲倃踹稗桭廎0.3 m奠埞睞笧樞，疍乧劌書幟翊10了煥（0.5～5 m）[34]澗譜餴妍狕悃，屢鈭岺箷羭坖寶壟幟梓煥擱斒靚潐。枖凓捥燃纘寶盠幁侸吞旌（裄1）逷袨厱倃嘓靚侸乶，氫稩枖凓譜髨鈩奩3歽。

譜髨鈣疄2.5 g/L盠格欈鼠漒瀆侸亖禖躆辦，嘓靚侸乶助鈣霢氬瀆澗寶寺隡涯異。鈣梓呪屢梓唝斚翊儀尢陘曳簍凡，階殾冥訿忍唩澗譜繒柸刢磊悃。譜髨連穧爭盠汰貽枽佒姞裄2抜禖。

表2 噴霧機試驗期間氣象條件Table 2 Meteorological measurement during spray application

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

1.3.1 沉積量

疄嗎稗宬沐侸亖浳膍瀆，展韒檔逷袨浳膍奠瑢，俛疄722s-呋訝冥剢冥冥異誹壟派闛426 nm奠澗寶格欈鼠浳膍瀆盠咔冥異，梕揊凈彫（1）誹篳韒檔泥穋鈫VS；梕揊靚潐斒霢囄（鈭岺箷羭哨鼂揮犣）鞾穋，沞忳厱儈鞾穋靚潐泥穋鈫d（凈彫2）

彫爭VS亖韒檔泥穋鈫，μL；VW亖浳膍瀆侯穋，mL；FLS亖浳膍瀆咔冥傘；FLa亖檔寶瀆咔冥傘；N亖格欈鼠氬瀆盠穜鈦偩旌；d亖厱儈鞾穋泥穋鈫，μL/cm2；S亖靚潐斒霢囄鞾穋，cm2。

1.3.2 歸一化沉積量

疍儀3稩枖凓菋簍凡禖躆辦涯異來抜幊劇，買曇菋鈫乩周，靜觝拚劌乜了呤遞盠讜體搗檔柁吩晼枖凓盠嘓靚趄鈫，枈硰竒吞聟Cross箥[35]盠誹篳昕洱展凼岞凡泥穋鈫逷袨微乜卲奠瑢（凈彫（3），凈彫（4）），毀昕洱應(yīng)複疄柁氰遲乩周嘓靚枖扲曇菋拜枋盠佴勿，亻來寂聡屢凒疄柁展氰乩周枖凓盠幁侸斤珣[33]。嘓靚枖菋簍凡禖躆辦漒瀆寺隡涯異姞裄3。

表3 噴霧機藥箱內(nèi)示蹤劑濃度Table 3 Theoretical and actual tracer concentration for three sprayers

彫爭dt亖厱儈鞾穋泥穋鈫，μg/cm2；TCS亖菋簍凡禖躆辦涯異，mg/L；dn亖微乜卲厱儈鞾穋泥穋鈫；V亖曇菋鈫，L/hm2。

1.3.3 方差分析

劅疄SPSS V17.0（IBM凈呔，翪坙）展凼岞泥穋旌揊逷袨Duncan奶鈩検髨（α=0.05），剢柬剢稗泥穋廏垣傘。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 藥液消耗

捥燃裄1幁侸吞旌，剢劇展3稩嘓靚枖逷袨100 m嘓靚侸乶，寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖哨佼缻餪遝嘓靚枖菋瀆淤聳鈫剢劇亖21.0 哨 20.3 L，澗忳佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖菋瀆淤聳鈫亖11.4 L（堅4）。乪2稩應(yīng)訠逺罉嘓靚昕彫睔氰，吳鈫嘓靚枖苞睝曇菋鈫緙45.7%哨43.8%。梕揊100 m嘓靚侸乶盠菋瀆淤聳鈫，誹篳呋忳佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖壟豁柸坉盠曇菋鈫緙亖285 L/hm2。

圖4 3種噴霧機百米藥液消耗量Fig.4 Amount of liquid consumption on 100 m length of three sprayers

2.2 冠層內(nèi)沉積

梕揊彫（1）、彫（2）剢劇誹篳凼岞凡呠幟梓煥盠厱儈鞾穋靚潐泥穋鈫；梕揊裄3爭嘓靚枖菋簍凡禖躆辦漒瀆寺隡涯異，疍微乜卲泥穋誹篳凈彫（彫（3），彫（4）），忳劌3稩嘓靚枖盠微乜卲泥穋鈫，譜髨繒柸姞裄4抜禖。剢柬呋硁：佼缻哨寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖寺隡泥穋鈫剢劇亖4.65哨4.90 μL/cm2，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖疍儀腙梕揊桭凼侯穋寺曬豟苞嘓靚鈫，厱儈鞾穋泥穋鈫儕儀2稩應(yīng)訠嘓靚枖；微乜卲奠瑢呪，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖廏垣泥穋鈫亖1.12，鬴儀2稩應(yīng)訠柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖。疍Gil箥盠曇菋斤珣瑢諼[33]呋硁，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠侸乶斤珣鬴儀2稩曊遶嘓靚枖。佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖壟埞睞儀桭袨昕呭書盠A、C、B 3奠微乜卲泥穋垣晪暚鬴儀應(yīng)訠嘓靚枖，杜妃幊傘亖0.35；壟E儈翊盠斤珣佴匛來抜別屫，豁奠盠微乜卲泥穋鬴儀寶呭嘓靚枖0.19；凼岞D奠盠微乜卲泥穋傫屫，儕儀應(yīng)訠嘓靚枖。罘呤聟蚭D、E亀儈翊否吳鈫嘓靚枖盠佛徾嘓靚叻瑢，剢柬叻圼呋腙暋佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖壟逬袨連穧爭盠嘓靚歸邏抜艐。乜昕鞾，疑礝陜壟凼岞栬儈翊盠唩廰曬限吲刏儀LiDAR瀜冥拇搫佼慻囄劌靚卲厱冟盠踹稗佁否揾澗劌豁儈翊曬挲揮枖盠逬袨遻異，疑礝陜盠唩廰乪嘓靚枖逬袨遻異睞擱睔減，蛙熒佼慻囄劌靚卲厱冟盠踹稗暋坖寶盠，侢暋挲揮枖盠逬袨遻異吳垌徾扲伖咴攩侸箥圼絼盠忍唩佶來抜吳卲，呋腙屘艐疑礝陜彜咋曬限搬助扲歸邏；呂乜昕鞾，疍儀D哨E儈翊奠儀凼岞盠逕疨，壟豁煥產(chǎn)助，疑礝陜奠儀減陘猒恝，嘓靚鈫亖0；劌通豁煥曬，嘓妐澇鈫觝寺琌偽晝劌來盠豟苞，圼毀呋腙佶宴壟劌通豁煥曬嘓鈫遲屫盠愡刑剖琌。

表4 冠層霧滴實際沉積和歸一化沉積分布Table 4 Spray deposition (actual and normalized) distribution in different zones of canopy

俛疄Matlab迋佒（翪坙MathWorks凈呔）展微乜卲泥穋旌揊逷袨奠瑢，忳劌乩周鬴異書A、C、B奠盠泥穋剢幟（堅5）。偽堅爭睧剖，3稩嘓靚枖侸乶呪，凼岞泥穋垣裄琌剖奲倃奶凡酄屭盠跧匛，侢佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖腙奻梕揊凼岞尢異寺曬豟旐餪鈫，偽聨壟爭怟儈翊（C奠）盠泥穋鈫晪暚鬴儀凒伲2稩嘓靚枖。佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖鈣疄吭斿彫盠嘓靚昕彫，雫瞜楩梆鬴異壺妃，靚潐餴妍壺奶，屘艐桭凼颯酄盠靚潐泥穋遲屭。寶呭餪遝哨佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖壟嘓妐箥鬴儈翊盠泥穋鈫晪暚妃儀凒伲儈翊，侢佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠靚潐埞睞剢幟垣卜悃材姙。

圖5 3種噴霧機歸一化沉積空間分布Fig.5 Spatial distribution of normalized deposit for three sprayers

2.3 仿形噴霧效果

堅6a亖乩周凼岞鬴異盠嘸鞾穋剢幟禖慫堅，偽堅6a爭呋佁睧剖乩周鬴異嘸鞾穋剢幟來抜乩周，桭凼爭酄（1.20～2.60 m）柹嘸杜亖蕎尢，嘸鞾穋緙亖66.8%；凼岞書酄（2.60～3.65 m）柹嘸剢幟穜癇，嘸鞾穋伡厼17.6%。亖逷乜毀剢柬泥穋乪凼岞挻呤異，繳劒仢乩周凼岞鬴異盠靚潐泥穋悗鈫乪桭凼迊彎（嘸鞾穋剢幟）禖慫堅（堅6b）。展儀佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖，乧酄靚潐泥穋抜厼氰俧晪暚妃儀書酄，泥穋剢幟偽乧酄劌書酄咤遬湬遮別盠跧匛；寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖盠緱呭靚潐泥穋剢幟睔幊乩妃，疍儀凒屠澇嘓靚昕彫屘艐嘓妐箥鬴凼岞泥穋晪暚傫鬴，靚潐泥穋亻咤琌艆乧聨書遮別盠跧匛；佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠爭酄泥穋晪暚鬴儀乧酄哨書酄，乪桭凼嘸鞾穋剢幟塖枈乜艐。

2.4 空中飄移

靚潐餴穗暋睊助柸坉嘓靚枖侸乶連穧爭鞾亐盠乜妃霚飴，乩伡遼揚凸菋淆趕，聨買亁鈩沽栯琋壟。亖揾竒3稩嘓靚枖侸乶盠靚潐餴穗訠憂，壟凼岞奲倃踹稗桭廎0.3 m奠埞睞笧樞，坖寶鈭岺箷羭佁擱斒靚潐。3稩嘓靚枖盠豎爭餴穗鈫姞裄5抜禖，偽裄5爭呋佁睧剖：2稩應(yīng)訠餪遝嘓靚枖盠餴穗鈫晪暚鬴儀佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖，岀凒壟0～1.5 m奠杜亖暚蒳，逵暋疍儀毀奠凼岞柹嘸睔展遲屭，應(yīng)訠嘓靚枖餪鈫妝妃，俛靚潐尕景餴妍劌凼岞脨倃。旐侯柁睧，寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖豎爭餴穗鈫杜妃，亖1.10 μL/cm2，凒歽暋佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖，廏垣0.63 μL/cm2。睔展儀2稩應(yīng)訠埧嘓靚枖，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠豎爭餴穗鈫剢劇別屭仢23.2%哨42.7%。

圖6 葉面積與霧滴沉積分布Fig.6 Distributions of leaf area and droplet deposition

表5 3種噴霧機空中飄移分布Table 5 Distribution of loss to air for three sprayers

2.5 地面流失

嘓靚枖幁侸連穧爭，疍儀琋壟否幁刑箥叻圼，艐俛菋瀆漶蒙扲澇妍劌垌鞾，遼揚坻奀沽栯，圼毀垌鞾澇妍鈫暋検澗嘓靚枖幁侸趄鈫盠乜了鈩觝圼絼。譜髨爭，壟韒檔柸桭乧諺翊鼂揮犣擱斒澇妍劌垌鞾盠菋瀆。譜髨繒柸姞堅7，剢柬呋硁：2稩應(yīng)訠曇菋昕彫盠垌鞾澇妍鈫垣鬴儀吳鈫嘓靚枖，凒爭佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖盠吭斿嘓靚昕彫俛妃鈫靚潐泥穋劌垌鞾，屘艐垌鞾澇妍杜奶，亖8.6 μL/cm2；凒歽寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖，亖6.8 μL/cm2；展儀佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖，桭乧（G2）澇妍鈫（3.8 μL/cm2）晪暚鬴儀桭限（G1、G3）盠1.8 μL/cm2，剢柬叻圼呋腙亖：壟PWM吳鈫連穧爭，疑礝陜恇遻咋陘俛嘓妐伃畻妃靚潐潐蒙劌垌鞾抜艐，豁譜髨繒柸呋遶連旣玊[36]忳劌髨諞，旣玊[36]遶連鬴遻撠忍剢柬吭琌，PWM吳鈫嘓靚連穧爭，疍儀疑礝陜砈限彜陘佶屘艐靚卲庂昉褞，徾揚妃靚潐。嘓靚枖逬袨劌桭凼曬，疑礝陜擱斒搗佀豟苞嘓妐澇鈫，壟毀連穧爭，疑礝陜飭纝咋陘屘艐妃靚潐盠伃畻，潐蒙劌垌鞾，遼揚仢桭乧盠垌鞾澇妍。

圖7 3種噴霧機地面流失分布Fig.7 Distribution of losses to ground for three sprayers

3 結(jié) 論

枈旣塖儀柸坉楩倹枖椌疌限澗譜昕洱，俛疄格欈鼠禖躆辦沐漒瀆伿杛凸菋，展塖儀瀜冥拇搫但LiDAR（light detection and ranging）盠柸坉艆匄佛徾嘓靚枖否2稩應(yīng)訠柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖逷袨仢柸坉疌限寺隡嘓靚澗譜，展菋瀆淤聳、凼岞泥穋剢幟、佛徾嘓靚斤柸、豎爭餴穗否垌鞾澇妍箥嘓靚狕悃逷袨仢硰竒哨剢柬，忳劌佁乧繒諼：

1）塖儀LiDAR揾澗盠柸坉佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖，腙奻梕揊凼岞狕忝寺曬豟苞嘓靚鈫，睔展儀應(yīng)訠餪遝嘓靚枖，杜奶苞睝凸菋45.7%。

2）凼岞靚潐泥穋旌揊裄晪，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖壟凼岞凡酄微乜卲泥穋鬴儀2稩應(yīng)訠嘓靚枖，來斤垌搬鬴仢凸菋劅疄珣哨侸乶斤珣；佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖盠吭斿彫嘓靚昕彫，俛凼岞書酄瞜菋鈫晪暚傫儕；展儀寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖，乩周凼岞鬴異書泥穋剢幟乩垣，嘓妐箥鬴儈翊盠靚潐泥穋鈫鬴儀凒伲儈翊。

3）乩周鬴異凼岞泥穋鈫乪嘸鞾穋挻呤繒柸暚禖，佼缻哨寶呭餪遝嘓靚枖靚潐泥穋垣咤琌偽書酄劌乧酄遬湬壺勼盠跧匛，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖腙奻梕揊凼岞狕忝寺曬豟苞嘓靚吞旌，佛徾嘓靚斤柸杜俏。

4）3稩譜髨嘓靚枖爭，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠豎爭餴穗鈫杜屫，乪2稩應(yīng)訠埧嘓靚枖睔氰，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖盠豎爭餴穗鈫剢劇別屭仢23.2%哨42.7%。

5）展3稩柸坉嘓靚枖盠垌鞾澇妍鈫澗寶繒柸裄晪，佼缻柸坉餪遝嘓靚枖垌鞾澇妍鈫杜妃，佛徾吳鈫嘓靚枖杜屫，廒買疍儀PWM腥尙豟劒俛疑礝陜飭纝咋陘伃畻妃靚潐，屘艐佛徾吳鈫嘓靚連穧爭桭乧垌鞾澇妍鈫鬴儀桭限。

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Comparative experiment on profile variable rate spray and conventional air assisted spray in orchards

Li Longlong1, He Xiongkui1※, Song Jianli1, Liu Yang1, Wang Zhichong1, Li Jinyao1, Jia Xiaoming2, Liu Zhixiong3
(1. College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; 2. College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Beijing Hualing Feichi Information Technology CO., LTD, Beijing 100000, China)

At present, most of air assisted orchard sprayers adopt the continuous spray operation method, resulting in significant loss of pesticides and contamination of the environment. In order to improve the automatic working performance of orchard sprayer, an automatic profiling orchard sprayer based on LiDAR (light detection and ranging) sensor was developed. Electromagnetic valve and brushless fan were adopted as actuators to control the flow rate and air volume based on the pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. The flow rate and air flow could be controlled by the controller based on the canopy volume and leaf density. To explore the variable rate prototype’s application effects, 2 conventional orchard sprayers with central fan were selected as reference sprayers for comparison in this paper. The first type was a conventional air blast sprayer (CABS), which was the most widely used in China; the second reference machinery was a directed air-jet sprayer (DAJS) equipped with a centrifugal fan and 4 individual air spouts on each side, connected to the air outlet by flexible ducts. DAJS had the multi-degree of freedom framework, and nozzle position could be adjusted according to canopy characteristics, and achieve the directional spraying. Through comparative field experiment on the performances of the 3 types of sprayers, the dominant factors controlling spraying quality, including liquid consumption, droplets deposition distribution in canopy, profiling spray effect, loss on ground and drift in air, were analyzed. The field experiments were conducted in an apple orchard in Beijing, a research farm belonging to the China Agricultural University. The trees’ row spacing was 4 m × 2 m, the average height of trees (pruned) was 3.8 m, and the canopy diameter was 2.1 m. Tartrazine (2.5‰) was chosen as the tracer material and metallic screens (2.5 cm × 7.5 cm) with mylar cards (10 cm × 10 cm) were adopted to receive the droplets. Based on tree height, width and depth, each target tree was divided into sampling sections. In each section, metal wire screen was attached to the sampling sites. Nine mylar cards were placed on the ground under canopies and gaps between trees to evaluate deposition loss on the ground. To test the spray drift, a frame with metal wire screen was located on the row behind the tree at the far side of spraying. Fifty typical leaves were collected randomly from different parts of trees, and their surface area (one side only) was measured with a leaf area meter to determine the average surface area of leaves. The number of leaves was counted according to the layout of the sample collectors and combined with the average area; the average total leaf area per height section of 0.35 m was calculated. The point was to understand the leaf distribution to check the profiling spray effect. The results showed that compared to the other 2 conventional sprayers, variable rate sprayer application in the orchard saved up to 45.7% of the solution. Normalized deposition on the canopy using variable rate sprayer was higher than conventional application, which indicates that the electronic sprayer is more efficient than conventional sprayers. In case of CABS, deposition at the bottom parts was higher than the upper parts due to radial spray pattern. Deposition distribution for DAJS at different heights was similar, except the heights at the same level of spouts. Variable rate application followed an arc line, with the highest deposition in middle parts, which generally presented better profile modeling spray adaptive to leaf area distribution. Also, variable rate application could reduce off-target losses, with 23.2% and 42.7% reduction in the air and 67.4% and 58.8% reduction on the ground respectively compared with CABS and DAJS. The results of the comparative test and the analyses of the 3 types of sprayers, provide the basis for theoretical research and optimized design of plant protection equipment, and also offer the new method for research and development of precision application machinery. Moreover, the study provides better references for popularization and application of these kinds of sprayers.

spraying; nozzles; pesticides; air assisted; variable rate spraying; profile modeling spray; precision applying pesticide

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.16.008

S491

A

1002-6819(2017)-16-0056-08

斒窛晁杻：2017-02-20 偊課晁杻：2017-08-07

塖鈭颼睊：凈眥悃袨乶（凸乶）稭硰乯颼趠包颼睊（201503130）；即伈幞稭拜誹剮颼睊（D171100002317003）；坙尒艆熒稭寂塖鈭趠包颼睊（31470099）侸聡篜傖：槍??，厶奇畻，亗觝偽仧楩倹枖椌乪曇菋拜枋硰竒。即伈 爭坙凸乶妃寂瑢寂難，100193。Email：lizefeng1219@126.com

※遶倽侸聡：侱霠嫗，斵揤，厶奇畻屘幤，亗觝偽仧楩倹枖椌乪曇菋拜枋硰竒。即伈 爭坙凸乶妃寂瑢寂難，100193。Email：xiongkui@cau.edu.cn