周長(zhǎng)武
趙錫海2 ZHAO Xihai
李 澄3 LI Cheng
喬會(huì)昱2 QIAO Huiyu
何 樂(lè)2 HE Le
苑 純2,4YUAN Chun
磁共振管壁成像評(píng)價(jià)老年人胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的特征
周長(zhǎng)武1ZHOU Changwu
趙錫海2ZHAO Xihai
李 澄3LI Cheng
喬會(huì)昱2QIAO Huiyu
何 樂(lè)2HE Le
苑 純2,4YUAN Chun
目的胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊是老年人缺血性卒中栓子的重要來(lái)源。本研究擬應(yīng)用三維磁共振管壁成像技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)老年人胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊的特征,從而積極預(yù)防心腦血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。資料與方法前瞻性選取60歲以上且無(wú)任何嚴(yán)重心腦血管癥狀的老年人53例,分為60~74歲組(A組)和75~89歲組(B組)。全部受試者均接受磁共振胸主動(dòng)脈管壁多對(duì)比度序列掃描。將胸主動(dòng)脈分為升主動(dòng)脈段、主動(dòng)脈弓段和降主動(dòng)脈段3個(gè)節(jié)段,評(píng)價(jià)其粥樣硬化斑塊的特征。定量測(cè)量老年人群胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的負(fù)荷特征,并定性分析其成分特征。結(jié)果老年人胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生率為26.4%(14/53),脂質(zhì)核的發(fā)生率為94.3%(50/53)。同時(shí),B組升主動(dòng)脈段、主動(dòng)脈弓段和降主動(dòng)脈段3個(gè)節(jié)段的最大管壁厚度均顯著大于 A 組 [(3.1±0.6)mm 比(3.0±0.4)mm,P<0.05;(3.2±0.7)mm比(3.1±0.7)mm,P<0.05;(3.0±0.8)mm 比(2.9±0.7)mm,P<0.001];B 組 3 個(gè)節(jié)段的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管壁指數(shù)均顯著大于A組[(26.9±3.5)%比(26.7±2.9)%,P<0.001;(31.9±5.1)% 比(31.0±5.1)%,P<0.001;(34.6±5.0)% 比(34.1±4.6)%,P<0.001]。結(jié)論老年人胸主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生率較高,且斑塊負(fù)荷隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而逐漸增大。因此,應(yīng)用磁共振管壁成像早期識(shí)別老年人胸主動(dòng)脈的易損斑塊,將有助于腦卒中的預(yù)防及治療。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;主動(dòng)脈,胸;磁共振成像;磁共振血管造影術(shù);主動(dòng)脈造影術(shù);老年人
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)是隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)的血管疾病,中老年時(shí)期加重、發(fā)病,近年來(lái)成為老年人死亡的主要原因之一[1]。隨著我國(guó)進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì),高齡已成為除高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙等以外的另一項(xiàng)引起AS性疾病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[1-3]。60歲以上的老年人AS的發(fā)生率超過(guò)80%[4]。
AS易損斑塊破裂、脫落是缺血性卒中栓子的主要來(lái)源,其中約1/5來(lái)源于胸主動(dòng)脈[5-6]。既往研究顯示,主動(dòng)脈弓AS不穩(wěn)定斑塊好發(fā)于缺血性腦卒中患者[7]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺血性卒中患者中,胸主動(dòng)脈AS易損斑塊的發(fā)生率為34.4%[8]。
早期學(xué)者采用經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖和二維磁共振管壁成像研究胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的特征,取得了初步成果,但其自身的缺陷,限制了其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用[9-10]。因此,本研究應(yīng)用三維磁共振管壁成像技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)老年人胸主動(dòng)脈AS易損斑塊的特征,從而積極預(yù)防心腦血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2013年5月-2014年12月于清華大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)影像研究中心進(jìn)行胸主動(dòng)脈磁共振管壁成像的受試者53例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 60歲以上無(wú)任何嚴(yán)重心腦血管癥狀的老年人。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有MRI檢查禁忌證者,如體內(nèi)含金屬磁性異物等;②不同意簽署知情同意書(shū)者;③幽閉恐懼癥患者。根據(jù)WHO對(duì)老年人的劃分,將受試者分為A、B兩組,即60~74歲組(29例)和75~89歲組(24例)。兩組在性別、高密度脂蛋白、三酰甘油、踝-肱指數(shù)、吸煙、糖尿病、高血壓病、高脂血癥、冠心病史及腦卒中史等方面比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。本研究通過(guò)倫理委員會(huì)審核,且所有受試者知情同意。
1.2 儀器與方法 采用Philips 3.0T MR掃描儀(Achieva TX,The Netherlands)和32通道心臟線圈,行三維冠狀位掃描,仰臥位,頭先進(jìn),以胸主動(dòng)脈為中心。掃描參數(shù):①3D SNAP序列:快速場(chǎng)回波(FFE),TR 7.5 ms,TE 3.7 ms,空間分辨率1.5 mm×1.5 mm×1.5 mm,視野(FOV) 220 mm×280 mm×37 mm;②3D T2-VISTA序列:快速自旋回波,F(xiàn)OV 250 mm×160 mm×64 mm,TR 800 ms,TE 64 ms,空間分辨率1.25 mm×1.25 mm×1.25 mm。
1.3 圖像分析 由2名具有5年以上心腦血管MR圖像判讀經(jīng)驗(yàn)的放射診斷醫(yī)師(1名主治醫(yī)師,1名主任醫(yī)師)采用盲法閱片。當(dāng)判讀結(jié)果有爭(zhēng)議時(shí),協(xié)商解決。采用清華大學(xué)自主研發(fā)的3D CASCADE圖像后處理軟件進(jìn)行圖像分析。
表1 兩組受試者基本資料比較
本研究分析胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的成分主要包括斑塊內(nèi)出血(intraplaque hemorrhage,IPH)和富含脂質(zhì)的壞死核(lipid rich necrotic core,LRNC),IPH/MT表現(xiàn)為SNAP序列上的高信號(hào),LRNC表現(xiàn)為T(mén)2-VISTA序列上的低信號(hào),而鈣化表現(xiàn)為更低信號(hào)。將胸主動(dòng)脈分為3個(gè)節(jié)段,即升主動(dòng)脈段(ascending aorta,AAO):自左心室出口至主動(dòng)脈弓近端;主動(dòng)脈弓段(aortic arch,AOA)以及降主動(dòng)脈段(descending aorta,DAO):自主動(dòng)脈弓遠(yuǎn)端至膈肌水平。胸主動(dòng)脈各段AS斑塊負(fù)荷的形態(tài)學(xué)參數(shù)主要包括管腔面積(lumen area,LA)、血管總面積(total vessel area,TVA)、管壁面積(wall area,WA)、最大管壁厚度(maximum wall thickness,Max WT)以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管壁指數(shù)(normalized wall index,NWI)等,其中 NWI=WA/[LA+WA]×100%。
1.4 一致性檢驗(yàn) 由2名圖像判讀醫(yī)師對(duì)所有受試者胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的負(fù)荷和成分特征進(jìn)行測(cè)量和分析,并比較2次結(jié)果的一致性。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 16.0軟件。胸主動(dòng)脈各段AS斑塊負(fù)荷參數(shù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。不同年齡組胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊成分及負(fù)荷的差異比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和Fisher確切概率法。根據(jù)胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊負(fù)荷的組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(intraclass correlation coef fi cient,ICC)和相應(yīng)的95% CI判斷2次斑塊負(fù)荷測(cè)量結(jié)果的可重復(fù)性。同時(shí),2次評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊成分結(jié)果的一致性評(píng)價(jià)采用Kappa檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的成分特征 本研究中胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊IPH的發(fā)生率為26.4%(14/53),LRNC的發(fā)生率為94.3%(50/53)。但兩組間IPH(27.6%比25.0%,P>0.05)和 LRNC(80.0%比 82.9%,P>0.05)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.2 胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的負(fù)荷特征 本研究中,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),老年人群胸主動(dòng)脈各段的LA、TVA以及WA均逐漸增大,且差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組胸主動(dòng)脈各段WA比較見(jiàn)圖1。
B組胸主動(dòng)脈3個(gè)節(jié)段的Max WT均顯著大于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2。
B組胸主動(dòng)脈3個(gè)節(jié)段的NWI[(26.9±3.5)%比(26.7±2.9)%,P<0.001;(31.9±5.1)% 比(31.0±5.1)%,P<0.001;(34.6±5.0)% 比(34.1±4.6)%,P<0.001]均顯著大于A組。同時(shí),兩組DAO段的NWI均最大,其次為AOA段和AAO段(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖3。
圖3 兩組胸主動(dòng)脈各段NWI的比較
2.3 一致性評(píng)價(jià) 采用磁共振管壁圖像測(cè)量胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊負(fù)荷的一致性良好,LA的ICC值分別為AAO段 0.958(95% CI:0.940~0.971)、AOA 段 0.977(95%CI:0.972~0.981)和 DAO 段 0.984(95% CI:0.982~0.987)(P<0.05)。同時(shí),胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊成分的一致性亦良好,AAO段(Kappa=0.848)、AOA段(Kappa=0.921)和DAO段(Kappa=0.96)(P<0.05);尤其是IPH,胸主動(dòng)脈各段的結(jié)果均為Kappa=1.000(P<0.05)。老年人胸主動(dòng)脈AS易損斑塊的MR圖像,見(jiàn)圖4、5。
圖4 男,69歲,主動(dòng)脈弓段AS易損斑塊的MR圖像。SNAP序列圖像(A矢狀位;B橫軸位),T2-VISTA序列圖像(C橫軸位;D矢狀位);圖像顯示主動(dòng)脈弓段多發(fā)AS斑塊(箭),其中SNAP序列圖像中箭示高信號(hào)代表IPH/MT,提示該斑塊為易損斑塊
圖5 男,79歲,降主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的MR圖像。SNAP序列圖像(A矢狀位;B橫軸位),T2-VISTA序列圖像(C橫軸位;D矢狀位);圖像顯示降主動(dòng)脈多發(fā)AS斑塊(箭),其中SNAP序列圖像中箭示高信號(hào)為IPH/MT,提示該斑塊為易損斑塊
本研究應(yīng)用三維磁共振管壁成像技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)老年人胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的成分及負(fù)荷等特征。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),老年人胸主AS斑塊IPH的發(fā)生率較高,并且隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的負(fù)荷亦逐漸增大,與既往研究一致,也符合AS斑塊形成的病理生理機(jī)制[11-12]。IPH是AS易損斑塊的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)[13]。本研究中,約1/4的老年人存在胸主動(dòng)脈IPH。Bitar等[14]應(yīng)用MRI研究發(fā)現(xiàn),13%的腦血管病患者胸主動(dòng)脈存在IPH,其中10.9%發(fā)生于上部胸主動(dòng)脈。既往研究表明,頸動(dòng)脈的IPH能夠加速AS病變纖維帽的破裂,并且能夠抵消他汀類(lèi)藥物治療AS斑塊的效果[15]。發(fā)生于顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈和頸動(dòng)脈的IPH與腦卒中事件有顯著相關(guān)性[16-17]。另外,Wehrum等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在降主動(dòng)脈近端反流性血流機(jī)制普遍存在,尤其多見(jiàn)于缺血性卒中患者[19-20]。因此,胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的IPH也可以預(yù)測(cè)缺血性卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
早期部分學(xué)者應(yīng)用經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)胸主動(dòng)脈AS斑塊的特征,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)僅能定性分析斑塊的分布(好發(fā)于主動(dòng)脈弓和降主動(dòng)脈),不能定量測(cè)量斑塊的負(fù)荷以及鑒別斑塊的成分,尤其是IPH[21]。本研究中,3D T2-VISTA和3D SNAP 序列不僅能定量測(cè)量斑塊的負(fù)荷,還能準(zhǔn)確判斷IPH等成分。既往研究表明,3D VISTA序列在測(cè)量胸主動(dòng)脈斑塊負(fù)荷方面具有良好的可重復(fù)性和可操作性[11]。同時(shí),3D T2-VISTA序列能獲得充分的血流抑制[22]。因此,對(duì)于斑塊內(nèi)LRNC的識(shí)別,T2-VISTA序列具有較高的敏感性,呈稍低信號(hào)(相對(duì)于鈣化的更低信號(hào)和纖維帽的稍高信號(hào))。Wang等[23]報(bào)道3D SNAP序列可同時(shí)獲得黑血管壁圖像和MRA圖像,因此能夠重點(diǎn)突出斑塊內(nèi)出血的正信號(hào),對(duì)IPH的顯示非常敏感。同時(shí),頸部斑塊病理已經(jīng)證實(shí)3D SNAP 圖像上的高信號(hào)代表IPH[21],并且提示為易損斑塊[23]。因此,三維磁共振管壁成像技術(shù)在鑒別斑塊的成分方面(尤其是IPH、LRNC)具有無(wú)限的潛力和廣闊的臨床應(yīng)用前景。
本研究的局限性:①研究樣本量較小,而且為60歲以上的老年人,不足以代表所有人群;②有5例受試者(A組3例,B組2例)因呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影較重?zé)o法測(cè)量斑塊負(fù)荷,其升主動(dòng)脈段的圖像未納入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析;③由于不能準(zhǔn)確地鑒別纖維帽,本研究未對(duì)纖維帽的完整性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。針對(duì)上述不足,在未來(lái)的研究中應(yīng)增大樣本量、運(yùn)用技術(shù)手段提高圖像質(zhì)量、增加T1加權(quán)[24-25]、T2-mapping[26]等特異性成像序列,更加全面地分析易損斑塊的特征。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年人胸主動(dòng)脈易損斑塊的發(fā)生率較高,且斑塊的負(fù)荷隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而逐漸增大。因此,在后續(xù)研究中,將同時(shí)對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈、頸動(dòng)脈及胸主動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行磁共振管壁成像,以期能夠更加直觀地發(fā)現(xiàn)腦卒中栓子的來(lái)源,從而積極預(yù)防腦卒中的發(fā)生。
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(本文編輯 張曉舟)
Characteristics of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Thoracic Aorta in the Elderly Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging
PurposeThe thoracic aortic atherosclerotic plaque is an important source of ischemic stroke embolism in the elderly. This study aims to explore the characteristics of vulnerable plaque of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta in the elderly by using threedimensional multi-contrast magnetic resonance wall imaging technique, so as to actively prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.Materials and MethodsFifty-three cases of elderly subjects (≥60 years old) without serious cerebrovascular diseases were recruited in this prospective study. All subjects were divided into A and B groups (60-74 and 75-90 years old). All subjects underwent MRI of multiple contrast sequences of the aortic wall. The thoracic aorta was divided into three segments of ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta, and the characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaque were evaluated. The load characteristics of thoracic aortic atherosclerotic plaques in the elderly were calculated quantitatively, and the compositional characteristics were evaluated qualitatively.ResultsThe incidence of intraplaque hemorrhage in the thoracic aortic atherosclerotic plaque in the elderly was 26.4% (14/53),and the incidence of lipid nucleus was 94.3% (50/53). Meanwhile, the maximum wall thickness of three segments of ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta in group B was signi fi cantly higher than that in group A [(3.1±0.6) mmvs(3.0±0.4) mm,P<0.05;(3.2±0.7) mmvs(3.1±0.7) mm,P<0.05; (3.0±0.8) mmvs(2.9±0.7) mm,P<0.001]; the normalized wall index of the three segments in group B was signi fi cantly higher than that in group A [(26.9±3.5)%vs(26.7±2.9)%,P<0.001; (31.9±5.1)%vs(31.0±5.1)%,P<0.001; (34.6±5.0)%vs(34.1±4.6)%,P<0.001)].ConclusionThe incidence of hemorrhage in the atherosclerotic plaque in the thoracic aorta in the elderly is higher, and the plaque load increases with age. Therefore, early screening of vulnerable plaque in the thoracic aorta in the elderly using magnetic resonance wall imaging will be helpful for prevention and treatment of stroke.
Atherosclerosis; Aorta, thoracic; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance angiography; Aortography; Aged
1. 揚(yáng)州大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院放射科 江蘇揚(yáng)州225000
2. 清華大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程系生物醫(yī)學(xué)影像研究中心 北京 100084
3. 東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院放射科 江蘇南京210009
4. 美國(guó)華盛頓大學(xué)放射科 美國(guó)西雅圖WA 98195-5502
趙錫海
Center for Biomedical Imaging Research,Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Address Correspondence to:ZHAO Xihai
E-mail: xihaizhao@tsinghua.edu.cn
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81271536)。
R445.2;R543.1
2016-12-28
修回日期:2017-03-02
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志2017年 第25卷 第8期:588-592
Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging 2017 Volume 25 (8): 588-592
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2017.08.008