甘多小學

Gando Primary School

地址：西非布基納法索甘多

設計師：Diébédo Francis Kéré

施工管理：甘多村莊社區(qū)Diébédo Francis Kéré

客戶：布基納法索甘多村莊社區(qū)

Schulbausteine für Gando e.V.

建筑面積：216平方米；加上周邊區(qū)域共310平方米

狀態(tài)：2001年已竣工

獲得的獎項：2004年阿迦汗建筑獎

2009年全球永續(xù)建筑獎甘多小學的設計考慮了諸多因素，包括成本、氣候、可用資源數(shù)量以及施工可行性。該項目的成功有賴于對這些限制因素的推敲考量,大膽否定。為了以最少的資源獲得最大的效果，該項目主要使用了泥漿混合建造的方法。甘多的黏土十分豐富，當?shù)厝艘恢庇盟鼇斫ㄔ旆课?。該項目對這些傳統(tǒng)的黏土建造技藝進行現(xiàn)代化改進，以使用磚塊建造一種結構更加牢固的建筑。此外，黏土磚具有成本低廉、易于制造的優(yōu)點，還具有應對炎熱氣候的熱保護功能。然而，盡管磚墻堅固耐用，但還需一個較大的外懸鐵皮屋頂，保護墻面免受破壞性降雨的損害。在布基納法索，許多房子都有一個波紋型鐵皮屋頂，吸收太陽散發(fā)的熱量，讓屋內的氣溫保持在人體可承受的范圍內。雖然甘多小學的頂棚距離教室有一定的距離，但是教室上方還是采用了帶孔的黏土天花板，以確保充足的通風。由干燥的磚塊堆砌起來的天花板可以保證足夠的通風，冷空氣透過窗戶進入教室，熱空氣通過天花板上的穿孔排出室外。這樣一來，可以減少學校對制冷的需求，也就隨之大幅降低了制冷所造成的環(huán)境影響。

Location: Gando, Burkina Faso，West Africa

Design: Diébédo Francis Kéré

Construction Management: Diébédo Francis Kéré, village community Gando

Clients: Village community of Gando, Burkina Faso

Schulbausteine für Gando e.V.

Building Area: 216 m2; 310 m2 covered exterior area

Status: Completed since 2001

Awards: Aga Khan Award for Architecture 2004

Global Award for Sustainable Architecture 2009

The design for the Primary School evolved from a lengthy list of parameters including cost, climate, resource availability, and construction feasibility. The success of the project relied on both embracing and negating these constraints. In order to maximize results with the minimal resources available, a clay/mud hybrid construction was primarily used. Clay is abundantly available in the region, and is traditionally used in the construction of housing. These traditional clay-building techniques were modified and modernized in order to create a more structurally robust construction in the form of bricks. The clay bricks have the added advantage of being cheap, easy to produce, and also providing thermal protection against the hot climate. Despite their durability, however, the walls must still be protected from damaging rains with a large overhanging tin roof. Many houses in Burkina Faso have corrugated metal roofs which absorb the heat from the sun, making the interior living space intolerably hot. The roof of the Primary School was pulled away from the learning space of the interior though, and a perforated clay ceiling with ample ventilation was introduced. This dry-stacked brick ceiling allows for maximum ventilation, pulling cool air in from the interior windows and releasing hot air out through the perforated ceiling. In turn, the ecological footprint of the school is vastly reduced by alleviating the need for air-conditioning.

? Siméon Duchoud

軸側圖 axonometry

? Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

? Siméon Duchoud

? Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

? Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

雖然甘多小學的設計方案是由Francis Kere制定的，但項目的成功卻有賴于當?shù)卮迕竦姆e極參與。布基納法索農村的傳統(tǒng)是，整個村子的人都要參與房子的建造或修復。為了保持這種文化習俗，項目相關方開發(fā)并改進了對技術知識要求較低且易于學習的技術，讓村民們能夠參與項目的建造過程。孩子們?yōu)閷W校的地基收集石頭，婦女們提供磚塊制造所需的水。就這樣，傳統(tǒng)的建造技藝與現(xiàn)代化的施工方法得以巧妙結合，實現(xiàn)了最佳的建造質量，同時也減輕了工人們的建造和維護工作。

甘多小學于2001年竣工，并于2004年榮獲阿迦汗建筑獎。然而，更為重要的是，甘多小學已成為當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的驕傲，充分體現(xiàn)了當?shù)厝说哪哿ΑｋS著這種群策群力、共商共建的精神在甘多的傳播與發(fā)揚，當?shù)匾矊嵤┝诵碌奈幕徒逃椖?，為村莊的可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入了新的動力。

Although the plans for the Primary School were drawn by Francis Kere, the success of the project can be attributed to the close involvement of the local villagers. Traditionally, members of a whole village community work together to build and repair homes in rural Burkina Faso. In keeping with this cultural practice, low-tech and sustainable techniques were developed and improved so that the Gando villagers could participate in the process. Children gathered stones for the school foundation and women brought water for the brick manufacturing. In this way, traditional building techniques were utilized alongside modern engineering methods in order to produce the best quality building solution while simplifying construction and maintenance for the workers.

The Primary School was completed in 2001 and received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004. More importantly, however, the Primary School became a landmark of community pride and collectivity. As the collective knowledge of construction began to spread and inspire Gando, new cultural and educational projects have since been introduced to further support sustainable development in the village.

總平面圖 site plan

剖面圖 section

? Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

? Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk

平面圖 plan

? Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk