陳龍玉
一、考點(diǎn)分析
2014~2017高考全國I卷的考點(diǎn)情況見以下兩表。表一:
由上表可知:
1. 短文改錯的考點(diǎn)涉及面非常廣,主要考點(diǎn)有:名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、代詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)與情態(tài)動詞、詞性、比較等級、基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞、祈使句句型等。
2. 錯誤類型:錯8個詞、增1個詞、減1個詞,即錯增減的比例為8∶1∶1。
3. 一增一減的主要詞為:冠詞、連詞、介詞、to(介詞或不定式符號)、代詞和助動詞等。
二、解法口訣
短文改錯的考點(diǎn)與解題方法可借助以下口訣來助記。
動詞形,名詞數(shù),還要注意形和副。
代詞格,細(xì)領(lǐng)悟,前后一致要過目。
連詞冠詞常光顧,介詞短語需關(guān)注。
連冠介,to代助,一增一減可別誤。
常用詞,細(xì)辨析,即可區(qū)分正與誤。
比較等級及其它,語義搭配對了不?
三、解題實例
以2014~2017年高考全國卷真題為例,說明如何運(yùn)用解題口訣。
1. 動詞形
動詞形就是無論是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞,動詞錯誤就是形式錯誤,即要求考生改變形式。動詞有原形、一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)、一般過去式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞等。
(1)(2017全國Ⅰ卷) Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
(2)(2016全國Ⅰ卷)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncle tells me ...
(3)(2016全國Ⅰ卷)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.
(4)(2015全國I卷)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.
(5)(2015全國Ⅰ卷)We must found ways ...
(6)(2014全國Ⅰ卷)Since then—for all these years—we had been allowing ...
(7)(2017全國Ⅱ卷)Besides,they often get some useful information ... When summer came, they will invite their students ...
(8)(2017全國Ⅲ卷)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.
(9)(2017全國Ⅲ卷)I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.
(10)(2017全國Ⅲ卷)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school ...
(11)(2016全國II卷)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.
(12)(2016全國Ⅲ卷)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.
(13)(2014全國II卷)My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of flowers ...
答案:
(1)goes→went 時態(tài)一致。
(2)had→have 時態(tài)一致。
(3)using→used 被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成,是be加過去分詞。
(4)think→thought 時態(tài)一致。
(5)found→find 情態(tài)動詞后要用動詞原形。
(6)had→have 由Since then—for all these years可知用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。
(7)came→comes 主句謂語動詞will invite是一般將來時,從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時,主語是第三人稱單數(shù),故填comes。
(8)had→have 因in the past few years常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,故改had為have。
(9)become→became 并列一致。
(10)took→taken被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:be加過去分詞,而take的過去分詞是taken。
(11)chose→choose 情態(tài)動詞后要用動詞原形。
(12)wear→wearing在介詞后要用動名詞。
(13)look-looks 主謂一致。
2. 名詞數(shù)
名詞數(shù)就是名詞主要考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù),即可數(shù)名詞其數(shù)量大于一時必用復(fù)數(shù),不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。此外,2011年全國I卷考查了名詞的所有格。
(1)(2017全國Ⅰ卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turn left!”
(2)(2015全國I卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.
(3)(2014全國卷Ⅰ)Since then—for all these year—we ...
(4)(2013全國卷Ⅰ)He was tall, with broad shoulder ...
(5)(2012全國卷Ⅰ)I destroyed each of my toy.
(6)(2017全國Ⅱ卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
(7)(2016全國Ⅱ卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
(8)(2016全國Ⅲ卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.
(9)(2014全國II卷)For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.
(10)(2011卷Ⅰ)I finally arrived at my friend ...
答案:
(1)word→words 后面有并列的三句話,故word用復(fù)數(shù)words。
(2)airs→air 因air為不可數(shù)名詞,無復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(3)year→years 因year為可數(shù)名詞,受all these修飾,故用復(fù)數(shù)。
(4)shoulder→shoulders 由常識可知,人有左右肩膀,故用復(fù)數(shù)。
(5)toy→toys因toy是可數(shù)名詞,前有each of,故用復(fù)數(shù)。
(6)informations→information因information是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(7)knowledges→knowledge 因knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(8)year→years 由from 13 to 19或者were可知,year用復(fù)數(shù)。
(9)hour→hours 由one and a half可知,可數(shù)名詞hour應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。
(10)my friend→my friends 因“到達(dá)我的朋友”顯然不通,應(yīng)是“到達(dá)朋友的家”。
3. 還要注意形和副
在高考的短文改錯中,年年都考查詞性誤用,且主要是考查形容詞和副詞的誤用,所以提醒考生要特別“注意形和副”。一般說來,作表語和定語應(yīng)當(dāng)用形容詞,但文中卻誤用了副詞或名詞等;修飾動詞、形容詞或全句,作狀語,應(yīng)當(dāng)用副詞,但文中卻誤用了形容詞。
此外,也還考查分詞形容詞的誤用,即-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞的誤用,以及名詞作表語等情況。
(1)(2017全國Ⅰ卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.
(2)(2016全國I卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.
(3)(2015全國I卷)Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.
(4)(2014全國I卷)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at on cost!
(5)(2014全國I卷)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
(6)(2015全國II卷)Mom said,“How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried.”
(7)(2017全國Ⅲ卷)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes ...
(8) (2016全國Ⅲ卷)At one time, I ever felt my parents couldnt understand me, so I hoped I could be freely from them.
(9)(2017全國Ⅱ卷) In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden ...
(10)(2016全國Ⅰ卷)... the key to his success is honest.
答案:
(1)suddenly→sudden 在名詞stop前作定語要用形容詞。
(2)steady→steadily修飾謂語動詞will grow,用副詞作狀語。
(3)seriously→serious在名詞problem前作定語要用形容詞。
(4)wonderfully→wonderful 在名詞tomatoes前作定語要用形容詞。
(5)taste→tasty 與形容詞small, juicy并列一起作are的表語,用形容詞。
(6)terrible→terribly 修飾形容詞worried作狀語,用副詞。
(7)difference→different 在名詞kind前作定語,用形容詞。
(8)freely→free 在be后作表語,要用形容詞。
(9)interesting→interested 表示人“對……感興趣的”,用-ed形式;表示某事物是“令人感興趣的”用-ing形式。
(10)honest→honesty 指“成功的秘訣”用名詞“誠實”作表語。
4. 代詞格,細(xì)領(lǐng)悟,前后一致要過目
人稱代詞作主語時用主格,作賓語時用賓語,有時會考查這一點(diǎn)。但在短文改錯中,主要還是考查代詞與其指代對象在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面的一致問題,因此,“指代一致”要特別注意。另外,反身代詞作賓語或作主語的同位語時,都必須與主語一致。
(1)(2016全國I卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant ... he hopes that our business will grow steadily.
(2)(2015全國I卷)We must find ways to protect your environment.
(3)(2013全國I卷)He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others.
(4)(2012全國I卷)I was happy when the toys worked, but when things went wrong, I got angry and broke it.
(5)(2017全國Ⅱ卷)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.
(6)(2017全國Ⅲ卷)When I look at this picture of myself ... This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
(7)(2016全國II卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view...
(8)(2016全國Ⅲ卷)I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.
答案:
(1)our→his 應(yīng)與主語he一致。
(2)your→our /the 應(yīng)與主語We一致。
(3)himself→him 因與主語which不一致,不能用反身代詞。
(4)it→them 應(yīng)與前句中的the toys一致。
(5)all→both 應(yīng)與主語Mr. and Mrs. Zhang一致。
(6)your→my 應(yīng)與I,myself,me一致。
(7)your→our 應(yīng)與主語we一致。
(8)yourself→myself 應(yīng)與主語I一致。
5. 連詞冠詞常光顧
就是指連詞和冠詞常常考,事實上是年年考。
連詞:
連詞的考查包括and, but, or等并列連詞之間的混用,以及從句連詞的誤用。
(1)(2017全國Ⅰ卷)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I started the car, my mind went blank.
(2)(2016全國Ⅰ卷)... fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used ...
(3)(2016全國I卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
(4)(2015全國I卷)In the countryside, the air is clean or the mountains are green.
(5)(2017卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.
(6)(2016全國Ⅱ卷)If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.
(7)(2016全國Ⅱ卷)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
(8)(2015全國II卷)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
答案:
(1)so→but 前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
(2)or→and 句意是指“用新鮮蔬菜和高質(zhì)量的油”,而非表示選擇關(guān)系,另外,謂語動詞are也提示我們,主語是復(fù)數(shù),指兩者。
(3)that→where 指“靠近我住的地方”,表示“在……的地方”,用where引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
(4)or→and 前后非選擇關(guān)系。
(5)and→but 因not only...but also是固定搭配。
(6)but→and 前后沒有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
(7)how→what 作do的賓語要用代詞what。
(8)where→that 賓語從句不需要任何意思了,所以用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,或省略that。
冠詞:
冠詞主要考查a /an與the之間的誤用,或者a與an之間的誤用。此外,冠詞漏用或多用也是??嫉模斠姟斑B冠介,to代助”。
(1)(2016全國I卷) My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.
(2) (2015全國II卷) He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.
(3)(2017全國Ⅱ卷) They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
答案:
(1) the→a 表示“一段”時間。
(2) a→the 特指上文提到的“那家”商店。
(3) a hour→an hour 表示“一”小時,用不定冠詞,是對的;但hour的讀音以元音形頭,應(yīng)當(dāng)用an。
6. 介詞短語需關(guān)注
(1)(2017全國Ⅰ卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
(2)(2015全國Ⅰ卷)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
(3)(2014全國Ⅰ卷)... with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden ...
(4)(2013全國Ⅰ卷)... a beard that turned from black towards gray ...
(5)(2016全國Ⅲ卷)Now I am leaving home to college.
答案:
(1)on→of 因in the middle of是固定搭配。
(2)on→with 因with the development of是固定搭配。
(3)by→of 因with the help of是固定搭配。
(4)towards→to 因from...to是固定搭配。
(5)to→for 因leave...for是固定搭配。
7. 連冠介,to代助,一增一減可別誤
是指要求考生增加或刪除一個單詞的常常是連詞、冠詞、介詞、to、代詞或助動詞等。
連詞:
(1)(2016全國Ⅰ卷)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.
(2)(2014全國I 卷)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problem.
(3)(2013全國I卷) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
(4)(2011全國I卷)I bought my ticket but turned around to…
答案:
(1)去掉but,因已有連詞Though,不再用連詞。
(2)去掉but,因已有連詞Though,不再用連詞。
(3)在he was strong前增加and,因He had a deep voice與he was strong and powerful是兩個句子,之間一定要用連詞。
(4)將but改為and,因為“買票”與“轉(zhuǎn)身”是兩個先后發(fā)生的動作,不存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,用連詞and。
冠詞:
(1)(2017全國Ⅰ卷)I still remember how hard first day was.
(2)(2015全國Ⅰ卷)I miss my home in countryside.
(2)(2014全國I卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
(3)(2013全國Ⅰ卷)In a fact, he even scared my classmates away ...
(4)(2017全國Ⅲ卷) Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time ...
(5)(2016全國Ⅱ卷) But in that case, we will learn little about world.
(6)(2016全國Ⅲ卷) At the first, I thought I knew everything and ...
答案:
(1)在序數(shù)詞first前加the。
(2)在countryside前加the。
(3)在result前加a,因 as a result是固定搭配。
(4)在picture前加the。指在前文中提到的“那”張照片中。
(5)在world前加the。
(6)刪除first前的the,因At first是固定搭配。
介詞:
(1)(2016全國I卷)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich ...
(2)(2011全國Ⅰ卷)... he lent to me lots of clothes.
(3)(2017全國II卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools.
(4)(2017全國Ⅲ卷)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.
(5)(2013全國II卷) The book Im reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain.
答案:
(1)在dream后增加of /about,因dream of /about是固定搭配。
(2)去掉lent后的to,可能是受lend sth to sb的影響而出錯。
(3)去掉bought后的for,可能是受byu sth for sb的影響而出錯。
(4)去掉realize后的of,因realize本身是及物動詞,后面直接跟賓語從句,不用介詞。
(5)去掉reading后的of,因read為及物動詞,不再用介詞。
to:
(1)(2017全國Ⅱ卷)When summer come, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
(2)(2014 全國II卷)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.
(3)(2012全國Ⅰ卷)I could make my toys to last.
答案:
(1)在pick前加to,因invite sb to do sth是固定句型。
(2)在listening后增加to,因listen to是固定搭配。
(3)刪除last前的to,因make sb do sth是固定句型。
代:
(2016全國Ⅲ卷)I ... have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
(2015全國II卷) Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
(2012全國Ⅰ卷)For a while, parents bought me new toys.
答案:
(1)在need前增加I,因狀語從句中缺主語。
(2)在parents前增his,指Tony的父母。
(3)在parents前增加my,指“我的”父母給我買新玩具。
助:
(2015全國I卷) Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
答案:刪除have后的been,因為這是主動語態(tài)。
8. 常用詞,細(xì)辨析,即可區(qū)分正與誤
(1)(2017全國I卷) A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car.
(2)(2017全國II卷) Beside, they often get some useful information ...
(3)(2016全國Ⅲ卷) However, my parents didnt seem to think such.
(4)(2015全國I卷) Much rare animals are dying out.
(5)(2014全國I卷) The fruits are small in size, but juicy and tasty. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.
(6)(2014全國I卷) Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back garden.
答案:
(1)late→later 表示多長一段時間之后,是“時間段+later”,而late作形容詞,意為“遲的”,作副詞,表示“遲到,晚”。
(2)Beside→Besides 因表“而且,此外”用副詞besides,而beside是介詞,表示“在……的旁邊”。
(3) such→so表示“認(rèn)為這樣”,習(xí)慣上用代詞so。
(4)Much→Many修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(animals),要用many。
(5)much→many,替代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(fruits),要用many。
(6) before→ago,指離現(xiàn)在多久以前,要用ago。
9. 比較等級及其它,語義搭配對了不?
(1)(2017全國I卷)The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turning left!”
(2)(2017全國I卷) In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.
(3)(2014全國I卷)As a result, the plants are growing somewhere.
(4)(2012全國I卷)I had to be more patient and little aggressive.
(5)(2017全國II卷) They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.
(6)(2016全國Ⅲ卷)They were also the best and worse years in my life.
答案:
(1)Turning→Turn 祈使句以動詞原形開頭。
(2)eighteen→eighteenth 在第十八個生日。
(3)somewhere→everywhere根據(jù)語境可知,表達(dá)的意思為“到處”都是。
(4)little→less 由and可知,應(yīng)與more一致,都用比較級。
(5)earlier→early 沒有比較對象,用原級。
(6)worse→worst由and可知,應(yīng)與前面的best保持一致。
短文改錯考什么,如何解答這類題,有了口訣助記,我們相信,一定不會難了吧。