田本強
在語法填空中,年年都有要求考生使用所給動詞的正確形式填空的題目。所謂動詞的正確形式,是指時態(tài)、被動語態(tài)、主謂一致、虛擬語氣和非謂語形式等。所給動詞都是實義動詞或連系動詞,而且空格所在的句子經(jīng)常是含有另外一個或多個動詞的簡單句或從句。這時我們該使用動詞的哪種適當(dāng)形式呢?下面的口訣可以輔助你解決這個問題。
一句多個動詞間,不是非謂就是連。
這里的“一句”,是指一個簡單句、一個主句或一個從句。根據(jù)英語語法規(guī)則,一個簡單句只能有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu);如果是主從復(fù)合句,則主句與從句各有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,多個動詞同在一句中出現(xiàn)時,其中一個是謂語形式(時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)),其余的動詞不是非謂語形式,就是有并列連詞,構(gòu)成并列的謂語形式。如:
[例1](2015·全國Ⅰ卷)A study of travelers__________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
該句有兩個實義動詞,一個是提示詞conduct,另一個是names。names是謂語動詞,且為一般現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。conduct與name之間沒有并列連詞,所以conducted應(yīng)使用非謂語形式。又因conduct與名詞study(研究)在語義上是動賓關(guān)系,即被動關(guān)系,且空格后有by的提示,所以conduct應(yīng)使用-ed形式:conducted。
[例2](2016·全國III卷)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and__________(be)too violent for use at the table.
本句中believed后面是個賓語從句,在賓語從句中有兩個動詞,一個是實義動詞would remind,另一個是提示詞be,兩者之間有并列連詞and,所以be也應(yīng)該使用謂語形式:was。
那么問題又來了:非謂語形式有三種基本形式,填空時該選擇哪一種呢?涉及這個問題的試題根據(jù)考查的能力層次可分為識記能力類和分析能力類。
一、識記能力類
這類試題主要考查考生是否準(zhǔn)確地記住了一些動詞的慣用法和常見句型中的非謂語形式。
(一)使用-ing形式的情況
1. 在某些動詞后只能接-ing形式。
后跟動詞-ing形式作賓語的常見動詞有include, enjoy, finish, practice, imagine, consider, mind, keep, miss, admit, deny, risk, avoid,suggest, allow, cant help等。
[例3](2016·全國I卷)My ambassadorial duties will include__________(introduce)British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析:在include后只能接-ing形式,故填introducing。
[例4](2014·新課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stop until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept__________ (ride).
解析:因keep后只能接-ing形式作賓語,即keep doing,故填riding。
[例5](2017·全國Ⅱ卷) This included digging up the road,__________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
解析:與digging和building并列,即A, B and C,三個要形式一致,故填laying。
2. 作介詞的賓語,動詞用-ing形式。
[例6](2017·全國Ⅰ卷)... by__________(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. (eating)
[例7](2014·新課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ卷)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about __________(be) late for school.(being)
[例8](2017·全國Ⅱ卷)But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term __________(rest).(這是spending... in doingsth句型,本題中的in省略了,故填resting)
(二)使用to do的情況。
1. 在某些動詞后只能接to do形式。
后跟動詞不定式作賓語的常見動詞有want, hope, wish, agree, promise(三個希望兩答應(yīng));manage, learn, decide (設(shè)法學(xué)會做決定);ask, demand, refuse(兩個要求莫拒絕);pretend, choose(不要假裝在選擇)等。
[例9](2017·全國Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants __________(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with hereducation.(to prove)
2. 在序數(shù)詞后或受序數(shù)詞修飾的名詞后作定語,通常用to do。
[例10](2016·全國Ⅰ卷) In 1931, Addams became the first American woman __________(win)the Nobel Peace Prize.(to win)
3. 在be likely to do sth等固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,用to do。
[例11](2016·全國II卷) If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely__________(bring) your work home. (to bring)
4.在adj. /adv. enough to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)中,用to do。
[例12](2015·全國Ⅱ卷) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough__________(cool) the house during the hot day. (to cool)
5. 在it takes sb some time to do sth句型中,用to do。
[例13](2014·新課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ卷) It took years of work __________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. (to reduce)
6. 在tell /ask / want /require /urge /encourage sb to do sth句型中,用to do。
[例14](2017·全國Ⅰ卷)They are required__________(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(to process)
[例15](2016·江蘇卷)Parents should actively urge their children__________(take) advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams. (to take)
二、分析能力類
這類試題主要考查考生的分析能力。
首先牢記下面關(guān)于三種非謂語形式的基本用法:
(1)-ing形式:表主動或同時進(jìn)行。
(2)-ed形式:表被動或完成。
(3)不定式:表目的或?qū)恚ㄒ脖碇鲃?,但動作尚未發(fā)生)
然后根據(jù)句意判斷空格處是哪種基本用法,選用相應(yīng)的非謂語形式。
分別舉例如下:
[例16](2015·全國Ⅰ卷)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people__________(live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:says的賓語從句中已有謂語動詞arranges了,live應(yīng)為非謂語動詞;又因people與live之間是主動關(guān)系,故用-ing形式作定語,填living。
[例17](2016·全國III卷)People probably cooked their food in large pots,__________(use)twigs(樹枝)to remove it.
解析:句中已有謂語動詞cooked,所給動詞use前又沒有連詞,故use為非謂語動詞;又因people與use之間是主動關(guān)系,use與cooked同時進(jìn)行,故填using。
[例18](2016·全國I卷)But my connection with pandas goes backtomy days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, whenI was the first Western TV reporter__________(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析:因when從句中已有謂語動詞was,所以permit為非謂語動詞;又因I與permit之間是被動關(guān)系,故填permitted。順便說說,本空前的名詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾,所以也可填to be permitted。
[例19](2016·全國III卷)Skilledworkers also combine various hardwoods and metal__________(create)special designs.
解析:因句中已有謂語動詞combine,所以create為非謂語動詞;因create special designs是combine的目的,故用to do,填to create。
[例20]With the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar __________(take)placeon December 18, the public fixed sights on the Arab nation, causing the concern of the intense summer heat.
解析:因the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar將于2022年舉行,用不定式表將來,故填to take。
所謂“主動”與“被動”,是指非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系。它們之間的主動和被動關(guān)系是決定使用何種非謂語形式的重要依據(jù)之一。所以尋找邏輯主語是決定使用何種非謂語形式的一個重要步驟,也是一大難點。
1. 非謂語形式作定語時,其邏輯主語就是被修飾的名詞或代詞。如:
[例20](2016·全國Ⅰ卷)No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence__________(suggest)that the trend is growing.(evidence是suggest的邏輯主語,它們之間是主動關(guān)系,故填suggesting)
[例21](2015·全國Ⅱ卷)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)__________(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by eventhe most modern of architects and engineers.(dwellings是build的邏輯主語,它們之間是被動關(guān)系,故填built)
2. 非謂語作狀語時,其邏輯主語是該句主語。如:
[例22](2016·全國III卷)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal__________(create)special designs. (skilled worker是create的邏輯主語,兩者是主動關(guān)系,作目的狀語,填to combine)
[例23](2016·天津卷)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, __________(make) air conditioning unnecessary.(the cooling wind是make的邏輯主語,兩者是主動關(guān)系,故填making,作結(jié)果狀語)
3. 非謂語作賓語補足語時,其邏輯主語就是賓語。
[例24](2015·陜西卷)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother __________(take)good care of at home.
解析:his mother就是take的邏輯主語,兩者是被動關(guān)系,故填taken。
[例25](2014·新課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ卷) I heard a passenger behind me __________ (shout)to the driver, but he refused tostop until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept riding.
解析:a passenger就是shout的邏輯主語,兩者之間是主動關(guān)系,故填 shouting。
還有三種特殊情況,但在全國卷中尚未考查過:
(1)帶有連詞的非謂語動詞短語作狀語。如:
[例26](2015·北京卷)If __________ (accept)for the job, youll be informed soon.
解析:accept的邏輯主語是you,兩者是被動關(guān)系,故填accepted。
(2)自帶邏輯主語的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。如:
[例27]With the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar __________ (take) placeon December 18, the public fixed sights on the Arab nation, causing the concern of the intense summer heat.
解析:take place的邏輯主語是the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar,兩者是主動關(guān)系,表示將來,用不定式,故填to take。
(3)自帶邏輯主語的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。如:
[例28]Weather __________(permit),we will go on a picnic the day after tomorrow.
解析:因permit的邏輯主語是weather,兩者是主動關(guān)系,故填permitting。
總之,非謂語動詞采用哪種形式,主要根據(jù)該動詞與其邏輯主語之間的主動和被動關(guān)系,以及所表示的動作行為是同時進(jìn)行、已經(jīng)完成還是尚未進(jìn)行,來進(jìn)行判斷。