李 敏,武 際 ,韓 上,雷之萌,朱衛(wèi)生,張 秋,汪建來,朱 林
(1.安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料研究所,安徽合肥 230031; 2.安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),安徽合肥 230036;3.宿州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,安徽宿州 234000; 4.安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物研究所,安徽合肥 230031)
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控釋氮肥拔節(jié)期施用對冬小麥產(chǎn)量及干物質(zhì)、氮素積累與分配的影響
李 敏1,2,武 際1,韓 上1,雷之萌2,朱衛(wèi)生3,張 秋3,汪建來4,朱 林2
(1.安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料研究所,安徽合肥 230031; 2.安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),安徽合肥 230036;3.宿州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,安徽宿州 234000; 4.安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物研究所,安徽合肥 230031)
為比較控釋尿素和普通尿素作為冬小麥拔節(jié)肥的施用效果,2015-2016年通過在安徽省太和縣及宿州市兩地布置冬小麥拔節(jié)肥控釋尿素機施、普通尿素機施和普通尿素撒施田間大區(qū)試驗,研究拔節(jié)期追施控釋尿素和普通尿素對冬小麥產(chǎn)量、氮素含量、SPAD值、貯存物質(zhì)再分配及經(jīng)濟效益的影響。結(jié)果表明,在降水條件較好的太和試驗點,控釋尿素處理的小麥產(chǎn)量比普通尿素撒施和機施分別顯著增加7.2%和12.5%,氮素吸收量分別顯著增加16.5%和22.6%,經(jīng)濟效益分別顯著增加8.3%和11.5%。拔節(jié)期控釋尿素施用30 d 后小麥旗葉SPAD值和氮素含量高于普通尿素處理??蒯屇蛩靥幚淼幕ê蟾晌镔|(zhì)和氮素積累量均顯著高于普通尿素處理。在降水條件相對較差的宿州試驗點,拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素的效果不明顯。在降水量豐沛或者灌溉條件好的情況下,拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素較普通尿素能顯著促進小麥花后干物質(zhì)和氮素積累,提高產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟效益,施用效果較佳。
冬小麥;拔節(jié)肥;控釋尿素;產(chǎn)量;貯存物質(zhì)再分配
氮素是影響小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的重要營養(yǎng)元素之一。小麥氮肥全部作底肥“一炮轟”的施肥方式不僅影響小麥產(chǎn)量,也不利于品質(zhì)提高[1]。拔節(jié)期是實現(xiàn)小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)協(xié)同提高的最適施氮時期[2-3]。在小麥優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)栽培中,氮肥基追配比會因生態(tài)區(qū)域和小麥品種不同而不同。如強筋小麥濟南17在基肥與拔節(jié)肥比例為4∶6或5∶5時能實現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)與高產(chǎn)的統(tǒng)一[4];強筋小麥煙農(nóng)19在基肥∶拔節(jié)肥∶穗肥為5∶3∶2時可同時提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[5]。
隨著我國農(nóng)村勞動力不斷向城市的轉(zhuǎn)移,人工施肥成本大幅提高,農(nóng)機具已普遍應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中[6]。小麥生產(chǎn)中,農(nóng)民習(xí)慣在拔節(jié)期追施尿素且多為雨后撒施,這種施肥方式不僅受氣象條件限制,而且費時費力,更會造成氮素大量損失。與普通肥料相比,控釋氮肥肥效期長,養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)與作物需求基本一致,能夠滿足作物整個生育期對養(yǎng)分的需求[7]??蒯屇蛩刈鳛橐环N控釋氮肥,多用作物基肥施用,很少用于追肥施用??蒯屇蛩剌^普通尿素成本高[8],在大田作物上用作基肥時,很難大面積推廣。
冬小麥合理施用拔節(jié)肥不僅能夠顯著提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),還能達到節(jié)本增效的目的。小麥拔節(jié)期機械施用控釋尿素不僅不受農(nóng)業(yè)氣象條件限制,而且較全部基施節(jié)省肥料成本,易于推廣應(yīng)用,具有廣闊的市場前景??蒯屇蛩匾淮涡曰r小麥產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率達到或超過普通尿素分次施用[9],對冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累、分配和產(chǎn)量的調(diào)節(jié)作用與速效氮素分期施用一致[10],能保持小麥生育關(guān)鍵期耕層土壤較高的氮素含量及有效性[11],減氮不減產(chǎn)[12],顯著提高小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量、沉降值、濕面筋含量等品質(zhì)指標[13]。但控釋尿素作為拔節(jié)肥的施用效果目前尚缺少系統(tǒng)研究。本研究分析了控釋尿素和普通尿素作為拔節(jié)肥施用對冬小麥產(chǎn)量、旗葉SPAD值、干物質(zhì)、氮素積累與轉(zhuǎn)運及經(jīng)濟效益的影響,以期明確普通尿素和控釋尿素作為冬小麥拔節(jié)肥施用效果的差異,為冬小麥拔節(jié)肥高效合理施用提供理論支持。
1.1 試驗地概況
田間試驗分別在安徽省宿州市和太和縣進行。宿州市地處安徽省東北部,屬暖溫帶半濕潤氣候,年降水量774~895 mm,年均氣溫15.7 ℃;試驗田土壤全氮含量0.93 g·kg-1,有機質(zhì)含量16.50 g·kg-1,堿解氮含量60.89 mg·kg-1,有效磷含量8.97 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量120.45 mg·kg-1,pH 8.35。太和縣地處安徽省西北部,屬暖溫帶半溫潤氣候,季風(fēng)氣候明顯,四季分明,年降水量800~900 mm,年平均14.9 ℃;試驗田土壤全氮含量1.09 g·kg-1,有機質(zhì)含量18.60 g·kg-1,堿解氮含量62.36 mg·kg-1,有效磷含量9.85 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量185.25 mg·kg-1,pH 8.21。
1.2 試驗設(shè)計
試驗設(shè)普通尿素雨后人工撒施(PUⅠ)、普通尿素機械施用(PUⅡ)和控釋尿素機械施用(CRU)3個處理。機械施肥采用施肥機在2行小麥中間條施,施肥深度3~5 cm。N、P2O5、K2O的總施用量分別為195、112和60 kg·hm-2。磷鉀肥一次性基施;氮肥基施60%,拔節(jié)期追施40%,基施氮肥為普通尿素。為便于機械操作,試驗采用大區(qū)設(shè)計,宿州大區(qū)面積338 m2(13 m×26 m),施肥時間為2月29日;太和大區(qū)面積324 m2(18 m×18 m),施肥時間為3月2日。
小麥品種為安農(nóng)0711,條播,播量375 kg·hm-2??蒯屇蛩貫闃渲た蒯屇蛩?N 43%),控釋期1個月,中鹽安徽紅四方股份有限公司提供。普通尿素(N 46%)為中鹽安徽紅四方股份有限公司生產(chǎn)。
1.3 樣品采集與測定
拔節(jié)肥施用10 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、60 d和收獲期采集植株樣品,分葉片、莖鞘和穗不同部位測定氮素含量。同時,于拔節(jié)肥施用后10、20、30、40、50和60 d上午9:00-11:00隨機取20片小麥植株頂部完全展開葉,測定其中部SPAD值,求平均值,每處理測3次。試驗前采集兩地0~20 cm表層土壤,分析土壤基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)分[14]。成熟期每處理于試驗區(qū)內(nèi)隨機選取一行1 m小麥植株,鐮刀齊地割取放入網(wǎng)袋,重復(fù)3次,進行產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素調(diào)查;同時,每個處理選取長勢一致的3塊6 m2小麥,單打單收,籽粒風(fēng)干后測實產(chǎn)。
1.4 計算方法與數(shù)據(jù)處理
氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力=施氮區(qū)產(chǎn)量/氮肥用量
小麥花后氮素(干物質(zhì))同化轉(zhuǎn)運參數(shù)按以下方法計算[15]:
植株氮素積累量=植株干重×含氮量
花后氮(干物質(zhì))同化量=成熟期總氮(干物質(zhì))積累量-開花期總氮(干物質(zhì))積累量
花后氮(干物質(zhì))轉(zhuǎn)運量=開花期總氮(干物質(zhì))積累量-成熟期營養(yǎng)器官氮(干物質(zhì))積累量
花后氮(干物質(zhì))轉(zhuǎn)運效率=花后氮(干物質(zhì))轉(zhuǎn)運量/開花期總氮(干物質(zhì))積累量×100%
轉(zhuǎn)運氮(干物質(zhì))貢獻率=花后氮(干物質(zhì))轉(zhuǎn)運量/成熟期籽粒氮(干物質(zhì))積累量×100%
試驗數(shù)據(jù)利用EXCEL2003軟件進行整理,采用SPSS17.0數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,則采用LSD法在0.05水平上進行處理間多重比較分析。
2.1 不同施肥處理下冬小麥產(chǎn)量及氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力的差異
在太和點,控釋尿素處理(CRU)的小麥產(chǎn)量顯著高于普通尿素處理,比尿素撒施(PUⅠ)和尿素機施(PUⅡ)分別提高7.2%和12.5%,增產(chǎn)的原因主要是CRU處理的穗數(shù)顯著增加。CRU處理的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力也顯著高于普通尿素處理。在宿州點,不同施肥處理間產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素及氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力均無顯著性差異,說明拔節(jié)肥施用控釋尿素的效果與生態(tài)環(huán)境有一定的關(guān)系。
2.2 不同施肥處理下冬小麥植株氮含量的變化
兩地拔節(jié)肥施用后冬小麥植株氮含量均逐漸降低(表2)。太和點拔節(jié)肥施用后10 d,CRU處理的葉片氮含量顯著低于普通尿素處理,PUⅠ處理則高于PU II處理;莖稈氮含量也是CRU處理最低,但三個處理間無顯著性差異。拔節(jié)期施肥后20 d,CRU處理的葉片和莖稈氮含量均最低,其中莖稈氮含量與兩個普通尿素處理間差異均達到顯著水平。拔節(jié)期施肥后30d,CRU處理葉片氮含量開始高于普通尿素處理。至施肥后60 d時CRU處理穗部氮含量較PUⅠ和PU II處理分別提高10.4%和5.1%,且差異均達到顯著水平;CRU處理的葉片氮含量依然保持最高,莖稈氮含量在不同處理間無顯著差異。氮含量差異出現(xiàn)在拔節(jié)期施用后60 d原因在于旱地土壤水分常處于不飽和或干燥狀態(tài),延緩了控釋尿素氮釋放。說明拔節(jié)肥施用控釋尿素能有效提高小麥生長中后期葉片和穗部氮含量。宿州施用拔節(jié)肥后各施肥處理冬小麥不同部位氮含量無顯著性差異。在宿州點,CRU處理的莖葉氮含量在拔節(jié)期施肥后10~20 d時均保持最低,葉片氮含量從拔節(jié)期施肥后30 d開始在不同處理間均無顯著差異,而莖稈和穗氮含量從拔節(jié)期施肥后40 d起也在不同處理間均無顯著差異。
表1 不同施肥處理下冬小麥產(chǎn)量及氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力Table 1 Yield and partial factor productivity of applied N of wheat under different treatments
同列數(shù)值后的不同字母表示處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著。下表同。
Different letters within the same columns indicate significant difference among the treatments at 0.05 level. The same in other tables.
2.3 不同施肥處理下冬小麥葉片SPAD值的變化
從圖1來看,在太和點,拔節(jié)期施肥后10 d時,CRU處理下小麥葉片SPAD值低于普通尿素處理,但從拔節(jié)期施肥后20 d開始均高于普通尿素處理。在宿州點,CRU處理的小麥葉片SPAD值施肥后10和20 d時均低于普通尿素處理,之后一直介于兩個普通尿素處理之間。
2.4 拔節(jié)期不同施肥處理對冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運的影響
拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素對太和點小麥的干物質(zhì)、氮素積累和轉(zhuǎn)運影響均顯著,但對宿州點的影響均未達顯著水平(表3和表4)。在太和點,CRU處理的植株花前干物質(zhì)積累量顯著高于PUⅡ處理,但與PUⅠ處理差異不顯著,而植株花前氮素積累量在三個處理間差異不顯著;植株干物質(zhì)和氮素的花后積累量及成熟期植株和籽粒的總積累量均表現(xiàn)為CRU> PU I>PU II,CRU處理對籽粒產(chǎn)量和氮素積累量的提高效應(yīng)主要是因為促進了花后干物質(zhì)和氮素的積累。
2.5 不同施肥處理下冬小麥經(jīng)濟效益的差異
太和點小麥產(chǎn)值和相對收益均表現(xiàn)為CRU處理顯著高于普通尿素處理,其中相對收益較PU I和PU II處理分別增加8.3%和11.5%。但在宿州點不同處理間小麥產(chǎn)值和相對收益差異均不顯著。
表2 不同施肥處理下冬小麥植株氮素含量的變化Table 2 Change of nitrogen content in wheat plant under different treatments g·kg-1
AF10、AF20、AF30、AF40和AF60分別表示拔節(jié)肥施用后10、20、30、40和60 d。
AF10,AF20,AF30,AF40 and AF60 refer to 10,20,30,40 and 60 days after fertilization at jointing stage,respectively.
圖1 不同施肥處理下小麥SPAD值的變化Fig.1 SPAD values of wheat under different fertilization treatments
表3 不同施肥處理下小麥開花后干物質(zhì)積累和轉(zhuǎn)運的特點Table 3 Characteristic of dry matter accumulation and translocation after anthesis of wheat under different treatments
TA:Translocation amount; TP:Translocation proportion; CP:Contribution proportion.The same in table 4.
表4 不同施肥處理下小麥花后氮素積累和轉(zhuǎn)運的特點Table 4 Characteristic of nitrogen accumulation and translocation after anthesis of wheat under different treatments
表5 不同施肥處理下冬小麥的經(jīng)濟效益Table 5 Economic benefit of winter wheat under different treatments yuan·hm-2
肥料(按照純氮折算)中,普通尿素 4.3元·kg-1,控釋尿素 7.1元·kg-1。小麥價格2.2 元·kg-1;機械成本 300 元·hm-2;人工成本600 元·hm-2;相對收益=小麥產(chǎn)值-拔節(jié)肥肥料成本-拔節(jié)肥施用成本。
The prices of normal urea and controlled-release urea are 4.3 and 7.1 yuan·kg-1, respectively. Wheat price is 2.2 yuan·kg-1. The machine and labor costs are 300 and 600 yuan·hm-2,respectively. Relative profit = wheat output-fertilizer cost-application cost.
小麥氮肥施用“一炮轟”這種落后的一次性施肥方式易導(dǎo)致小麥生長后期脫肥早衰,降低氮肥利用率[16]。氮肥分次施用可以顯著提高小麥產(chǎn)量和改善籽粒品質(zhì)[17-18]。農(nóng)民習(xí)慣拔節(jié)肥雨后撒施,這種施肥方式費時費力,且受天氣狀況影響。前人研究表明,小麥基施控釋氮肥較普通氮肥顯著提高產(chǎn)量、氮肥效率及土壤養(yǎng)分含量[19-20]。隨著農(nóng)村勞動力不斷向城市轉(zhuǎn)移,控釋尿素由于自身優(yōu)點,用作拔節(jié)肥施用將成為一種趨勢。本研究中,太和試驗點拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素較普通尿素撒施和機施顯著增產(chǎn)7.2%和12.5%,而宿州試驗點不同施肥處理間小麥產(chǎn)量無顯著性差異。兩試驗點產(chǎn)量差異原因可能在于控釋尿素氮素釋放與降水量關(guān)系密切。有研究表明,水田和旱地影響控釋肥料養(yǎng)分釋放速率的主要因素不同。水田影響控釋肥料養(yǎng)分釋放速率的主要原因是溫度,旱地影響控釋肥料養(yǎng)分釋放最重要因素則是水分。旱地土壤中的水分在很多情況下處于非飽和狀態(tài)或干燥狀態(tài),包膜控釋肥料的養(yǎng)分釋放速率隨土壤水分含量的降低而下降[21]。來自安徽省氣象信息中心數(shù)據(jù)顯示,拔節(jié)肥施用后的3月、4月、5月降水量在太和點分別為33.4 mm、108.2 mm和109.4 mm,在宿州點分別為27.0 mm、71.5 mm和102.0 mm,太和比宿州分別高出23.7%、51.3%和7.3%,太和的3個月降水總量比宿州高25.2%。太和降水豐富,有利于控釋尿素氮素釋放;宿州降水缺乏,不利于控釋尿素氮素釋放。
葉片葉綠素含量的變化直接影響植物光合作用,進而影響產(chǎn)量的提高[22]。研究表明,小麥旗葉SPAD值對有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和產(chǎn)量的影響主要表現(xiàn)在拔節(jié)期和抽穗期[23-24]。本試驗中,拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素處理的冬小麥旗葉SPAD值在抽穗期保持了較高的水平,這有利于生育后期葉片光合作用和產(chǎn)量形成[25]。一般認為,有效穗數(shù)是影響冬小麥產(chǎn)量的主導(dǎo)因素[26]。本試驗條件下拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素能顯著提高小麥有效穗數(shù),說明在基本苗等因素一致的條件下拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素能夠有效提高群體質(zhì)量,從而為高產(chǎn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
本研究中,控釋尿素處理的花后干物質(zhì)和氮素積累量顯著高于普通尿素處理,花前貯存的干物質(zhì)和氮素在花后的轉(zhuǎn)運量和效率均顯著低于普通尿素處理,原因可能在于樹脂膜控釋尿素能有效調(diào)控保持小麥孕穗期至成熟期耕層土壤銨態(tài)氮的水平[11],使氮素釋放后移,為小麥生育中后期提供充足的氮素養(yǎng)分[25],有利于花后干物質(zhì)及氮素積累和產(chǎn)量形成,說明拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素通過顯著增加小麥抽穗期旗葉氮素含量、花后干物質(zhì)積累和氮素積累來提高產(chǎn)量。
前人研究得出,小麥分期施用普通尿素的純收益顯著高于控釋尿素一次性基施[27]。本研究結(jié)果表明,拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素處理的相對收益較普通尿素撒施和機施小麥增加8.3%和11.5%。雖然控釋尿素價格較高,但用于拔節(jié)肥的施用量僅為總施氮量的40%,能較控釋尿素全部基施大大節(jié)省肥料成本,且拔節(jié)期追施控釋尿素處理相對較高的小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值足以彌補其高投入的肥料成本,最終相對收益顯著高于拔節(jié)期追施普通尿素處理。本試驗土壤條件下,小麥生產(chǎn)上拔節(jié)期施用控釋尿素能夠節(jié)本增效。
致謝:感謝安徽省小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系對本試驗經(jīng)費的大力支持。
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Effect of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer as Jointing Fertilizer on Yield,Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Winter Wheat
LI Min1,2,WU Ji1,HAN Shang1,LEI Zhimeng2,ZHU Weisheng3,ZHANG Qiu3,WANG Jianlai4,ZHU Lin2
(1.Institute of Soil and Fertilizer,Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hefei,Anhui 230031,China; 2.Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,Anhui 230036,China; 3.Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Suzhou,Anhui 234000,China; 4.Crop Research Institute,Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hefei,Anhui 230031,China)
In order to explicit the difference of controlled-release urea and conventional urea,field experiments were conducted in Taihe and Suzhou of Anhui province in the period of 2015-2016. Three treatments as jointing fertilization were conducted,such as controlled-release urea application by machine,conventional urea application by machine,and conventional urea application by labor. The effects of controlled-release urea application as jointing fertilizer on yield,nitrogen content,SPAD value of leaf,reserve redistribution and economic benefit of winter wheat were studied. The results showed that controlled-release urea as jointing fertilizer significantly increased the yield,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis and economic benefit in winter wheat. The yield,total N accumulation increments and economic profit of wheat with controlled-release urea application by machine were significantly increased by 7.2% and 12.5%,16.5% and 22.6%,and 8.3% and 11.5% in Taihe,compared with those with conventional urea application by labor and by machine,respectively.SPAD value of flag leaf and nitrogen content in leaf with controlled-release urea application as jointing fertilizer were higher than that with conventional urea applications,and nitrogen content in leaf was positively correlated with SPAD value of leaf at anthesis and heading stages. Dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis with controlled-release urea application were significantly higher than those with the conventional urea applications. Under the condition of abundant precipitation or irrigation,controlled-release urea application as jointing fertilizer of winter wheat had the optimal effect,which can significantly increase the yield,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after anthesis and economic benefit of winter wheat.
Winter wheat; Jointing fertilizer; Controlled-release urea; Yield; Reserve redistribution
時間:2017-07-07
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1359.S.20170707.1816.026.html
2017-01-09
2017-01-24
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項經(jīng)費項目(201503122);安徽省重點研究與開發(fā)計劃項目(170e1002237);安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院院長青年創(chuàng)新基金項目(16B1019);安徽省對外科技合作項目(1604b0602022)
E-mail:limin791025@126.com
武 際(E-mail:wuji338@163.com)
S512.1;S311
A
1009-1041(2017)07-0955-08