王付斌,尹 偉,陳純芳
(1.中國石化 華北油氣分公司 勘探管理部,鄭州 450006; 2.中國石化 石油勘探開發(fā)研究院,北京 100083)
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鄂爾多斯盆地紅河油田長8油層組致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”成因機(jī)制
王付斌1,尹 偉2,陳純芳2
(1.中國石化 華北油氣分公司 勘探管理部,鄭州 450006; 2.中國石化 石油勘探開發(fā)研究院,北京 100083)
鄂爾多斯盆地紅河油田長8油層組儲(chǔ)層物性普遍具有低滲—致密特征,但局部發(fā)育儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”(即相對(duì)優(yōu)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層),并控制著油氣富集高產(chǎn),因此,開展儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”成因機(jī)制研究對(duì)致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層預(yù)測意義重大。通過大量巖石薄片、鑄體薄片、陰極發(fā)光、掃描電鏡、熒光薄片等的系統(tǒng)觀察與統(tǒng)計(jì),結(jié)合儲(chǔ)層礦物組成、膠結(jié)物含量、物性測試分析,從沉積建造到成巖改造開展了儲(chǔ)層物性影響因素的全過程分析,剖析沉積、成巖、破裂及油氣侵位作用對(duì)致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層儲(chǔ)集性能的影響。結(jié)果表明,沉積作用是控制致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層物性的第一位因素,奠定了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層發(fā)育的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),并控制了其原始物性;成巖作用控制了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層的孔隙演化,其中建設(shè)性成巖作用控制了儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的發(fā)育,并最終控制了孔隙型致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布;裂縫大大提高了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層滲流能力,并最終控制了裂縫—孔隙型致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布;油氣侵位抑制了膠結(jié)作用的進(jìn)行,是致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”重要的保持機(jī)制。
儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”; 沉積作用;成巖作用;油氣侵位;長8油層組;紅河油田;鄂爾多斯盆地
紅河油田是中國石化近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)億噸級(jí)大油田,探明儲(chǔ)量近2.0×108t,位于鄂爾多斯盆地西南緣鎮(zhèn)涇地區(qū)(圖1),其主力層系為上三疊統(tǒng)延長組長8油層組(下文簡稱長8),其中長81小層為最重要的產(chǎn)油層[1]。長81主要為長石巖屑砂巖和巖屑長石砂巖,以細(xì)砂巖、中砂巖為主,平均孔隙度為8.7%,平均滲透率為0.2×10-3μm2,為典型的致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層[2]。原油主要來自長7底部張家灘頁巖[3]。探明儲(chǔ)量普遍具有“含油面積大,儲(chǔ)量豐度低,儲(chǔ)層普遍低滲-致密,無統(tǒng)一油水邊界”等特征[4-5],但局部發(fā)育儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”(即相對(duì)優(yōu)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層),并控制著油氣的富集高產(chǎn)[6-8],因此,儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”成因機(jī)制及分布制約著本區(qū)致密砂巖油的規(guī)??碧胶托б骈_發(fā)。本文以沉積—成巖為主線,結(jié)合破裂與油氣侵位開展致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層物性影響因素的全過程分析,旨在揭示紅河油田長8致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的成因機(jī)制,為儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”預(yù)測提供地質(zhì)依據(jù)。
前人對(duì)延長組致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”成因開展了大量基礎(chǔ)研究工作,包括成巖作用與油氣侵位對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性的影響[9],綠泥石成因類型、形成環(huán)境及對(duì)儲(chǔ)層孔隙的影響[10-13],儲(chǔ)層致密化的成因及孔隙演化史[14-15],砂巖類型及礦物含量對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性的影響[16],裂縫期次、方向及成因機(jī)制[17-20]。不難看出,前人成果多集中在影響致密砂巖儲(chǔ)集物性的單一因素研究,很少從沉積(作用)建造、成巖(作用)改造、裂縫(作用)改善、油氣侵位(保持作用)等影響儲(chǔ)層物性演化的全過程剖析致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”形成機(jī)制。
圖1 紅河油田位置、探明儲(chǔ)量及典型鉆井分布Fig.1 Location and distribution of proved reserves and typical wells in Honghe oil field
2.1 沉積作用
沉積作用造就了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”發(fā)育的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)(即砂巖粒度、含量、成分、沉積結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)造),并奠定了后期成巖演化的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是研究區(qū)影響致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層物性的首要因素。在強(qiáng)水動(dòng)力條件下形成的砂巖,其粒度越粗、成分成熟度越高,分選越好,其儲(chǔ)層的物性就越好,指示了沉積作用對(duì)致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層原始物性的控制和影響。紅河油田長8主要發(fā)育西南物源辮狀河三角洲砂體,主要為三角洲前緣水下分流河道砂體,其次為河口壩砂體,不同沉積作用形成的沉積微相控制了儲(chǔ)層原始物性[21]。三角洲前緣水下分流河道砂體厚度為1.2~18.7 m,平均為7.1 m,孔隙度為5.6%~15.3%,平均為9.6%;河口壩砂體厚度為1.1~4.2 m,平均為2.9 m,孔隙度為4.2%~10.3%,平均為7.5%。由此可見,水下分流河道砂體厚度大,儲(chǔ)層物性好。
2.2 成巖作用
成巖作用控制了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層的孔隙演化,其中建設(shè)性成巖作用控制了儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的發(fā)育,并最終控制了致密砂巖孔隙型儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布。
紅河油田長8致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層發(fā)育多種成巖作用類型[22],主要成巖作用包括壓實(shí)作用(黑云母定向排列等)、膠結(jié)作用(石英次生加大,早、晚期碳酸鹽膠結(jié),尤其是晚期方解石膠結(jié)作用)、孔隙綠泥石襯里作用(綠泥石套膜)、溶蝕作用(早期方解石溶解,尤其是長石—巖屑的溶蝕作用)和破裂作用(形成裂縫)。根據(jù)成巖作用與儲(chǔ)層致密化的關(guān)系,本文將成巖作用分為破壞性成巖作用和建設(shè)性成巖作用(圖2)。主要破壞性成巖作用包括壓實(shí)作用、膠結(jié)作用,它們減少了儲(chǔ)層孔隙度、促進(jìn)儲(chǔ)層致密化,尤其是晚期碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用導(dǎo)致了儲(chǔ)層致密無效;建設(shè)性成巖作用包括早成巖期綠泥石套膜作用、長石巖屑溶蝕作用,它們?cè)黾恿藘?chǔ)層孔隙度、抑制了儲(chǔ)層致密化,控制了致密砂巖孔隙型儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的分布。
圖2 紅河油田HH1057井長8儲(chǔ)層成巖作用與儲(chǔ)層致密化關(guān)系Fig.2 Relationship between diagenesis and densification of Chang8 reservoir in HH1057 well, Honghe oil field
2.2.1 壓實(shí)作用
壓實(shí)作用在紅河油田長8普遍發(fā)育(圖3a),是導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)層致密化的最重要破壞性成巖作用[22-23]。壓實(shí)強(qiáng)度與塑性顆粒形變有密切關(guān)系,假設(shè)研究區(qū)砂巖初始孔隙度為40%,常見塑性巖屑為黑云母和板巖巖屑,其他類型的巖屑在壓實(shí)過程中形變忽略不計(jì),研究中借用壓實(shí)損失率(壓損率)來進(jìn)行壓實(shí)強(qiáng)度評(píng)估。通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)塑性巖屑含量超過20%時(shí),壓實(shí)過程異常顯著,壓損率超過0.75,導(dǎo)致其孔隙度低于8%;當(dāng)塑性巖屑含量在10%~20%時(shí),壓損率在0.6~0.8之間,其孔隙度一般在10%左右;而當(dāng)塑性巖屑含量低于10%時(shí),壓損率一般低于0.6,孔隙度普遍超過10%。由此可見,塑性巖屑含量與壓實(shí)作用損失的孔隙量關(guān)系密切。
圖3 紅河油田長8致密砂巖典型成巖作用鏡下特征Fig.3 Microscopic characteristics of typical diagenesis of Chang8 tight sandstones in Honghe oil field
2.2.2 膠結(jié)作用
一般來說,膠結(jié)作用對(duì)儲(chǔ)層起負(fù)作用,自生礦物的充填會(huì)導(dǎo)致粒間孔隙的減少[15]。然而,早期自生礦物(如綠泥石套膜)也可以幫助抵抗機(jī)械壓實(shí),使部分粒間孔隙得以保存。同時(shí),膠結(jié)物中的碳酸鹽成分又可遭受溶解而促使次生孔隙發(fā)育[10-11],增加孔隙度。
(1)方解石膠結(jié)作用。紅河油田長8碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物有兩類:方解石和鐵方解石。方解石主要發(fā)生在成巖早期,膠結(jié)規(guī)模大(圖3b)[9]。鐵方解石一般充填于環(huán)邊綠泥石、伊利石及石英加大邊發(fā)育后的殘余粒間孔中(圖3b),不具溶蝕現(xiàn)象。鐵方解石的晚成巖期與早成巖期相比,以次生溶蝕孔隙的充填為主,鐵含量從邊部到中心逐漸降低[15]。晚期碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用在紅河油田長8儲(chǔ)層中普遍發(fā)育,局部呈基底式膠結(jié)作用,可導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)層致密無效(圖3b)[15]。但就一個(gè)河道砂體而言:平面上,砂體邊部比中部碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用發(fā)育;縱向上,砂體頂?shù)撞勘戎胁堪l(fā)育;致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙度、滲透率與晚期碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物含量呈負(fù)相關(guān)(圖4),是導(dǎo)致紅河油田長8致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層致密化的關(guān)鍵成巖作用。
圖4 紅河油田HH18井長8儲(chǔ)層膠結(jié)作用、方解石含量與孔隙演化關(guān)系Fig.4 Relationship among cementation, calcite contents and porosity evolution of Chang8 reservoir in HH18 well, Honghe oil field
(2)石英次生加大作用。紅河油田長8儲(chǔ)層內(nèi)硅質(zhì)膠結(jié)物主要以石英次生弱加大的形式產(chǎn)出,現(xiàn)象普遍而典型。加大邊厚約0.02~0.06 mm,個(gè)別可達(dá)0.1~0.2 mm。仔細(xì)分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)次生加大并不徹底,有部分殘余粒間孔隙,它們會(huì)被后期的其他類型膠結(jié)物充填。
(3)綠泥石膠結(jié)作用。紅河油田長8自生綠泥石多呈微葉片狀、纖維狀晶體垂直碎屑顆粒表面生長,一般多發(fā)育薄膜狀環(huán)邊,形成了孔隙的襯邊(圖3c),在一定程度上抵抗了壓實(shí)作用并且抑制了膠結(jié)作用[10-12]。多口井統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明,綠泥石膠結(jié)物含量與儲(chǔ)層物性呈明顯正相關(guān),當(dāng)綠泥石含量大于5%時(shí),儲(chǔ)層孔隙度普遍大于10%;當(dāng)綠泥石膠結(jié)物含量小于5%時(shí),儲(chǔ)層孔隙度普遍小于8%(圖5)。
2.2.3 溶蝕作用
長石、巖屑溶蝕作用在紅河油田長8普遍發(fā)育(圖3d)[23-25],是改善致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層物性的一個(gè)最重要的建設(shè)性成巖作用。究其原因主要是因?yàn)閮?chǔ)層巖石類型為長石巖屑砂巖或巖屑長石砂巖,儲(chǔ)層中長石、巖屑含量可達(dá)25%~65%,奠定了溶蝕作用發(fā)生的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。以紅河26井第12個(gè)樣品長8鏡下視域?yàn)槔谠撘曈騼?nèi)長石溶蝕率為72.5%,增孔率可達(dá)12.0%,實(shí)際增加孔隙度1%~2%,屬中—強(qiáng)溶蝕作用,較好地改善了儲(chǔ)層物性(圖3d)。
圖5 紅河油田長8儲(chǔ)層孔隙度與綠泥石含量關(guān)系Fig.5 Relationship between porosity and chlorite contents of Chang8 reservoir, Honghe oil field
統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明,長8儲(chǔ)層中與溶蝕作用密切相關(guān)的溶蝕孔隙對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性的改善具有一定程度的貢獻(xiàn),尤以長81儲(chǔ)層最為發(fā)育,對(duì)儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的貢獻(xiàn)最大。據(jù)鏡下統(tǒng)計(jì),各類溶蝕孔隙在長81儲(chǔ)層中合計(jì)達(dá)60%,長81儲(chǔ)層次生溶蝕孔隙占總孔隙的35%,也進(jìn)一步說明長石、巖屑溶蝕作用的重要性,這主要是與張家灘頁巖成熟早期釋放出來的有機(jī)酸等的溶蝕作用有關(guān)[26]。
2.3 裂縫作用
裂縫大大提高了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層滲流能力,并最終控制了裂縫—孔隙型致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布。紅河油田位于盆地西南緣,受NEE、NW兩組構(gòu)造作用的影響,斷裂及其相關(guān)裂縫非常發(fā)育。在其毗鄰的崇信汭水河延長組野外露頭可見兩組近垂直的節(jié)理發(fā)育,HH1057、HH52、JH12等多口井巖心及鏡下見裂縫發(fā)育(圖6),地震剖面和平面相干圖上均能見到裂縫發(fā)育。
圖6 紅河油田長8致密砂巖野外、巖心、鏡下裂縫發(fā)育的證據(jù)Fig.6 Evidence of fracture development from outcrop, core and microscope of Chang8 tight sandstones, Honghe oil field
圖7 紅河油田長8不同含油程度致密砂巖孔隙演化曲線Fig.7 Porosity evolution of Chang8 tight sandstones with different oil saturation, Honghe oil field
裂縫主要為構(gòu)造成因,其發(fā)育受斷層控制,主要發(fā)育垂直裂縫和高角度斜交裂縫,裂縫走向以NEE向?yàn)橹?,NW向發(fā)育程度低[18-20,27-28]。裂縫長度集中分布在10~20 cm和20~30 cm區(qū)間,寬度主要分布在0.1~1.0 mm之間。在沉積、成巖作用基礎(chǔ)上,裂縫疊加進(jìn)一步改善了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)集性能,微裂縫孔隙度是基質(zhì)孔隙度的2.74%,微裂縫滲透率是基質(zhì)滲透率的12.15倍[17]。裂縫的發(fā)育最終控制了裂縫—基質(zhì)型致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布,并控制致密砂巖油氣的富集高產(chǎn)。
2.4 油氣侵位
油氣侵位抑制了膠結(jié)作用的進(jìn)行,油氣侵位是致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”重要的保持機(jī)制。統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明:不含油砂巖,晚期碳酸鹽巖呈基底式膠結(jié),孔隙損失率可達(dá)8%~15%,儲(chǔ)層致密無效;低含油飽和度砂巖,早期低含油飽和度的充注不能完全抑制膠結(jié)作用,隨著后期成巖作用慢速推進(jìn),儲(chǔ)層滲透率和油氣產(chǎn)出性能逐漸降低,孔隙損失率可達(dá)5%~8%;高含油飽和度砂巖,早期油氣充注抑制了膠結(jié)作用,大規(guī)模成藏后更易于原有孔隙的保存,當(dāng)50%~60%的孔隙體積被油氣占據(jù)或形成環(huán)孔套膜時(shí),膠結(jié)作用趨于停滯,孔隙損失率小于5%,儲(chǔ)層物性得到優(yōu)化和加強(qiáng)(圖7)。主要原因有兩點(diǎn):第一,烴類物質(zhì)的聚集制約了膠結(jié)物的沉淀,導(dǎo)致含油砂巖的膠結(jié)物含量低于含水砂巖;第二,孔隙流體的堿度提高(有機(jī)質(zhì)蝕變、黏土礦物轉(zhuǎn)化)促進(jìn)了含水砂巖中膠結(jié)作用的進(jìn)行[29]。
(1)沉積作用是控制致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層物性的首要因素,它奠定了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層發(fā)育的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),并控制了其原始物性。
(2)成巖作用控制了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層的孔隙演化,其中建設(shè)性成巖作用控制了儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的發(fā)育,并最終控制了孔隙型致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布。
(3)裂縫大大提高了致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層滲流能力,并最終控制了裂縫—孔隙型致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”分布。
(4)油氣侵位一定程度上抑制了膠結(jié)作用進(jìn)行,是致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”的重要保持機(jī)制。沉積、成巖、構(gòu)造裂縫及油氣侵位的最佳耦合是紅河油田致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層“甜點(diǎn)”預(yù)測的關(guān)鍵。
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(編輯 徐文明)
Forming mechanisms of reservoir “sweet spots” in tight sandstones of Chang8 Formation, Honghe oil field, Ordos Basin
Wang Fubin1, Yin Wei2, Chen Chunfang2
(1.ExplorationManagementDepartmentofSINOPECNorthChinaBranchCompany,Zhengzhou,Henan450006,China; 2.SINOPECPetroleumExploration&ProductionResearchInstitute,Beijing100083,China)
Reservoir “sweet spots” (that is, relatively high quality reservoirs) exist locally in the low-permeability, tight sandstone reservoirs of Chang8 Formation in the Honghe oil field, controlling hydrocarbon enrichment and production. This reservoir provides evidence and direction for prediction of tight sandstones to study their forming mechanisms. The impacts of sedimentation, diagenesis, fracturing and oil emplacement on reservoir quality of the tight sandstones during the whole reservoir evolution process from sedimentary construction to diagenetic reformation were systematically analyzed using rock sections, casting thin sections, cathode-luminescence, scanning electron microscopy, micro fluorescence observations and statistics, combined with the analyses of mineral composition, volume of cementation minerals and reservoir physical tests. The results indicate that sedimentation is the most important factor controlling tight sandstone reservoir properties by providing a material basis and controlling the original properties of tight sandstones. Diagenesis is another factor which controls the porosity evolution of tight sandstones, and construction diagenesis controls the formation of reservoir “sweet spots” in tight sandstones and the distribution of “sweet spots” in pore-type tight sandstone reservoirs. The superimposed reformation of structural fractures improves the reservoir properties of tight sandstones, especially the permeability, resulting in the distribution of “sweet spots” in fractured tight sandstone reservoirs. Oil emplacement inhibits cementation as one of the important mechanisms of “sweet spot” preservation in the tight sandstone reservoirs.
reservoir “sweet spot”; sedimentation; diagenesis; oil emplacement; Chang8 Formation; Honghe oil field; Ordos Basin
1001-6112(2017)04-0484-07
10.11781/sysydz201704484
2017-05-01;
2017-06-20。
王付斌(1973—),男,碩士,高級(jí)工程師,從事油氣勘探研究工作。E-mail:wderdos@163.com。
國家科技重大專項(xiàng)“中西部重點(diǎn)碎屑巖層系油氣富集規(guī)律與勘探方向”(2016ZX05002-006)資助。
TE122.24
A