王琛 劉薇薇 陳國(guó)芳 周生奎 平蕾 劉雷婧 張冬梅
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急性腦出血合并高血壓病患者90 d預(yù)后相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素分析
王琛 劉薇薇 陳國(guó)芳 周生奎 平蕾 劉雷婧 張冬梅
目的 探討急性腦出血患者90 d臨床預(yù)后的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,并分析腦出血最初24 h血壓變異性與預(yù)后的關(guān)系。方法 選取徐州市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科2013年10月~2016年1月收治6 h內(nèi)入院的高血壓性腦出血患者124例。用mRS(modified Rankin Scale)量表表示患者90 d臨床預(yù)后,0~1分判定預(yù)后良好組及2~6分為預(yù)后不良組,分別記錄入院后24 h內(nèi)不同時(shí)間段的的收縮壓和舒張壓(32次血壓值),用血壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SD)、變異系數(shù)(CV)及最大-最小差值(Max-Min)來(lái)表示血壓波動(dòng)性(BPV)。用多因素logistic回歸分析血壓波動(dòng)性與患者90 d臨床預(yù)后的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 (1)2組基線水平(年齡、性別、血腫體積、入院神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分如GCS,NIHSS)無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05),2組血壓波動(dòng)性有明顯差異(P<0.05);(2)spearman相關(guān)分析顯示收縮壓的BPV(SD、CV、Max-Min)與90 d臨床預(yù)后呈正相關(guān),其相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.188,0.35,0.272,P均<0.05;(3)多因素Logisitic回歸分析顯示收縮壓及舒張壓的SD、CV、Max-Min與90 d臨床預(yù)后有關(guān),其中收縮壓OR分別為5.12,3.477,5.12,P均<0.01;舒張壓OR分別為1.35,2.24,1.04,P均<0.05。結(jié)論 急性高血壓性腦出血患者的最初24 h收縮壓的血壓波動(dòng)性是影響90 d臨床預(yù)后的重要因素,早期平穩(wěn)降壓有利于臨床預(yù)后。
腦出血 危險(xiǎn)因素 血壓 血壓波動(dòng)性
血壓變異性(BPV)作為心腦血管疾病獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素的研究已在最近獲得了焦點(diǎn),它是反映一段時(shí)間內(nèi)血壓波動(dòng)的指標(biāo),并不依賴于血壓水平而獨(dú)立存在[1-2]。此外,有越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明血壓變異性可能會(huì)是一種強(qiáng)烈的血管危險(xiǎn)因素,有助于預(yù)測(cè)腦出血的發(fā)生、復(fù)發(fā)或其他腦血管事件[3-6]。本研究通過分析高血壓性腦出血患者急性期血壓的變異情況,旨在探討其與90 d臨床預(yù)后的關(guān)系,以便為腦出血急性期血壓管理提供依據(jù)。
1.1 一般資料
徐州市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科2013年10月~2016年1月收治6 h內(nèi)入院的高血壓性腦出血患者124例。用mRS(modified Rankin Scale)量表[7]表示患者90 d臨床預(yù)后,0~1分判定預(yù)后良好組及2~6分為預(yù)后不良組,預(yù)后良好組74例,預(yù)后不良組50例。
1.2 病例入選和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥18歲;(2)由臨床病史和CT掃描證實(shí)為急性腦出血;(3)發(fā)病時(shí)間<6 h;(4)收縮壓≥150 mmHg;(5)頭顱CT復(fù)查時(shí)間為距離首次CT掃描(24±3)h。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;(2)繼發(fā)于外傷、其他疾病或抗凝、溶栓藥物引發(fā)的腦出血;(3)準(zhǔn)備血腫清除術(shù)的腦出血。
1.3 記錄臨床資料 124例發(fā)病6 h內(nèi)的急性高血壓性腦出血患者,記錄其不同時(shí)段的血壓,神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分等。(1)血壓記錄(電子血壓計(jì)測(cè)量),即1)入院1 h內(nèi):隔15 min測(cè)1次血壓;2) 入院1 h至6 h內(nèi):隔30 min測(cè)1次血壓;3) 入院6 h至24 h內(nèi):隔1 h測(cè)1次血壓;(2)血腫體積測(cè)量:血腫體積按多田氏公式計(jì)算,血腫量=π/6×最大血腫層面的血腫長(zhǎng)(cm)×最大血腫層面的血腫寬(cm)×層數(shù)×CT層厚(cm)[8],設(shè)備為飛利浦Brilliance 64排CT,2次頭顱CT復(fù)查時(shí)間為距離首次CT掃描(24±3)h,檢查采用相同的設(shè)備與相同的平面與厚距;(3)記錄1)入院時(shí)GCS,NIHSS評(píng)分;2)入院后24 h:GCS,NIHSS評(píng)分;3)入院1周(或出院前):GCS,NIHSS評(píng)分。神經(jīng)功能缺損程度GCS(Glasgow Coma Scale)評(píng)分[8]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)患者睜眼、語(yǔ)言及運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)刺激的不同反應(yīng)進(jìn)行打分,然后將三種反應(yīng)得分相加,即獲得GCS指數(shù)。GCS滿分為15分,8分以下為昏迷,3分為最低值。按GCS指數(shù),13~15分為輕度意識(shí)障礙,9~12分為中度意識(shí)障礙,3~8分為重度意識(shí)障礙。評(píng)分越低,說(shuō)明病情越重,預(yù)后越差。NIHSS(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale)評(píng)分[10]范圍為0~42分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高,神經(jīng)功能受損越嚴(yán)重;(4)腦出血后神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)狀況:改良Rankin 量表(mRS評(píng)分)是用來(lái)衡量腦卒中后患者的神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)狀況(等級(jí)分為0~6分),分?jǐn)?shù)越高,神經(jīng)功能缺損越嚴(yán)重,6分為死亡。記錄28 d和90 d mRS評(píng)分,0~1分為預(yù)后良好組,2~6分為預(yù)后不良組。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 19.0軟件,血壓及變異性量化指標(biāo)包括測(cè)量血壓的平均血壓(Mean)、最大值(Maximum,Max)、最小值(Minimum,Min)、最大值與最小值差值(Max-Min)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(standard deviation,SD)、變異系數(shù)(coefficient of variation,CV=100 x SD/mean),首先對(duì)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素分析,將經(jīng)過單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的因素作為自變量,90 d隨訪時(shí)mRS評(píng)分作為因變量,采用spearman相關(guān)分析;根據(jù)MAX-MIN的血壓波動(dòng)水平進(jìn)行分組,在排除年齡、性別和入院血腫量、血腫部位、入院時(shí)神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分等影響因素下分別將1T(MAX-MIN<60)與2T(MAX-MIN在60-80)及1T與3T(MAX-MIN>80)之間進(jìn)行二元logistic回歸,分析血壓波動(dòng)性是否與患者90 d臨床預(yù)后相關(guān),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)取α=0.05。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 基線資料比較 124例腦出血入組患者中平均年齡(61.99±11.21)歲,男65例(52.42%)。其中性別、年齡、血腫體積、入院神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分比較無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 90 d臨床預(yù)后好壞的血壓變異性比較 經(jīng)獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)顯示90 d 臨床預(yù)后良好組與預(yù)后不良組其24 h收縮壓中Mean、Max、SD、CV、Max-Min比較均有明顯差異(P<0.01,P<0.05),舒張壓中Min、CV、Max-Min比較也均有明顯差異(P均<0.01)(表2)。
2.3 spearman相關(guān)分析 預(yù)后不良組收縮壓的BPV(SD、CV、Max-Min)與臨床預(yù)后呈正相關(guān)(表3)。
2.4 相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)度分析 logistic回歸顯示收縮壓及舒張壓的SD、CV、Max-Min均與90 d臨床預(yù)后有關(guān),即收縮壓血壓波動(dòng)程度越大其預(yù)后越差(表4)。
表3 預(yù)后不良組收縮壓血壓變異性與90 d臨床預(yù)后的spearman相關(guān)分析
表1 一般資料比較)
表2 血壓變異性與90 d臨床預(yù)后的比較
注:MAX-MIN為最大值與最小值的差值采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);與預(yù)后不良組比較,*P<0.05,△P<0.05
表4 收縮壓和舒張壓血壓波動(dòng)性與臨床預(yù)后的多因素logistic回歸分析
注:分組1T為Max-Min<60;2T為Max-Min 60~80;3T為Max-Min >80;SBP為收縮壓(systolic blood pressure);DBP為舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure)
近些年來(lái),伴隨著生活水平的提升及生活方式的改變,高血壓病的發(fā)生呈現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),且因高血壓病是腦出血的一個(gè)重要危險(xiǎn)因素,因而急性腦出血的發(fā)生率也呈現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)的態(tài)勢(shì)[11]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血壓變異性是獨(dú)立于收縮壓及舒張壓之外的更強(qiáng)的腦血管病危險(xiǎn)因素的預(yù)測(cè)因子[12]。
BPV機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,目前可能的機(jī)制有血壓中樞調(diào)控機(jī)制、外周交感神經(jīng)張力、動(dòng)脈壓力反射功能受損、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)異常、一氧化氮水平下降、炎性因子、動(dòng)脈血管重塑及硬化等[13]。同時(shí)BPV也受種族、性別、個(gè)體差異、機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)、生活行為等多種因素的影響,季節(jié)更替等外界環(huán)境刺激也影響血壓的變異性[14]。Rothwell等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),即使平均血壓正常,但偶爾有血壓升高的情況,也可能是導(dǎo)致腦卒中的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,其危險(xiǎn)性甚至比那些平均血壓很高,但血壓水平一直處于平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)的情況還要嚴(yán)重;其次,BPV的改變與腦動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化互為影響。Kawai等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),血脂代謝紊亂后可導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)在血管內(nèi)皮沉積,造成動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜損傷、內(nèi)皮功能障礙,促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣斑塊的形成,破壞血管壓力的順應(yīng)性,使植物神經(jīng)功能失調(diào),最終會(huì)出現(xiàn)BPV的增大。有研究顯示,即使切應(yīng)力不大,但血壓不穩(wěn)定也會(huì)對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞造成損害[17]。因此,BPV增大進(jìn)一步加劇了動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展,最終導(dǎo)致惡性循環(huán),而顱腦動(dòng)脈是粥樣硬化最易累及的血管之一。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在急性腦出血入院后24 h內(nèi)的收縮期血壓波動(dòng)性與90 d臨床預(yù)后有關(guān),即變異性越大,預(yù)后越差。較大的舒張壓波動(dòng)也是功能恢復(fù)不良的較大危險(xiǎn)因素,相對(duì)于收縮壓作用較弱,亦是一種差異性反應(yīng)。本研究與INTERACT-2和SAMURAI 腦出血研究相一致,發(fā)現(xiàn)收縮壓變異幅度可以預(yù)測(cè)不利的臨床結(jié)果[18-19],與Rodriguez-Luna et al觀察研究相一致,其中顯示收縮壓變異性與早期神經(jīng)功能惡化有關(guān)[20]。本研究與INTERACT-2的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與收集數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相同,故結(jié)果無(wú)明顯差異。SAMURAI研究與本項(xiàng)研究不同的是納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同(>180 mmHg VS >150 mmHg),顯示出本研究更加普遍化,降壓水平不同(120~160 mmHg VS <180 mmHg)顯示出本研究的血壓波動(dòng)更加具有代表性。
綜上所述,腦出血急性期穩(wěn)定的血壓可能有利于預(yù)后,代表一個(gè)潛在的治療靶點(diǎn),除了早期積極降低血壓[21]外,還要控制血壓波動(dòng)。雖然當(dāng)前的腦出血治療旨在降低血壓,但是BPV可以提供給臨床醫(yī)生有用的預(yù)后信息,甚至影響早期護(hù)理的策略。需要進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)探討降壓治療對(duì)急性期腦出血血壓波動(dòng)性的影響,并評(píng)估是否可以通過降低血壓波動(dòng)水平來(lái)減少腦出血患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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(2016-08-26收稿)
The analysis of related risk factors of 90-day clinical outcomes in cerebral hemorrhage patients with hypertension
Wang Chen, Liu Weiwei, Chen Guofang, et al.
Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009
Objective To analyze the related risk factors of 90-day clinical outcomes in cerebral hemorrhage patients with hypertension and to evaluate the relation between blood pressure (BP) variability and the 90 days clinical outcome.Methods 124 acute spontaneous ICH patients were identified and enrolled in Xuzhou Central Hospital from October 2013 to 2016 January for within 6 hours from the onset of symptoms. The measurement of outcome was the 90 days functional status assessed by the modified Rankin Scale following a baseline severity-adjusted analysis.The primary outcome was death or major disability at 90thday (modified Rankin Scale score 2) and the secondary outcome was an ordinal shift in modified Rankin Scale scores at 90thday.BP measurements over the first 24 hours after admission were recorded(total 32), and standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), maximum minimum difference (Max-Min) were determined to characterize both systolic and diastolic BP variability (BPV). Estimated associations between blood pressure variability and outcomes were analyzed by logistic and proportional odds regression models in this study.Results Among the 124 enrolled patients with ICH, there is a statistically significant difference in blood pressure variability of two groups (P<0.05).In the Spearman correlation analysis, only the systolic blood pressure of guideline-recommended group BPV (SD, CV, MAX-MIN) was positively related to clinical outcomes (r=0.188, 0.35, 0.272,P<0.05).A dose response relationship with a poor outcome was found for each measure of systolic BPV-adjusted odd ratios (ORs) for the highest third of SD,CV,Max-Min(OR=5.12,3.477,5.12,P<0.01). The strength of association with diastolic BPV turned out to be weaker and significant only for the higher values (adjusted ORs for the highest thirds of SD,CV,Max-Min:1.35,2.24,1.04,P<0.05).Conclusion In patients, Baseline characteristics of patients with acute ICH were similar between groups,BPV was a strong predictor of 90 days clinical outcome and might represent a still neglected potential therapeutic target. The benefits of early treatment to reduce blood pressure might be improved by smooth and sustained control, and particularly by avoiding peaks in systolic blood pressure.
Intracerebral hemorrhage Risk factors Blood pressure Blood pressure variability
江蘇省徐州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(KC14SH027)
221009 江蘇徐州市中心醫(yī)院(東南大學(xué)附屬徐州醫(yī)院、徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)徐州臨床學(xué)院、南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬徐州中心醫(yī)院)神經(jīng)內(nèi)科[王琛 劉薇薇 陳國(guó)芳(通信作者) 周生奎 平蕾 劉雷婧 張冬梅]
R743.34
A
1007-0478(2017)03-0204-04
10.3969/j.issn.1007-0478.2017.03.009