By Melvyn Bragg
翻譯:T Boy
英語(yǔ)多元化進(jìn)行時(shí)
By Melvyn Bragg
翻譯:T Boy
English Continues to1)Embrace Variety and Change
Pure English? It never existed. 還記得前面的這句話嗎?借助全球化的東風(fēng)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的飛速發(fā)展,英語(yǔ)不僅無(wú)處不在,而且演繹出無(wú)數(shù)版本,F(xiàn)ranglais、Chinglish、Singlish只不過(guò)是其中的幾種。你愛(ài)也好,恨也罷,它還將一如既往地朝著大融合的方向往前沖!
美式發(fā)音 適合精聽
語(yǔ)速:160詞/分鐘
In Germany, a movement has been started to hold back words for which there’s already a German2)equivalent, though, when it’s a choice between “3)pesticide” and unkrautvernichtungsmittel, the smart money is on the import.
But this opposition is nothing compared to France, where the tide of4)franglais was seen as a national threat.
Just as we took in thousands of French words in the Middle Ages, French speakers and writers today are taking on thousands of English and American expressions. So many English words made their way to France that it became clear that something had to be done, and in 1994, the French government passed a law5)prohibiting the use of English words where good French equivalents existed, on pain of a6)hefty fine.
But the most recent edition of the Académie fran?aise dictionary注did admit about 6,000 new words to the French language, including, for the first time, a number of franglais words and expressions. But most of them are from the 1950s, such as le cover girl, le bestseller, and le blue jeans. Most of those in everyday use, from le weekend to le zoom, were7)excluded.
It’s not just the old English-French8)rivalry. Norway and Brazil have recently adopted similar9)measures to keep English out.
As English spreads around the globe, it has developed rich,10)vernacular varieties.
English has been spoken in Singapore since the early 19th century, but after independence from Britain in 1958, Singapore went a step further and English was made the official language of business and government. Besides its ability to unite an11)ethnically diverse population of Chinese, Malays, and Indians, the economic potential of English was12)paramount. At school, children learn their own first language, but they must all learn English. An13)elite minority language has become the14)property of the whole population.
But the day-to-day English that the people of Singapore actually speak is a15)far cry from the official English that the government wants them to learn. It’s a16)vibrant, expressive dialect17)nicknamed“Singlish,” full of vocabulary, grammar,and18)inflections borrowed from the Singaporeans’ native languages.
And this may be the19)irony of the global spread of English. The more widely it’s spoken, the more it may fracture into local dialects, which will become increasingly20)mutually21)unintelligible. People will make English their own and, in doing so, will make it something else.
This has happened before to Latin, which broke into French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. But English has always embraced variety and change, and it still does.
1) embrace [?m'bre?s] v. 擁抱,接受
2) equivalent [?'kw?v?l?nt] n. 同等物
3) pesticide ['pest?sa?d] n. 殺蟲劑
4) franglais ['frɑgle?] n. <法>英語(yǔ)式法語(yǔ),法語(yǔ)中的英語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞
5) prohibit [pr?'h?b?t] v. 禁止,不準(zhǔn)
6) hefty ['heft?] adj. 重的
7) exclude [?k'sklu?d] v. 拒絕,排斥
8) rivalry ['ra?v?lr?] n. 對(duì)抗,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
9) measure ['me??(r)] n. 措施,辦法
10) vernacular [v?'n?kj?l?(r)] adj. 本國(guó)的,本地的
11) ethnically ['eθn?k?l?] adv. 種族上
12) paramount ['p?r?ma?nt] adj. 最重要的,至上的
13) elite [e?'li?t] adj. 精英的
14) property ['pr?p?t?] n. 財(cái)產(chǎn),財(cái)富
針對(duì)這些不可避免的自然因素對(duì)檔案的影響,就要建立起以預(yù)防為主,修繕為輔的檔案保護(hù)模式,應(yīng)建立起專門的檔案庫(kù)房館并使用相關(guān)的合理設(shè)備。該館的溫度、濕度等都要符合檔案的保存條件,而且該館在建造時(shí),應(yīng)采用節(jié)能、環(huán)保的材料,要重點(diǎn)注意庫(kù)房的防火、防水,防空氣污染、防有害生物等情況,從而建立一個(gè)良好的檔案保存環(huán)境。對(duì)電子檔案來(lái)說(shuō),要以預(yù)防信息泄露和保障信息安全為主,建立起覆蓋各層次的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境。同時(shí),要對(duì)毀壞性的檔案進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),包括檔案去污和對(duì)檔案館進(jìn)行驅(qū)蟲滅菌等,合理的檔案預(yù)防和修補(bǔ)技術(shù)能有效保護(hù)檔案的安全。
15) far cry 天壤之別,大相徑庭
16) vibrant ['va?br?nt] adj. 生氣勃勃的
17) nickname ['n?kne?m] v. 起……綽號(hào)
18) infection [?n'flek?(?)n] n. 音調(diào),音調(diào)變化
19) irony ['a??r?n?] n. 諷刺
20) mutually ['mju?t???l?] adv. 互相地
21) unintelligible [?n?n'tel?d??b(?)l] adj. 不可理解的,難以理解的
CY百科
◆ Académie fran?aise 法蘭西學(xué)術(shù)院:成立于1635年,由四十名院士組成,是一個(gè)歷史悠久的法語(yǔ)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)。作為法蘭西學(xué)會(huì)下屬的五個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)院之一,其主要任務(wù)是規(guī)范法國(guó)語(yǔ)言,保護(hù)各種藝術(shù)。第一項(xiàng)任務(wù)是從建立之初就負(fù)有的歷史使命,為此院士們要為語(yǔ)言的規(guī)范而努力,為維持發(fā)展變化中的法語(yǔ)的清晰、純正而工作,使它成為全體法國(guó)人及所有使用法語(yǔ)的人們的共同財(cái)富。具體地講,就是通過(guò)編撰詞典來(lái)規(guī)范語(yǔ)言的正確運(yùn)用,同時(shí)通過(guò)他們的建議以及參與確定術(shù)語(yǔ)的各種委員會(huì)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。
在德國(guó),已經(jīng)有人發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)抵制運(yùn)動(dòng),旨在阻止在德語(yǔ)里有同義詞的英語(yǔ)單詞流入。但如果需要在英語(yǔ)的“殺蟲劑”和德語(yǔ)的“殺蟲劑”這兩個(gè)單詞之間做出選擇,精明人肯定會(huì)選擇外來(lái)詞。
然而德國(guó)人的抵制和法國(guó)人相比簡(jiǎn)直是小巫見(jiàn)大巫。在法國(guó),大量涌入的英語(yǔ)詞匯被看成國(guó)家大敵。
就像我們英國(guó)人在中世紀(jì)時(shí)吸納了成千上萬(wàn)的法語(yǔ)單詞一樣,今天的法國(guó)人和法國(guó)作家也接受了成千上萬(wàn)來(lái)自英國(guó)英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式。涌入法國(guó)的英語(yǔ)單詞源源不斷,有人顯然坐不住了。1994年,法國(guó)政府通過(guò)了一部法律。它規(guī)定,如果在法語(yǔ)里有意義相同的準(zhǔn)確表達(dá),則禁止使用同義英語(yǔ)單詞,違者重罰。
然而最新版的《法蘭西學(xué)術(shù)院詞典》確已收錄了大約六千個(gè)新單詞,其中就包括了首次入選的一批英語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞和詞組。只不過(guò)入選的英語(yǔ)詞匯多出自上世紀(jì)50年代,如封面女郎、暢銷書、牛仔褲等,而大多數(shù)日常詞匯,如周末、變焦鏡頭等則被拒之門外。
如今事態(tài)已不再局限于由來(lái)已久的英法恩怨了,挪威和巴西近來(lái)也采取了類似的手段,欲拒英語(yǔ)詞匯于國(guó)門之外。
而英語(yǔ)本身在全球傳播的同時(shí),也衍生出種種多姿多彩的方言變體。
早在19世紀(jì)之初新加坡人就開始說(shuō)英語(yǔ)了。新加坡在1958年從英國(guó)贏得獨(dú)立后更是朝前跨了一步,把英語(yǔ)定為商務(wù)語(yǔ)言和官方語(yǔ)言。這不僅是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)能將包括華人、馬來(lái)人和印度人等不同族群團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái),更因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)可以帶來(lái)不可估量的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。在學(xué)校里,孩子們學(xué)習(xí)各自民族的母語(yǔ),但英語(yǔ)是所有人的必修課。由此,一門當(dāng)年專屬于少數(shù)精英人士的語(yǔ)言如今成了全民共享的資源。
可在日常生活里,新加坡人所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)卻和政府提倡的官方英語(yǔ)有著天壤之別。這是一種活力四射、表達(dá)力超強(qiáng)的英語(yǔ)方言,俗稱“新式英語(yǔ)”。它融合了大量來(lái)自新加坡各民族語(yǔ)言的詞匯、語(yǔ)法和音調(diào)。
這或許是對(duì)英語(yǔ)席卷全球浪潮的一種諷刺。英語(yǔ)被使用的地域越是遼闊,它就越容易割裂成各種當(dāng)?shù)胤窖?,結(jié)果它變得愈發(fā)讓外人難以理解。人們會(huì)把英語(yǔ)打造成自家語(yǔ)言,可如此一來(lái),卻把它打造得面目全非。
拉丁語(yǔ)就曾有過(guò)相同的經(jīng)歷,它曾被打碎重塑成法語(yǔ)、意大利語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、葡萄牙語(yǔ)和羅馬尼亞語(yǔ)。不過(guò)英語(yǔ)歷來(lái)善于吸納種種變化,將其一一收入囊中,今天也不例外。