文/詹娜·古德羅 譯/王丹怡

寵物文化

文/詹娜·古德羅 譯/王丹怡

Charlotte Reed is a pet expert by profession1by profession 以……為業(yè)。and says she likes to be a “l(fā)iving example” for her clients.She and her husband have two cats and four dogs in their downtown Manhattan apartment， and she beams when they’re complimented on their appearance or manners. “I’m a proud mother，” she says.

[2] The couple has no children， although each dog has been appointed a godmother and pictures of the “babies”are displayed in every corner of the house. The animals eat as well as their owners， including homemade treats and meals to ensure well-balanced diets.“They have rotating fish， chicken and meat，” she says.

[3] All four dogs sleep in the couple’s full-size bed， packing in2pack in 堆滿；擠滿。between Charlotte and her husband. Vacations are spent on the river rather than the ocean，which might prove too dangerous for the dogs. Even so， as a precaution， each dog dons a life preserver. For birthdays the pets receive presents and a card，which usually reads “Happy Birthday!Love， Mommy and Daddy” and is signed by the siblings.

[4] Reed is not alone in considering her animals to be part of the family.America’s cultural pendulum has swung toward pets. According to the American Pet Products Association (APPA)，a trade group， nearly three-quarters of U.S. households own pets， and most are willing to spend vast amounts of time and money to keep Sparky and Fluffy3sparky本意為活潑的、充滿活力的，也是很多影視、漫畫中動(dòng)物的名字，如電影《科學(xué)怪狗》中主人公維克托（Victor）的狗就叫Sparky。fluffy意為松軟的、蓬松的，也多見于動(dòng)物名字。這兩個(gè)詞在這里泛指寵物。happy. The pet industry has tripled in the past 15 years.

[5] In the last few years， they’ve exploded into popular culture， too. As Paris Hilton4美國模特、演員、歌手、作家、商人，希爾頓集團(tuán)繼承人。養(yǎng)有很多寵物狗，曾與它們一起為很多品牌拍攝過廣告。and Jessica Simpson5美國流行歌手，影視演員。are splashed across the celebrity glossies with their furry friends， the broader media followed suit6follow suit照著做，仿效。. People.com offers the offshoot People Pets.com， AOL draws audiences with its new site Paw NNaa--tion， and icanhascheezburger.com gets hundreds of submissions daily of usergenerated lol cats (laugh-out-loud funny photos of cats).

[6] “People are fascinated by pets. We act and spend on them as if they were our children，” says NYU7= New York University紐約大學(xué)。sociology professor Colin Jerolmack， who studies animals in society. “We’ve civilized them to the point that they are no longer a part of wild nature.” It wasn’t always so. In the 1800s it was very rare to have a pet， Jerolmack says. They were luxury items and status symbols of the bourgeoisie， showcasing that a family had the means and resources to own a pet.Animals then were purely functional;dogs were often used to hunt， and cats used to scare off mice. As society developed and technology advanced， the utilitarian use of pets waned.

[7] Darwin’s speculations， too，brought to popular attention that animals might have selves and emotions similar to humans. Now， they are a middle class commodity that everyone wants. This trend is international: According to a CBS8= Columbia Broadcasting System（美國）哥倫比亞廣播公司。News report， there are now more pet dogs and cats—23 million—in Japan than there are children under 15. Alan Siskind is the publisher of the online magazine Dog News Daily. People are increasingly kissing their dogs， he says， so they stock up on9stock up on大量貯備，囤積。the doggie mouthwash. Owners are sleeping with their animals more， so they invest in good flea medications，too. Siskind believes that we’ve humanized them to the point that we want them to have the same food， clothes，beds and even health care as us.

[8] According to APPA， women are the primary pet shoppers， leading 80%of pet spending. Now that pets have become an integral part of the family，Siskind says， women’s pet spending reflects their “role as the primary care provider， nurturer and shopper for the human members of the household.” He believes that pets are beginning to take a central role in many women’s lives.It’s now more common for women to be single and live longer， or to have delayed or abstained from10abstain from戒絕，抑制。having children or to be working from home.A pet serves as a companion and object of their affection. “Dogs are the fourlegged child，” says Siskind， and we’re pampering them like never before.

[9] On the market now for pets are braces， orthopedic beds， strollers， car seats， electric toothbrushes and fashion ensembles from faux-mink coats to jewelry and leather jackets. And just for kicks， owners can splurge on11splurge on揮霍。feline spas， dog massages， pet toy gyms， doggie hotels with HD12= High Definition（電視、電影或錄像圖像）高清晰度，高畫質(zhì)。television and a fl ight on Pet Airways， a new airline devoted to furry “pawsengers13pawsenger化用passenger，指有爪的乘客，即那些寵物乘客。.”

[10] Wendy Diamond， editor of Animal Fair magazine and author of the upcoming It’s a Dog’s World， believes the trend will only continue to compound. With growing awareness about adoption and the positive health bene fi ts of owning pets—including reducing stress and depression—more people will continue to treat them like extensions of their human selves. Diamond’s observed the transformation in the past decade. “Ten years ago， they were in the doghouse，” she says. “Now they’re on silk dog beds or in your bed.” But these considerations may not always be good for the animal.

[11] Author of Understanding Dogs，sociologist Clinton Sanders， says pet obsession has been rapidly growing during the past 20 years. “The danger is that we don’t let animals be animals anymore，” he says. “It does them a disservice and results in some ignorant kinds of treatment.”

[12] “Dogs，” he says， “would be perfectly content eating the same food every day for the rest of their lives. A dog’s owner， on the other hand， might say， ‘I would never want the same meal again and again， how boring.’ Then she goes to the store and buys her pup a variety of options， which in turn disrupts the dog’s digestive tract.” But， Sanders insists， “Dogs aren’t like us.”

[13] Similarly， interpreting their behavior as if they were human can lead to false assumptions. Says Sanders，“People might believe the dog peed on their bed because she was angry that they were gone， but what if the dog has a urinary tract infection? It’s an inappropriate way of understanding their behavior.”

[14] Why have they become so important to us? NYU’s Jerolmack speculates that it may be due to people’s decreasing connection to each other. In an era of online social networks， long work hours and distances between families，we have far fewer strong social ties and many more weak ties， he says. “We’re spending a lot more time alone or with our immediate family14immediate family 直系親屬，近親，直接家庭成員。. The companionship of pets has become much more valuable today.”

[15] Furthermore， relationships with pets are much less emotionally messy.They love you no matter what you look like or if your breath stinks. And they show affection consistently. Pets have become a relatively easy and loveable replacement of children or a strong community， which， Jerolmack warns，may lead to an impending culture clash.

[16] “In the city， we’re already seeing debates over park space going to kids or dogs，” says Jerolmack. “There will be more people demanding social recognition of pets， wanting to bring their pets everywhere. And with an industry relying on them， I don’t see us going backwards.”■

夏洛特·里德是一名寵物專家，她說她喜歡做客戶們的活榜樣。她和丈夫在曼哈頓市中心的公寓里養(yǎng)有兩只貓和四只狗。每當(dāng)有人夸它們長得可愛或乖巧聽話的時(shí)候，她都會(huì)開心地笑。她說：“我是一名自豪的母親?！?/p>

[2]里德夫婦沒有孩子，但是他們的每只狗都認(rèn)了一名教母，這些狗寶寶的照片在屋里隨處可見。它們吃的和主人一樣，包括家里自制的點(diǎn)心和食物，來確保它們均衡飲食。夏洛特說：“我們給它們吃魚、雞和其他肉類，輪換著來?！?/p>

[3]四只狗都睡在這對(duì)夫妻的大床上，擠在夏洛特和她丈夫之間。度假時(shí)他們會(huì)去河邊，而不是海濱，因?yàn)楹?duì)狗狗們來說太危險(xiǎn)了。即便去河邊，為了預(yù)防意外，每只狗還是會(huì)穿救生衣。過生日時(shí)它們都會(huì)收到禮物和賀卡，卡片上通常寫著“生日快樂！愛你的爸爸媽媽”，其他的“兄弟姐妹”也都會(huì)在上面按爪簽名。

[4]像里德這樣把寵物當(dāng)作家庭一員的人還有很多。美國文化的鐘擺已偏向?qū)櫸?。?jù)一家商業(yè)集團(tuán)——美國寵物產(chǎn)品協(xié)會(huì)（APPA）——統(tǒng)計(jì)，有近3/4的美國家庭養(yǎng)寵物，大多數(shù)都愿意花大把的時(shí)間和金錢來讓這些毛茸茸的小家伙們開心快樂。寵物產(chǎn)業(yè)在過去的15年里增長了兩倍。

[5]在過去的幾年中，養(yǎng)寵物也迅速成為一種流行文化。當(dāng)帕麗斯·希爾頓和杰西卡·辛普森帶著她們毛茸茸的小伙伴們橫掃多家名人雜志后，更多媒體開始跟風(fēng)效仿。美國《人物》雜志官網(wǎng)建立了一個(gè)以寵物內(nèi)容為主的分支網(wǎng)站People Pets.com，美國在線（AOL）則通過新網(wǎng)站萌爪王國（Paw Nation）來吸引讀者，網(wǎng)站icanhascheezburger.com每天都會(huì)收到成百上千張用戶自己生成的搞笑貓咪圖片。

[6]科林·杰羅馬克是紐約大學(xué)的社會(huì)學(xué)教授，他專門研究社會(huì)環(huán)境下的動(dòng)物。他說：“人們都迷上了寵物，把它們當(dāng)作自己的孩子來對(duì)待、為它們大把花錢。我們馴化了它們，使之不再具有野性?！钡谶^去，情況卻并非如此。在19世紀(jì)，養(yǎng)寵物都是很少見的，杰羅馬克說道。當(dāng)時(shí)寵物是一種奢侈品，是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)地位的象征，可以顯示寵物的主人有財(cái)力和資源來供養(yǎng)它們。那時(shí)候飼養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物基本都是有實(shí)際用途的，狗常用來打獵，貓用來嚇跑老鼠。隨著社會(huì)發(fā)展和技術(shù)進(jìn)步，寵物的實(shí)用功能就逐漸減弱了。

[7]達(dá)爾文的理論也使人們更廣泛注意到動(dòng)物可能有與人類相似的自我意識(shí)和情感?，F(xiàn)在，它們成為了一種人人都想要的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)商品。這一趨勢(shì)在全球蔓延：根據(jù)美國哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)的報(bào)道，日本現(xiàn)在有2300萬只寵物貓狗，比日本15歲以下的兒童還要多。艾倫·西斯金德是網(wǎng)絡(luò)雜志《狗狗新聞日?qǐng)?bào)》的出版人，他說，人們?cè)絹碓蕉嗟赜H吻自己的寵物狗，因此會(huì)囤很多狗狗漱口水。主人和寵物一起睡的時(shí)候更多了，所以他們也會(huì)買高效的除蚤藥。西斯金德認(rèn)為我們給寵物賦予了太多人的特性，想要它們和我們吃一樣的食物，穿一樣的衣服，睡同樣的床，甚至和我們享受一樣的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。

[8]美國寵物產(chǎn)品協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，寵物產(chǎn)品的購買者主要是女性，她們貢獻(xiàn)了80%的寵物消費(fèi)。西斯金德說，寵物已經(jīng)成為家庭生活中不可或缺的一部分，女性在寵物產(chǎn)品上的消費(fèi)反映出她們“是家庭成員主要的護(hù)理者、養(yǎng)育者和采購者”。他相信寵物已經(jīng)開始成為許多女性生活的中心?，F(xiàn)在，女性單身越來越普遍，壽命也普遍更長，更多女性選擇推遲生育或者不要小孩，在家工作的女性也越來越多。寵物陪伴著她們，同時(shí)也是她們寄托感情的對(duì)象。西斯金德說：“狗狗就是四條腿的小孩。”人類如此寵愛動(dòng)物的情況前所未有。

[9]市面上現(xiàn)在有寵物專用的腿部支架、矯形床、手推車、汽車安全座椅、電動(dòng)牙刷以及各類時(shí)尚用品，從人造貂皮大衣、珠寶飾品到皮夾克，應(yīng)有盡有。只是出于娛樂，主人們還會(huì)花錢給貓做水療，給狗狗按摩，帶它們?nèi)櫸锿婢呓∩矸?，讓它們住有高清電視的狗狗賓館，坐寵物航空（這是一家專為寵物乘客提供服務(wù)的新航空公司）。

[10]溫迪·戴蒙德是《動(dòng)物名利場(chǎng)》雜志的主編，也是即將出版的《這是狗狗的世界》一書的作者。她認(rèn)為這種趨勢(shì)將會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去。隨著人們領(lǐng)養(yǎng)意識(shí)的提高以及養(yǎng)寵物對(duì)健康的種種積極影響（包括減少壓力和抑郁），將會(huì)有更多人把寵物當(dāng)作他們自我的一種延伸。戴蒙德觀察了過去十年間的變化，她說：“十年前，它們睡在犬舍里，現(xiàn)在它們睡在絲質(zhì)的寵物床或者是主人的床上?！钡沁@些照顧對(duì)動(dòng)物來說可能并非總是好事。

[11]《了解狗狗》一書的作者是社會(huì)學(xué)家克林頓·桑德斯。他說，在過去的二十年里人們對(duì)寵物的迷戀大大加深了，“但問題在于我們讓動(dòng)物變得不再像動(dòng)物了，這對(duì)它們有害無利，并且由于無知而導(dǎo)致一些不當(dāng)?shù)淖o(hù)理”。

[12]桑德斯說：“狗每天吃一樣的食物就非常滿足了。而另一方面，狗主人會(huì)說：‘我絕不想讓我的狗每天都吃一樣的東西，那太無趣了?！缓笏蜁?huì)去商店里給她的狗買各種食物，但是這反而對(duì)狗的消化道不好?！鄙５滤箞?jiān)持說：“狗和人是不一樣的?！?/p>

[13]同樣地，把它們當(dāng)作人來解讀它們的行為也會(huì)導(dǎo)致誤解。桑德斯說：“人們可能認(rèn)為，狗之所以在他們床上撒尿，是因?yàn)樗麄兂鲩T讓它很生氣。但萬一它患有尿路感染呢？這樣理解它們的行為是很不合適的?！?/p>

[14]為什么寵物對(duì)我們來說如此重要呢？據(jù)紐約大學(xué)的杰羅馬克推測(cè)，這是由于人們彼此間的聯(lián)系減弱了。在一個(gè)在線社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)如此發(fā)達(dá)的時(shí)代，工作時(shí)間長，家人距離遠(yuǎn)，緊密的社會(huì)聯(lián)系越來越少，取而代之的是人與人之間越來越多的弱連接。他說：“我們現(xiàn)在更多時(shí)間都是獨(dú)處或是與直系親屬在一起，寵物的陪伴就變得尤為可貴。”

[15]而且，和寵物之間的情感要單純很多。不管你形象如何，是否有口臭，它們都喜歡你，并且會(huì)始終如一地表達(dá)對(duì)你的愛。與孩子和強(qiáng)大的社區(qū)相比，寵物已成為更為簡單和可愛的替代品，但是杰羅馬克提醒說，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致一場(chǎng)即將到來的文化沖突。

[16]杰羅馬克說：“在城市里，我們已經(jīng)聽到一些辯論，討論公園這樣的活動(dòng)空間應(yīng)該是屬于孩子還是寵物狗。未來還將會(huì)有更多人為寵物爭取社會(huì)認(rèn)可，想把他們的寵物帶到各種地方而不受限制。而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有了以此為生的寵物產(chǎn)業(yè)，我認(rèn)為未來人們只會(huì)更加重視寵物?！?□

（譯者單位：武漢大學(xué)外國語言文學(xué)學(xué)院。譯者曾獲第五屆“《英語世界》杯”翻譯大賽優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)。）

The Pet Culture

By Jenna Goudreau