建筑設計：HLM建筑事務所

哈爾登監(jiān)獄，哈爾登，挪威

建筑設計：HLM建筑事務所

1 外景/Exterior view

哈爾登監(jiān)獄坐落在連綿起伏之地，位于山脊和裸露的巖層間，蔭蔽在參天松樹下。監(jiān)獄的主要功能由幾棟大樓劃分而開，分散在一片約30hm2的區(qū)域內(nèi)。行政部門、運送區(qū)和公共大樓等核心功能的布局類似于90o坐標網(wǎng)，令人回想起高中或大學校園。犯人的牢房樓布局則與此類坐標網(wǎng)有所不同，依地勢而建。關押長期服刑人員的牢房樓與監(jiān)獄內(nèi)其余建筑略微分離，隱藏在巖石和植被的后方。

監(jiān)獄四周筑起的圍墻與監(jiān)獄樓暗示著犯人已失去自由以及與外界的聯(lián)系，然而，監(jiān)獄里的服刑也是為了幫助囚犯走上積極正確的道路。哈爾登監(jiān)獄的建筑直截了當?shù)刂该魍叫痰囊饬x所在——每棟監(jiān)舍樓和活動樓都可清楚地看見圍墻。盡管如此，由于該墻依地勢而建，所以人們無法從地面上看到完整的圍墻。

正如其他監(jiān)獄樓群一樣，牢房樓的整體形象中規(guī)中矩，但固體材料的完美應用使牢房和居住區(qū)的風格變得簡約且極具美感。窗外的周邊自然景觀也與此風格相得益彰。

哈爾登監(jiān)獄的設計自然流暢、恰當?shù)皿w。作為參觀者，人們可以感受到建筑師對于這種簡單的設計方案充滿了自信。同時，這也表明清楚的結構能帶來良好的建筑體驗及居住品質(zhì)。這些都體現(xiàn)在R度恰到好處且自然的室外空間上——活動配樓間的空間：遠處的山脊似乎扮演了該空間的“第四墻”。哈爾登監(jiān)獄的多個區(qū)域均可一眼貫穿大樓，因此后面的建筑也清晰可見。監(jiān)獄樓群內(nèi)的走廊相當寬敞，幾乎與室外大樓間的維度相同，讓人感覺走廊就如街道一般附著額外的功能與房間——簡單巧妙地將外部空間與內(nèi)部空間相連。

從牢房到“靜思室”，圍墻和自然景觀均可盡收眼底。這時刻提醒著犯人他們在被監(jiān)禁的同時也在親近自然，為囚犯提供了關于服刑的不同視角。

哈爾登監(jiān)獄樓群的設計解決了一項重要的社會任務：讓服刑人員清楚地認識到自身處境。不論是宏觀層面還是微觀層面，它都讓人們感覺到安頓穩(wěn)定。哈爾登監(jiān)獄低調(diào)全面地展示出自己的建筑特性——未有絲毫吝嗇。

建筑師們采用了多種不同的建筑方案來實現(xiàn)懲罰與幸福感間的完美平衡：也是悲觀與樂觀之間難以達成的平衡。哈爾登監(jiān)獄是關押囚犯的理想之地；但當刑滿時，這里也非流連之地。（王單單 譯）

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Statsbygg

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: HLM arkitektur AS, Norway

主要合作單位/Principal Cooperator: EMA AS, Denmark

設計團隊/Design Team: Per H?jgaard Nielsen, Gudrun Molden, Ragnvald Winjum, Tina Larsen, Dag Bjerk (HLM arkitektur AS); Hans Henrik H?ilund, Arne Vejb?k, Rikke Hansen, Perder Elg?rd, Harald Thornvald (EMA AS)

設計合作/Other Design Partners:

室內(nèi)設計/Interior Design: Beate Ellingsen, Kaja Geiran, Diana Kourennagia (Beate Ellingsen AS)

景觀設計/Landscaping Architect: Anna Wathne, Knut Hell?s, Margit Opsahl (Asplan VIAK Bergen AS)

技術設計/Technical Design: Structural, 結構、構造與項目管理/Construction and Project Administration: Trond Ellingsen, J?rn Lindgren (A.L. H?yer AS); 供暖、水及衛(wèi)生設備/Heating, Water and Sanitation: Otto Bj?rge (Erichsen og Horgen AS); 電氣/Electrical: Erik Gl?rsen, Johnny ?modt (Malnes & Endresen AS)

總面積/Gross Area: 27,500m2

材料/Materials: 砌塊、木材、鋼/Masonry, wood and steel造價/Cost: ca. €140,000,000 (2010)

設計時間/Design Period: 2003-2010

建成時間/Completion Time: 2010

攝影/Photos: HLM arkitektur AS, EMA AS

Halden Prison is situated in an undulating landscape between mountain-ridges, outcrops and under large pine trees. The prison's main functions are divided between several buildings which are spread about in an area of about 30 hectares. Central functions like administration, delivery area and common building follow a layout that resembles a 90-degree grid system, and are organised in a way which is reminiscent of a high school or university campus. The prison inmate's cell buildings do not lie according to this grid system but instead follow more the landscape's direction. The longterm prisoner's cell building has been placed a little more removed from the rest of the prison complex buildings and is more hidden behind rocks and vegetation.

The prison wall that surrounds the prison and the buildings themselves indicates to the prisoner that freedom and contact with the rest of the world has been removed. However, spending time in the prison is also meant to help the inmates to develop in a positive direction. The architecture of Halden Prison makes visible in a straightforward way what the purpose of a prison sentence is. It makes the perimeter wall clearly visible from each cell building and activity building. However, this wall is not visible in its completeness from ground level because of the way the wall follows the topography of the site.

The cell buildings have, like the rest of the complex, an institutional and strict quality, but the prison cells and the dwelling areas have a simplicity and beauty that comes from the clear use of solid materials. Combined with this are vistas to the natural surroundings outside.

2.3 內(nèi)景/Interior views

4.5 外景/Exterior views

6 總平面/Site plan

Halden Prison has been designed in a surefooted and unaffected way. As a visitor, one experiences that the architect has had the confidence to come up with an uncomplicated design solution showing that clear composition gives good architectural experiences and dwelling qualities. This shows up in the uncomplicated and welldimensioned exterior spaces that lie in the spaces between the wings of the activity building, here the hill ridges in the distance seems to create a "fourth wall" to the space. In many parts of Halden Prison one can see all the way through the building so that the building beyond it is visible. The corridors in the complex are wide enough that they are almost the same dimension as the outside space between the buildings. This gives the user the impression that corridors have a street-like quality with additional functions and rooms connected to it. This is an intelligent and simple way of connecting the exterior and the interior spaces together.

From the prison cell to the "contemplation room" views of both the perimeter wall and of nature are always visible. In this way one is always reminded that one is incarcerated whilst at the same time close to nature. This offers the inmate a different perspective on what it means to be in prison.

The Halden complex gives a clear answer to an important task of society. It explains clearly to the inmate the situation that he has found himself in. Halden Prison evokes solidity and security, both on macro scale and all the way down to details. The qualities it displays are those of modesty and thoroughness, which it achieves - but never in a miserly manner.

The architect has used a varied amount of architectural solutions to achieve a successful balance between punishment and the evoking a feeling of well-being - the difficult balance between the pessimistic and the optimistic. It is a good place to be whilst one is there but it is also a good place to leave when that when that time has come.

7.8 外景/Exterior views

9.10 內(nèi)景/Interior views

評論

賈冬婷：囚禁的目的是什么？自由的意義又是什么？哈爾登監(jiān)獄引發(fā)我們對這些命題的思考。監(jiān)獄的功能，當然首先是約束罪犯，這種約束往往是通過有形的和無形的“墻”去實現(xiàn)的。但是，囚禁的最終目的還是讓罪犯有機會走出圍墻，重返社會。有沒有可能以一種更積極的方式去實現(xiàn)呢？如果讓罪犯感受到囚禁中的尊嚴、束縛中的自由、堅硬中的溫情、人工中的自然，是不是更能激發(fā)他們心中善的一面？這一設計基于挪威社會的基督教價值觀，也基于挪威社會對大自然積極影響的堅定信念。這不禁讓人想起陀思妥耶夫斯基在其名著《罪與罰》中的論斷：“一個社會的文明程度可以通過進入監(jiān)獄來判斷。”

佘依爽：光看操場，還以為是一個學校，直到結實的隔離門、厚實的圍墻的出現(xiàn)才顯示出一個監(jiān)獄應該有的構成。監(jiān)獄時光在這里就是一個漫長的度假。悲傷與希望能在這里得到轉化，無論是結構建筑的冷靜還是藝術、自然景象的撫慰，監(jiān)獄給予居住者基于有限人權的尊重，營造出獨特的生活氛圍。在這里，跟隨地形變化的自然景觀給人以最大程度的平衡感受。

11 外景/Exterior view

12 內(nèi)景/Interior view

Comment

JIA Dongting: What is the purpose of imprisonment and what is the meaning of freedom? The project of Halden Prison has led us to reflect on these questions.The chief function of a prison, certainly, is to imprison criminals. Tangible and intangible "walls" often form such imprisonment. Yet, the ultimate aim of a prison is to offer an opportunity for the convicts to walk out of those walls and help them to return to society. But could there not be a more positive approach to achieve such an aim? If those convicts could be treated with dignity and given a sense of freedom during their sentence, able to experience a feeling of warmth in the cold prison, as well as being provided contact with nature in the artificial environment of the jail - could the good in them not be encouraged to flourish? The design of Halden Prison is influenced by Christian values, and Norwegians' strong faith in the positive effect of interacting with the natural environment. This calls to mind the sentiment in Crime and Punishment: "The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons". (Translated by Dandan Wang)

13-16 內(nèi)景/Interior views

SHE Yishuang: At first sight of the playground, I thought it was a school. Until I saw the solid division door and robust prison wall, I began to realise that it bears the composition of a prison. Prison time here is like a long vacation. Sorrow and hope are interwined and can be transformed. Through the peaceful construction and the comfortable art and natural scene, the prison provides the inmates a respect based on the most basic human rights, creating a unique living atmosphere. Here, the natural landscape that follows the topography of the site gives us the greatest sense of balance. (Translated by QI Yiyi)

Halden Prison, Halden, Norway, 2010

Architects: HLM arkitektur AS