李 榮,王艷麗,吳鵬年,孫瑞萍,仇佳欣,蘇 梅,侯賢清
(寧夏大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,銀川 750021)
寧南旱區(qū)溝壟覆蓋改善土壤水熱狀況提高馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量
李 榮,王艷麗,吳鵬年,孫瑞萍,仇佳欣,蘇 梅,侯賢清
(寧夏大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,銀川 750021)
壟覆塑料地膜溝內(nèi)覆蓋集雨種植模式可影響土壤水熱狀況,促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng),提高作物的產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率。為探討旱作條件下溝壟二元覆蓋的土壤水熱效應(yīng)對(duì)馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量的影響效果,于2015年在寧南旱區(qū)設(shè)置壟覆地膜溝內(nèi)覆蓋不同材料(普通塑料地膜、玉米秸稈、生物降解膜、麻纖維地膜及液態(tài)地膜),以壟覆地膜溝不覆蓋為對(duì)照,研究溝壟二元覆蓋模式對(duì)土壤水分、耕層土壤溫度、馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率的影響。結(jié)果表明:壟覆地膜溝覆地膜處理在馬鈴薯前期、中期土壤蓄水量較對(duì)照顯著增加(P<0.05),壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理在馬鈴薯生育后期土壤蓄水量最高(P<0.05)。壟覆地膜溝覆地膜處理增溫效果明顯,馬鈴薯全生育期0~25 cm土壤溫度較對(duì)照顯著增加(P<0.05),而壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理較對(duì)照顯著降低(P<0.05)。在馬鈴薯整個(gè)生育期,壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理植株株高和莖粗均明顯高于對(duì)照處理(P<0.05),在馬鈴薯生育后期壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理的地上部生物量顯著高于對(duì)照處理(P<0.05)。溝壟二元覆蓋模式下馬鈴薯增產(chǎn)效果以壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理最為顯著,較對(duì)照增產(chǎn)56.1%(P<0.05),且水分利用效率最高(81.1 kg/(hm2·mm))??傊?,壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理對(duì)改善土壤水熱狀況,提高馬鈴薯水分利用效率和產(chǎn)量的效果顯著,建議在寧南旱區(qū)進(jìn)行推廣應(yīng)用。
土壤水分;溫度;秸稈;旱作區(qū);溝壟二元覆蓋;馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量
李 榮,王艷麗,吳鵬年,孫瑞萍,仇佳欣,蘇 梅,侯賢清. 寧南旱區(qū)溝壟覆蓋改善土壤水熱狀況提高馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(10):168-175. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.10.022 http://www.tcsae.org
Li Rong, Wang Yanli, Wu Pengnian, Sun Ruiping, Qiu Jiaxin, Su Mei, Hou Xianqing. Ridge and furrow mulching improving soil water-temperature condition and increasing potato yield in dry-farming areas of south Ningxia[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(10): 168-175. (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.10.022 http://www.tcsae.org
水分不足是限制干旱半干旱地區(qū)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育最重要的生態(tài)因子,提高作物水分利用效率是解決該地區(qū)作物產(chǎn)量的關(guān)鍵所在[1]。寧南旱作區(qū)氣候干旱少雨、春季多風(fēng),蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)烈,年均降雨350 mm左右,微效降水次數(shù)多,且時(shí)空分布極為不均,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)主要依靠自然降水,屬典型的雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)[2]。自然降水的季節(jié)性不足與作物的關(guān)鍵需水期不一致,嚴(yán)重限制了旱作區(qū)作物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[3]。可見(jiàn),如何降低土壤水分蒸發(fā),充分利用有限的自然降水成為該區(qū)旱作節(jié)水保墑技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
田間溝壟微型集雨技術(shù)是修筑交替的壟溝,壟面覆蓋塑料地膜,溝內(nèi)進(jìn)行種植作物的一種田間高效集水技術(shù)[4]。該技術(shù)能收集無(wú)效和微效降水,延長(zhǎng)土壤水分有效性,節(jié)約農(nóng)業(yè)成本,提高農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率[5-7],已在小麥、玉米、水稻等作物進(jìn)行了廣泛應(yīng)用,成為中國(guó)旱農(nóng)區(qū)重要的抗旱節(jié)水措施之一。溝壟微型集雨結(jié)合覆蓋措施能調(diào)節(jié)土壤的微環(huán)境,進(jìn)而提高作物的產(chǎn)量。李小雁等[8]在中國(guó)西北半干旱區(qū)研究了膜壟集水和溝覆蓋蓄水保墑功能,結(jié)果表明,在玉米各生育期,溝壟微型集雨結(jié)合覆蓋處理0~140 cm土層的土壤蓄水量比未覆蓋處理高20~100 mm,溝壟覆膜集雨種植下玉米產(chǎn)量較傳統(tǒng)平作增加108%~143%;Li等[9-10]在陜西渭北旱塬區(qū)的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),溝壟全覆蓋模式下土壤水熱狀況及玉米增產(chǎn)效果顯著優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)平作模式。
當(dāng)前,溝壟二元覆蓋種植技術(shù)已在西北黃土高原半干旱區(qū)、半濕潤(rùn)偏旱區(qū)廣泛應(yīng)用推廣,研究的主要糧食作物包括玉米、小麥、谷子、糜子和馬鈴薯等。然而在“寧夏南部”關(guān)于該技術(shù)模式的研究與其他地區(qū)仍存在較大差異[11],而且隨著塑料地膜的廣泛應(yīng)用,地膜殘留給土地造成的白色污染問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重[12],生物降解膜[13]、液態(tài)地膜[14]和麻纖維膜[15]等環(huán)保型覆蓋材料的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用愈受關(guān)注。因此,本研究在寧南旱區(qū),以馬鈴薯為供試作物,采用壟面覆蓋地膜,溝內(nèi)覆蓋不同材料(普通塑料地膜、生物降解膜、液態(tài)地膜、麻纖維地膜和秸稈),以壟面覆普通塑料地膜+溝不覆蓋為對(duì)照,研究溝壟二元覆蓋措施下土壤水熱協(xié)同效應(yīng)對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量的影響,旨在為寧南旱區(qū)水分高效利用和馬鈴薯旱作節(jié)水栽培提供理論參考。
1.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)概況
2015年5月—2015年10月在寧夏回族自治區(qū)固原市彭陽(yáng)縣城陽(yáng)鄉(xiāng)長(zhǎng)城塬村進(jìn)行大田試驗(yàn)(106°45′N, 35°79′E)。研究區(qū)位于寧夏東南部邊緣,六盤山東麓,海拔1800 m,年均蒸發(fā)量1 050 mm,年降水量350~450 mm,年氣溫6.8~8.1 ℃,年內(nèi)降水分布極為不均,年際變化很大,主要集中在7—9月,占年總降水量的60%。試驗(yàn)期間月降水量分布如圖1,2015年總降水量為447 mm,馬鈴薯生育期(5—10月)降水量為332 mm。根據(jù)中國(guó)土壤分類系統(tǒng)(1995),試驗(yàn)地土壤類型為黃土正常新成土(黃綿土),質(zhì)地組成砂粒14%、粉粒26%、黏粒60%,為粉質(zhì)壤土,土壤肥力屬低等肥力,供試耕層(0~40 cm)土壤主要理化性質(zhì)如表1。
表1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)耕層土壤主要理化性質(zhì)Table 1 Main physical and chemical properties of soil at arable layer in experimental site
圖1 2015年試驗(yàn)地月降水量分布Fig.1 Distribution of monthly precipitation at experimental site in 2015
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)及過(guò)程
試驗(yàn)采用溝壟種植模式,壟覆塑料地膜,溝內(nèi)分別覆蓋塑料地膜、秸稈、生物降解膜、麻纖維地膜和液體地膜5種材料,以壟覆普通塑料地膜溝內(nèi)不覆蓋為對(duì)照,共6個(gè)處理。具體設(shè)置如下:處理1,膜壟+溝覆塑料地膜(DD);處理2,膜壟+溝覆秸稈(DJ);處理3,膜壟+溝覆生物降解膜(DS);處理4,膜壟+溝覆麻纖維地膜(DM);處理 5,膜壟+溝覆液體地膜(DY);處理 6,壟覆地膜+溝不覆蓋作為對(duì)照(CK)。各處理3次重復(fù),小區(qū)長(zhǎng)9 m,寬4 m,隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列。
播種日期為2015年5月2日,收獲日期為2015年10月3日。播種前30 天,在試驗(yàn)地修筑溝壟,溝寬60 cm,壟寬40 cm,壟高20 cm,馬鈴薯種于溝內(nèi)膜壟兩側(cè),將農(nóng)家肥(牛糞)30 t/hm2,尿素(N≥46%)291 kg/hm2,磷酸二銨(總養(yǎng)分≥64.0%,N≥18%,P2O5≥46%)195 kg/hm2,硫酸鉀(K2O≥50%)180 kg/hm2施于種植溝中,翻入土壤后覆蓋。起壟時(shí)要求壟面細(xì)綿平整、覆膜壟面呈拱型。壟上均覆蓋塑料地膜。處理1~4溝內(nèi)分別覆蓋普通地膜、玉米秸稈、生物降解膜和麻纖維地膜。供試塑料地膜為聚乙烯白色薄膜(0.8 m寬,0.008 mm厚),山西運(yùn)城塑料廠生產(chǎn);生物可降解由合成聚合物(淀粉、聚乙烯醇)和生物材料(增塑劑、補(bǔ)強(qiáng)劑、改性劑)構(gòu)成(0.8 m寬,0.008 mm厚),陜西華宇高科生物有限公司生產(chǎn);麻纖維地膜由麻類纖維作為主要材料(0.8 m寬,0.22~0.31 mm厚),湖南省沅江市潤(rùn)澤科技有限公司生產(chǎn)。處理 2:玉米秸稈被切成15 cm長(zhǎng),以9 000 kg/hm2的覆蓋量均勻覆于溝內(nèi)。處理5:液態(tài)地膜主要為腐植酸類物質(zhì),北京金尚禾生物科技有限公司生產(chǎn),按產(chǎn)品/水體積比1∶5,以450 L/hm2使用量(公司推薦最佳用量)在溝內(nèi)種植行間進(jìn)行噴施。馬鈴薯為中晚熟品種隴薯 3號(hào),寬窄行種植(60 cm∶40 cm),株距40 cm,種植密度499 95株/hm2,播種深度5 cm,種薯點(diǎn)播后立即覆土。試驗(yàn)期間無(wú)灌水,定期進(jìn)行人工除草。
1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法
馬鈴薯生育期內(nèi)降雨量采用雨量器法測(cè)定,定期觀測(cè)馬鈴薯出苗、塊莖形成、塊莖膨大、收獲,并記錄生育期。
土壤水分:從播種后30 d開(kāi)始,每隔20 d利用土鉆取土烘干法測(cè)定馬鈴薯播種期(播后 0 d)、出苗期(播后30 d)、現(xiàn)蕾期(播后50 d)、塊莖形成期(播后70 d)、塊莖膨大期(播后90 d)和成熟期(播后110 d)作物種植株間0~200 cm土層土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)變化,每20 cm層測(cè)定1次。
土壤溫度:在馬鈴薯種植株間放置曲管地溫計(jì),從播種后30 d,每隔20 d測(cè)定08:00—20:00 土壤5、10、15、20和25 cm土層處的溫度,每2 h記錄1次讀數(shù);在馬鈴薯關(guān)鍵生育時(shí)期則連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)2 d(晴天)并取其平均值作為該生育時(shí)期的代表值。
馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo):在馬鈴薯生育期測(cè)定馬鈴薯株高、主莖粗及地上部生物量等生物學(xué)性狀。
產(chǎn)量性狀:根據(jù)呂文河等[16]研究中馬鈴薯商品薯分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)伛R鈴薯鮮薯特征,單薯質(zhì)量>150 g薯塊為大薯,單薯質(zhì)量150~75 g薯塊為中薯、單薯質(zhì)量<75 g薯塊為小薯。馬鈴薯收獲時(shí),分小區(qū)進(jìn)行考種和測(cè)產(chǎn),并計(jì)算其商品薯率[17]。
作物水分利用效率[18](water use efficiency,WUE):
式中Y為馬鈴薯鮮薯產(chǎn)量,kg/hm2;ET為馬鈴薯耗水量,mm。研究區(qū)因地下水位埋深≥50 m,地下水補(bǔ)給、深層滲漏、地表徑流均可忽略,土壤蓄水量及作物耗水量均以2 m土層土壤含水率計(jì)算。
式中DW為播前和收獲后土壤蓄水量之差,mm;Pr為生育期內(nèi)降水量,mm。
式中W為土壤蓄水量,mm,h為土層的深度,cm,a是土壤容重,g/cm3;b是土壤含水率,%;10為cm轉(zhuǎn)化為mm的換算系數(shù)。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
數(shù)據(jù)分析運(yùn)用SAS 8.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,EXCEL 2003 繪制圖表。
2.1 溝壟二元覆蓋模式下土壤水分
試驗(yàn)期間馬鈴薯各生育期土壤0~200 cm蓄水量如圖2所示。在馬鈴薯播種期(0 d)土層土壤蓄水量最高,為491.8 mm,這由于秋雨的補(bǔ)充使馬鈴薯播種期土壤墑情較好;馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)前期(播后30~50 d),降水較少(階段降水量25.3 mm),作物植株較小,水分蒸散以土壤蒸發(fā)為主,各處理土壤水分有所降低。不同處理0~200 cm土層DD、DJ處理保水效果最佳,較CK處理分別提高5.4%、5.2%(P<0.05);馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)中期階段(播后70~90 d),氣溫上升,土壤蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)烈,作物耗水增大,加上該階段降水稀少,各處理土壤蓄水量降至最低,而溝壟二元覆蓋模式DD、DJ處理土壤蓄水量顯著高于CK處理,高出4.6%、6.2%(P<0.05);馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)后期階段(播后110 d),雨季降水的補(bǔ)充,不同處理0~200 cm土壤蓄水量相對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)中期有所提高。不同溝壟二元覆蓋處理相對(duì)于對(duì)照土壤水分含量保墑效果不一,其中DJ處理的保墑程度最明顯,較CK處理增加8.4%(P<0.05)。
圖2 不同溝壟二元覆蓋模式下馬鈴薯生育期土壤蓄水量變化Fig.2 Change of soil water storage under dual-mulching of ridge and furrow patterns during growing stage of potato
2.2 溝壟二元覆蓋模式下土壤耕層溫度
各處理耕層土壤溫度隨生育期的推進(jìn)呈下降-上升-下降的趨勢(shì),各處理下土層溫度隨生育期變化趨勢(shì)基本一致,以5和10 cm為例,如圖3所示。DD處理在整個(gè)生育期都有明顯的增溫效果,而DJ處理在生育中后期降溫效果顯著。進(jìn)一步分析不同覆蓋模式下土層增溫效果不同,結(jié)果表明(表2):15 cm土層內(nèi),DD處理增溫效果最為顯著(P<0.05),其他處理增溫效果不顯著(P>0.05),而在表層5 cm DJ地溫甚至顯著低于CK(P<0.05);20 cm土層以下DD處理增溫作用不明顯甚至?xí)@著低于CK,其他處理的增溫效益同 DD處理。平均來(lái)看,DJ處理與CK處理相比有降溫趨勢(shì),降溫幅度均為1.6 ℃(P<0.05),而 DD處理較 CK處理顯著的增溫作用,增幅為 1.2 ℃(P<0.05),其他處理沒(méi)有明顯的增溫效應(yīng)。
圖3 溝壟二元覆蓋模式下馬鈴薯生育期土壤溫度變化Fig.3 Change of soil temperature under dual-mulching of ridge and furrow patterns during growing stage of potato
表2 馬鈴薯整個(gè)生育期不同土層土壤平均溫度Table 2 Average soil temperature at different layers in whole growing stage of potato ℃
2.3 溝壟二元覆蓋模式下馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)
不同處理下馬鈴薯主要生育期植株株高呈逐漸升高的變化趨勢(shì),而莖粗表現(xiàn)為先升高后下降的趨勢(shì)(圖4)。在馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)前期(播后30 d),DD和DJ處理顯著高于CK(P<0.05)。株高以塊莖膨大期(播后90 d)和成熟期(播后110 d)最高,DJ和DM處理表現(xiàn)最為顯著,分別較CK增加14.3%、13.3%和11.1%、9.7%(P<0.05);莖粗以現(xiàn)蕾期(播后50 d)和塊莖形成期(播后70 d)表現(xiàn)的最為明顯,現(xiàn)蕾期DJ和DM處理莖粗分別較對(duì)照提高8.5%和7.6%(P<0.05);塊莖形成期DD和DJ處理較對(duì)照提高57.0%和34.3%(P<0.05)。
在馬鈴薯生育期,作物地上部生物量隨生育期的推進(jìn)逐漸上升,成熟期達(dá)到最大(表 3)。在作物整個(gè)生育期,DD處理的馬鈴薯地上部生物量始終高于 CK處理(P<0.05)。在馬鈴薯苗期(30 d),DD、DM 處理的干物質(zhì)量明顯高于CK處理,較CK處理提高16.7%、15.2%(P<0.05);馬鈴薯現(xiàn)蕾期(50 d),DD、DJ處理的干物質(zhì)量均顯著高于CK處理,分別較CK處理提高24.5%、35.7%(P<0.05);馬鈴薯塊莖形成期(70 d)DD、DM處理明顯高于CK處理,較CK處理提高20.1%、31.9%(P<0.05);馬鈴薯收獲期(110 d),DD、DJ和DS處理干物質(zhì)量分別較對(duì)照提高46.4%、68.4%、37.6%(P<0.05)。
圖4 不同溝壟二元覆蓋模式對(duì)馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)的影響Fig.4 Effect of dual-mulching of ridge and furrow patterns on potato growth
表3 溝壟二元覆蓋下馬鈴薯地上部生物量Table 3 Aboveground biomass of potato under dual-mulching of ridge and furrow (g·株–1)
2.4 溝壟二元覆蓋模式下馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率
不同溝壟二元覆蓋模式對(duì)馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和商品薯率的影響不同(表4)。不同覆蓋處理下,大薯產(chǎn)量以DJ、DD處理最高,分別較CK處理提高84.9%、38.5%(P<0.05);中薯產(chǎn)量以DD、DJ、DM處理最為顯著,分別較CK處理提高 40.0%、8.4%和13.7%(P<0.05);不同溝壟二元覆蓋處理下,馬鈴薯總產(chǎn)量以 DD、DJ處理最為顯著,分別較對(duì)照增產(chǎn) 34.3%、56.1%(P<0.05),DS、DM 處理次之,比CK分別提高8.6%、11.3%(P<0.05),而DY處理與CK無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。各處理商品薯率差異不顯著(P>0.05)。
溝壟二元覆蓋模式通過(guò)改善土壤水分狀況,降低作物耗水,從而提高作物的水分利用效率。不同溝壟覆蓋處理下,DJ處理水分利用效率最高(81.1 kg/(hm2·mm)),較CK處理提高幅度最大(65.9%),其次為DD、DM、DS處理,分別較 CK顯著提高 39.3%、14.3%、14.7%(P<0.05),DY處理與CK無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。
表4 溝壟二元覆蓋模式下馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量與水分利用效率Table 4 Effects of dual-mulching of ridge and furrow patterns on yield and water use efficiency of potato
溝壟集雨結(jié)合覆蓋能有效集蓄雨水,增強(qiáng)水分入滲,從而顯著影響旱作土壤的水分狀況[20-21]。本研究結(jié)果表明,溝壟二元覆蓋模式可有效改善土壤的水分狀況,DJ處理各生育期土壤蓄水量均較高。蔡太義等[22]研究結(jié)果表明,在半干旱區(qū)域,一定量的秸稈覆蓋均能在一定程度上提高土壤蓄水量。由于秸稈覆蓋使地表粗糙度增加,減少裸露地表的面積,降低土壤水分的蒸發(fā),同時(shí)有利于高效自然降雨,增強(qiáng)水分入滲性能,因而改善土壤的水分狀況。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DD處理在馬鈴薯生育中前期保水效果顯著,在后期其蓄水效果低于 DJ處理,可能由于作物生長(zhǎng)前期地膜覆蓋能抑制土壤蒸發(fā),保持較好的土壤底墑,后期地膜覆蓋雖能抑制蒸發(fā),但補(bǔ)水過(guò)程中水分可能從膜表面直接蒸發(fā),不利于其接納與入滲[23];然而,秸稈覆蓋在馬鈴薯生育中后期能增加雨水入滲,減少地表徑流,從而提高土壤水分的保蓄能力[24]。有研究表明[25],覆蓋液態(tài)地膜的保水效果主要體現(xiàn)在作物生長(zhǎng)前期,,這與本研究結(jié)果“覆蓋液態(tài)地膜在播后30和90 d對(duì)土壤無(wú)保水效果,而在其他各生育期土壤保水效果顯著”有所不同,可能由于液態(tài)地膜覆蓋受外界環(huán)境的影響而使土壤的保水效果不穩(wěn)定[26]。
不同覆蓋材料對(duì)土壤溫度的影響效果不同[27]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與CK相比,在馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)前期,DD處理的增溫效果最為顯著,DJ處理在生育中后期降溫效果顯著。王建紅等[28]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),液態(tài)地膜在增加土壤溫度方面有一定的效果,但這與本研究結(jié)果不太一致:DY處理下土壤溫度與不覆蓋處理相似,這主要與液態(tài)地膜噴施后成膜效果易受外界環(huán)境條件影響,成膜效果較差有關(guān)[29]。DJ處理在整個(gè)生育期土壤溫度低于CK,DD處理顯著高于CK,其主要原因:秸稈覆蓋可遮擋太陽(yáng)直射,有較高的反射率和較低的熱傳導(dǎo)性,降低了到達(dá)地面的熱量,而地膜隔絕了土壤與外界的水分交換,消除潛熱交換的損失,減弱土壤與外界的顯熱交換,使耕層的土壤溫度提高[30]。覆蓋麻纖維地膜使土壤溫度平穩(wěn)升溫而避免作物燒苗,其保溫效果良好[31],但本試驗(yàn)中DM的增溫效果不明顯,這與付登強(qiáng)等[32]的研究結(jié)果一致。
田間溝壟集雨種植能調(diào)節(jié)土壤的水熱微環(huán)境,從而可顯著影響作物的生長(zhǎng)[33]。相關(guān)研究表明,溝壟集雨種植比平作種植提前了夏玉米生育期,植株株高和生物量顯著增加[20]。覆蓋生物可降解地膜和普通地膜的土壤溫度和土壤水分含量較高,同時(shí)其玉米生育期株高和干物質(zhì)量均高于裸地[34]。環(huán)保型麻地膜具有明顯的增溫和保濕效果,能促進(jìn)作物的生長(zhǎng)[35]。本研究中,溝內(nèi)覆蓋塑料地膜的增溫和秸稈覆蓋的保墑效果最佳,使馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)前期植株株高及生物量均顯著高于溝不覆蓋處理。
肖繼兵等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溝壟全覆蓋種植能充分滿足作物生長(zhǎng)的需求,顯著提高了自然降水利用率,其增產(chǎn)效果顯著高于不覆蓋處理。本研究結(jié)果表明,溝壟二元覆蓋可調(diào)節(jié)土壤的水熱環(huán)境,加快作物的生長(zhǎng),其中DJ處理與 CK相比顯著提高了馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和水分利用率。DJ處理下土壤水分條件較好,雖土壤溫度較對(duì)照降低,但其產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率顯著高于 CK,原因有二:1)DJ處理對(duì)土壤的保水較好;2)馬鈴薯種于壟膜兩側(cè),膜壟的增溫效應(yīng)能有效彌補(bǔ)秸稈覆蓋下的低溫效應(yīng),從而影響作物的生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量的形成。這與相關(guān)研究[19,37]結(jié)果相似。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),生物降解地膜雖在馬鈴薯前期進(jìn)行部分降解但并不影響作物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,使塊莖產(chǎn)量與普通地膜對(duì)比相差不大,這與王鑫等[25]、付登強(qiáng)[32]和白麗婷等[38]研究結(jié)果一致。
在本研究中,壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理對(duì)土壤具有調(diào)溫保墑的作用,提高作物水分利用效率、增產(chǎn)效果顯著。雖然溝壟二元覆蓋能顯著提高馬鈴薯的產(chǎn)量,但在其生長(zhǎng)中后期(7月份)膜壟土壤溫度較高,對(duì)馬鈴薯生長(zhǎng)及塊莖產(chǎn)量產(chǎn)生一定的負(fù)面影響。同時(shí)其種植區(qū)域性差異千差萬(wàn)別,壟溝結(jié)構(gòu)及覆蓋方式的選擇也必須考慮環(huán)境因素及作物的生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性等,為實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳的生態(tài)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,今后溝壟二元覆蓋技術(shù)的在馬鈴薯方面的研究應(yīng)集中最佳溝壟結(jié)構(gòu)、覆蓋方式和適宜的覆蓋材料方面。
不同溝壟二元覆蓋模式對(duì)馬鈴薯生育期土壤水分具有一定的保墑效果,壟覆地膜溝覆地膜處理在馬鈴薯前期、中期土壤蓄水量較對(duì)照顯著增加,壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理在馬鈴薯生育后期土壤蓄水量最高。在馬鈴薯整個(gè)生育期,壟覆地膜溝覆地膜處理較壟覆地膜溝不覆蓋(對(duì)照)能顯著提高土壤耕層溫度,馬鈴薯生育中后期壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理具有顯著的降溫效果。在馬鈴薯生育期,壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理的株高和莖粗均顯著高于對(duì)照(P<0.05),而播種50 d后地上干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量也高于對(duì)照。
溝壟二元覆蓋的增溫保墑效果,能提高馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率。壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理的增產(chǎn)效果最為顯著,較對(duì)照增產(chǎn) 56.1%(P<0.05),其水分利用效率最高(81.1 kg/(hm2·mm)),較對(duì)照提高 65.9%(P<0.05)。
在 6種不同溝壟二元覆蓋模式中,壟覆地膜溝覆秸稈處理對(duì)土壤具有調(diào)溫保墑的作用,提高作物水分利用效率、增產(chǎn)效果顯著,建議作為寧南旱作區(qū)馬鈴薯栽培的高效種植模式。
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Ridge and furrow mulching improving soil water-temperature condition and increasing potato yield in dry-farming areas of south Ningxia
Li Rong, Wang Yanli, Wu Pengnian, Sun Ruiping, Qiu Jiaxin, Su Mei, Hou Xianqing
(School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan750021,China)
The plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting combined with mulching cultivation can influence soil water-temperature condition, promote crop growth and development, and increase water use efficiency and yield of crop. This study was investigate the effect of mulching in furrows with different materials and in ridges with plastic film on soil water-temperature condition, potato growth and yield in dry-farming areas of south Ningxia. A field experiment was conducted in 2015 at the Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Changcheng Village, Pengyang County, Ningxia, China (106°45′N,35°79′E, 1800 m sea level) to determine the effect of different dual-mulching of ridge and furrow cultivation patterns on soil water, soil temperature, growth, yield and water use efficiency of potato. Different furrow treatments were mulched with plastic film (DD), maize straw (DJ), biodegradable film (DS), bast fiber film (DM), liquid film (DY). The treatment of ridge with plastic film and the furrow without mulching was used as the control (CK). The results showed that, the dual-mulching with ridge and furrow adjusted soil temperature, improved moisture availability in the furrow, and the DD and DJ treatments were the most significant. The DD treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the soil water storage by 4.6%-5.4% compared to CK in the early and middle growing stage of potato. The soil water storage with DJ treatment was the highest in the later growing stage of potato (P<0.05). The DJ treatment had the highest soil water-holding effect compared with CK in whole growing stage of potato, and the average soil water storage under DJ was significantly (P<0.05) higher by 8.4% compare with CK (P<0.05). The DD treatment produced significantly higher soil temperatures (0-25 mm) than CK in the entire stage of potato, while the soil temperature with DJ treatment was significantly lower than CK (P<0.05) in the middle and later growing stage of potato. The average topsoil temperature was significantly increased under DD by 1.2 ℃ (P<0.05) when compared with CK in the whole growing season of potato, while the soil temperature under the DJ treatment was 1.6 ℃ (P<0.05) lower than CK. The plant height and stem diameter with DD and DJ treatment was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of CK in the early growing stage of potato, while the DJ treatment produced the highest plant height and stem diameter (P<0.05) compared to CK in the middle and later growing stage of potato. The above-ground biomass of the DJ treatment was the highest after 110 days of sowing (P<0.05), followed by the DD treatment, while there was no difference in the above-ground biomass of potato between DY and CK (P>0.05). Higher potato yield and water-use efficiency was found with DD, DJ, DS and DM treatments.The yield and water use efficiency of potato with DJ treatment were the highest (37 213.5 kg/hm2and 81.1 kg/(hm2×mm)).Compared with CK, the potato yield with DD, DJ, DS and DM treatments was significantly (P<0.05) increased by 34.3%,56.1%, 8.6%, and 11.3%, meanwhile the water-use efficiency increased by 39.3%, 65.9%, 14.7%, and 14.3% (P<0.05). In a word, when ridges were covered with common plastic film, the furrows were mulched with straw, the soil water and temperature conditions were improved and potato growth and development was promoted, and the potato yield and water use efficiency were increased. Therefore, we suggested that plastic film mulched ridges and straw mulched furrows should be popularized and applied in arid area of southern Ningxia.
soil moisture; temperature; straw; dry-farming areas; mulching of ridge and furrow; potato yield
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.10.022
S532; S626.2
A
1002-6819(2017)-10-0168-08
2016-09-23
2017-04-10
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31301280);寧夏自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(NZ14012);寧夏大學(xué)大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新與人文社會(huì)科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目(15NXN23)
李 榮,女,副教授,主要從事節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)方面研究。銀川 寧夏大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,750021。Email:lironge_mail@126.com.