茶禪一味 道法自然

Integration of Zen and Tea in Natural Way

文/五花肉

在日本文化中，禪具有“不勻稱、簡樸、枯高、自然、幽玄、脫俗、靜寂”七種藝術(shù)特性。被譽為日本茶道“開山之祖”的村田珠光，將這種禪宗思想引入茶事，進而演化出“四諦七則”“非對稱”等茶道標準，造就了“茶禪一味”的獨特的茶道文化。

In Japanese culture, Zen has seven artistic characteristics, namely asymmetry, simplicity, austerity, nature, mystery, spirituality and quietness. Murata Juko, forerunner of the Japanese Teaism, introduced Zen into tea af f air, which developed a series of standards for teaism including "four truths and seven rules” and “asymmetry", creating a unique teaism culture of "integration of Zen and tea".

追求四諦的精神核心

Spiritual Cores of Four Truths

日本茶道追求的“和”“敬”“清”“寂”，被稱為茶道四諦，既是日本茶道的精神核心，也被視為必須遵循的茶道法則和倫理規(guī)范。

The four truths of Japanese Teaism are harmony, respect, purity and tranquility, which are recognized as the spiritual cores of Japanese Teaism, and viewed as the teaism rules and ethical norms.

以“敬”為例，最初的日本茶室入口，是根據(jù)客人的身份分別設(shè)置貴賓門和小門，經(jīng)過四諦的規(guī)范，全部統(tǒng)一成“不論身份地位一律自由出入”的小門；對飲時，主人需以左手掌托碗，右手五指輕轉(zhuǎn)碗沿，將碗上花紋圖案對向客人，跪地后舉茶齊眉恭請賓客，賓客接茶后再將碗上花紋圖案轉(zhuǎn)回至主人方向，舉碗至額以示感謝。凡此種種，都體現(xiàn)了人與人的平等。

Take "respect" as an example, the primitive entrance of Japanese tea rooms were set up VIP entrance and common entrance according to the identity of the guests. After following the four truths, all the entrances were unified into small entrances which were free access regardless of identity or status. In tea affairs, the host should hold the bowl with left hand, and rotate the edge of the bowl lightly with right hand until the f l oral designs toward the guests, then offer the tea to the guest while raising the tea to the eyebrow level in kneeling. The guest needs to rotate the floral designs back toward the host after receiving the tea, and raises the bowl to the forehead to show appreciation. All these steps demonstrate interpersonal equality．

遵循七則的茶道體系

Seven Rules of Teaism System

日本茶道，對環(huán)境、技藝、禮儀也有一整

套嚴格的程序和標準，主要包括“點茶要溫度適宜，放炭要恰到好處，茶湯要冬暖夏涼，鮮花要妙趣插成，儀式須提前準備，須常備雨具，待客要以心相待”等，統(tǒng)稱為七則。

Japanese teaism has a series of strict procedures and standards for environment, skill and etiquette. It can be concluded as seven rules, namely making tea at a proper temperature; laying the charcoal precisely; warmth in winter and coolness in summer of tea; arranging the flowers elaborately; preparation in advance; getting prepared for raining; and entertaining guests attentively.

比如：茶室面積多在9m2左右，小于此稱小間，大于此稱廣間；放炭時，要選用精致潔凈的炭精，撒灰的次數(shù)、動作與方位都有明確的標準；儀式主要包括點茶、煮茶、沖茶和獻茶；品茶則分為輪飲和單飲，前者是賓客輪流品嘗一碗茶，后者則是每人一碗茶。儀式結(jié)束后，賓客鞠躬告辭，主人跪坐門側(cè)送客。

For instance, most tea rooms are in an area of 9 square meters. The one smaller than 9 square meters will be called “small room”, while the one bigger than 9 square meters will be called “l(fā)arge room”; the charcoal shouldbe pure and delicate. Besides, the frequency, movement and direction of the dusting also have specific standards. The ceremony includes whisking tea, boiling tea, brewing tea and offering tea. Tea-tasting can be divided into “round drink” and “sole drink”. The former refers to a bowl of tea that is tasted by guests one by one, while the latter refers to a single bowl of tea drunk by one person. After the ceremony, the guests bow and leave, and the host sit on heels by side of the door and see the guests out.

獨特“非對稱”審美標準

Unique Asymmetrical Aesthetical Standard

以不平衡和非對稱為美，是日本茶道獨有的審美標準。最具代表性的茶陶“樂燒”，就以姿態(tài)不正者為上品。

Taking imbalance and asymmetry as beauty is the unique aesthetical standard for Japanese teaism. The most representative tea pottery "Raku Ware" is known as the top grade pottery for its irregular shape.

根據(jù)釉色不同，“樂燒”主要分為“赤樂”和“黑樂”，坯體規(guī)定手工捏制，摻入10%～20%的熟料，鍛燒至800℃，以淋釉、浸釉、噴釉或涂彩等方式上釉，在造型、色彩上追求不平衡和非對稱，有的碗口圓潤起伏、碗身凹凸不平，有的上釉薄厚不均、配色內(nèi)外不一，無處不彰顯“非對稱”的審美情趣。

According to the glaze color, Raku is divided into "Red Raku" and "Black Raku". The body must be handmade, mixed with clinkers at the percentage from 10% to 20%, and be calcinated up to 800℃. The glazing is conducted in ways of pouring, soaking, sprinkling and shading. In terms of shape and color, Raku pursues irregularity and asymmetry. Some have wavy bowl lip and unsmooth body while some have uneven glazes and dif f erent colors inside and outside. All these characteristics ref l ect the aesthetic sense of "asymmetry”.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

日本茶道，內(nèi)始于禪，外形于茶，在漫長的歷史發(fā)展進程中，兩者彼此滲入、相互影響，在標準理念的潛移默化下，最終融合而成“茶禪一味”的新境界。

Japanese teaism originates from Zen and appears in tea. In the prolong history of development, Zen and tea inf i ltrate and inf l uence each other, and f i nally integrate into a new realm "integration of Zen and tea" under the subtle inf l uence of standards concept.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標準化研究院）