王洪濤,韓靜宇,張 莉,金英杰,李 萍,趙杉林
(遼寧石油化工大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工與 環(huán)境學(xué)部,遼寧 撫順 113001)
BEA、MOR、MFI及其二元共生沸石的介孔改性
王洪濤,韓靜宇,張 莉,金英杰,李 萍,趙杉林
(遼寧石油化工大學(xué) 化學(xué)化工與 環(huán)境學(xué)部,遼寧 撫順 113001)
用晶種誘導(dǎo)法合成二元共生沸石β(BEA)-絲光(MOR)(w(MOR)= 50%)和ZSM-5(MFI)-MOR(w(MOR)= 58%)。用堿酸處理法對(duì)商業(yè)BEA、MOR、MFI及共生沸石進(jìn)行介孔改性。采用XRD、N2吸附-脫附、ICP-AES、TEM、SEM/EDX等技術(shù)研究改性沸石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和織構(gòu)介孔性質(zhì)。借助純硅BEA,MOR,MFI的骨架密度、孔道拓?fù)浜蜕伸蕯?shù)據(jù),考察脫硅選擇性、介孔性質(zhì)與沸石骨架結(jié)構(gòu)和熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,系列改性沸石具有較高的介孔率和結(jié)晶度保留率;改性沸石的介孔面積及介孔體積由大至小依次為BEA(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI-MOR(t),MFI(t),MOR(t)。骨架密度和熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性降低導(dǎo)致脫硅選擇性降低和介孔面積效率提高。
沸石結(jié)構(gòu);介孔改性;脫硅;β-沸石;絲光沸石;ZSM-5沸石;共生沸石
傳統(tǒng)沸石是由均一、有序排列的孔和籠構(gòu)成的結(jié)晶性微孔硅鋁酸鹽,骨架具有特征的孔道拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和分子篩分的效應(yīng)[1]。在石油化工、煤化工和精細(xì)化工等領(lǐng)域,酸型沸石作為固體酸催化劑被廣泛用于多相催化過(guò)程[2]。但沸石固有的微孔結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)大分子傳輸會(huì)產(chǎn)生內(nèi)擴(kuò)散限制[3],導(dǎo)致催化劑的效率因子和表觀活性下降[4]。通過(guò)骨架原子抽提向沸石晶體內(nèi)引入多級(jí)介孔,可有效提高烴分子傳質(zhì)效率[5],改進(jìn)催化劑性能[6–8]。Groen等[9]對(duì)ZSM-5沸石(MFI)[10]、絲光沸石(MOR)[11]、β沸石(BEA)[12]、Y型沸石(FAU)[13]等進(jìn)行改性研究,提出沸石組成和骨架負(fù)電荷屏蔽效應(yīng)是影響沸石控制脫硅的關(guān)鍵因素[14],沸石的微孔結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)附加介孔的形成具有誘導(dǎo)作用[15]。不同骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的硅鋁沸石顯現(xiàn)出不同的脫硅行為[16],導(dǎo)致改性沸石具有不同的結(jié)晶度、織構(gòu)性介孔率與孔徑分布[17-18],骨架硅鋁比、[AlO4]-四面體配位環(huán)境、酸性和催化性能也存在顯著差異[19-20]。迄今為止,有關(guān)脫硅行為和織構(gòu)介孔性質(zhì)與沸石骨架結(jié)構(gòu)及熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)聯(lián)研究較少[21-22]。
本工作對(duì)單相沸石BEA、MOR、MFI及相關(guān)二元共生沸石進(jìn)行介孔改性對(duì)比研究。采用XRD、N2吸附-脫附、ICP-AES、TEM、SEM/EDX等技術(shù)研究改性沸石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和織構(gòu)介孔性質(zhì)。借助純硅BEA,MOR,MFI的骨架密度、孔道拓?fù)浜蜕伸蕯?shù)據(jù),考察脫硅選擇性、介孔性質(zhì)與沸石骨架結(jié)構(gòu)和熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系。
1.1 沸石的合成與銨交換
純相銨型BEA,MOR,MFI高硅沸石由南開(kāi)大學(xué)催化劑公司提供,NH4-β,NH4-MOR,NH4-ZSM-5的硅鋁比分別為16.3,15.9,20.5。采用程序升溫焙燒法將銨型沸石轉(zhuǎn)化成質(zhì)子型,分別記作BEA(p),MOR(p),MFI(p)。
用晶種誘導(dǎo)法制備BEA-MOR和MFI-MOR共生沸石。合成BEA-MOR膠的摩爾組成為n(Na2O)∶n(SiO2)∶n(Al2O3)∶n((C2H5)4NOH)∶n(H2O)∶n(NaCl)=1.3∶30.0∶1.0∶11.6∶730∶4.4。BEA-MOR混合晶種質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.3%。用常規(guī)銨交換法將BEA-MOR共生沸石轉(zhuǎn)化成質(zhì)子型,記為BEA-MOR(p)。合成MFI-MOR膠的摩爾組成為n(Na2O)∶n(SiO2)∶n(Al2O3)∶n((C3H7)4NBr)∶n(H2O)=10∶(20~60)∶1.0∶10.5∶1 500。MFI-MOR混合晶種質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.3%。由MFI-MOR轉(zhuǎn)化的質(zhì)子型共生沸石記作MFI-MOR(p)。
1.2 H-型沸石堿酸聯(lián)合處理
按文獻(xiàn)[23]報(bào)道的方法,對(duì)系列質(zhì)子化的微孔沸石進(jìn)行脫硅、脫鋁處理。經(jīng)堿酸聯(lián)合處理后得到改性沸石BEA(t),MOR(t),MFI(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI-MOR(t)。
1.3 材料的表征
D/max-2400型X-射線衍射儀:日本理學(xué)公司,輻射源CuKα(λ=0.154 18 nm),石墨單色器,掃描范圍5°~50°,掃描步長(zhǎng)0.02°。Optima 3100RL型電感耦合等離子體原子發(fā)射光譜儀:Perkine Elmer 公司。ASAP 2420型物理吸附儀:Micromeritics公司,待測(cè)試樣在623 K、真空度10-4Pa下脫氣16 h,液氮冷阱溫度77 K。用BET模型計(jì)算總比表面積,按t-plot法計(jì)算微孔體積和微孔比表面積,BJH模型計(jì)算介孔體積、介孔比表面積和介孔孔徑。JSM-7500F型冷場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡:日本電子公司,加速電壓20 kV。JEM-2100型透射電子顯微鏡:日本電子公司,操作電壓100 kV。通過(guò)SEM選區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)采集試樣的能量彌散X射線譜和分析結(jié)晶組成。
2.1 晶體和孔結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)
2.1.1 XRD表征結(jié)果
不同骨架結(jié)構(gòu)沸石堿酸處理前后的XRD譜圖見(jiàn)圖1。由圖1可見(jiàn),H-型沸石BEA(p),MOR(p),MFI(p)為結(jié)晶性好、相純度較高的單相沸石。BEA-MOR(p)和MFI-MOR(p)由相應(yīng)的沸石相構(gòu)成,無(wú)定形相含量較低。XRD相組成分析結(jié)果表明,MFI-MOR(p)(w(MOR)= 58%)和BEA-MOR(p)(w(MOR)= 50%)的兩相質(zhì)量比相近。經(jīng)堿酸處理后的改性沸石保留了起始沸石晶體的長(zhǎng)程有序性且未觀察到其他晶相衍射峰,相對(duì)于各自前體的結(jié)晶度保留率因結(jié)構(gòu)和相組成而異。MFI-MOR(t)(w(MOR)= 66%)具有較高的結(jié)晶度保留率,但在BEA-MOR(t)(w(MOR)= 59%)共生相中穩(wěn)定性較低的BEA相的結(jié)晶度保留率顯著降低,且比純BEA(t)的結(jié)晶度保留率低8%。這可能是因共生相中BEA穩(wěn)定性較MOR低,所以BEA相優(yōu)先被堿液溶蝕。
圖1 不同骨架結(jié)構(gòu)沸石堿酸處理前(a)后(b)的XRD譜圖Fig.1 XRD patterns of initial(a) and alkaline-acid treated(b) zeolites with various structures.
2.1.2 N2吸附和孔結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)
改性沸石的N2吸附-脫附等溫曲線(a)和BJH孔分布曲線(b)見(jiàn)圖2。由圖2a可見(jiàn),在相對(duì)壓力小于0.45的范圍內(nèi),N2吸附量呈不同上升趨勢(shì)的等溫線可視為近似的Ⅰ型等溫線,表明改性沸石材料具有沸石固有的微孔和不同尺度的織構(gòu)性微孔(孔徑小于2 nm)。隨相對(duì)壓力的進(jìn)一步升高,等溫線發(fā)生不同程度的階躍且伴有近于H1型或H3型滯后環(huán),吸附等溫線接近Ⅳ型[24],表明改性沸石材料具有連通性較好的介孔系統(tǒng)。趨于飽和壓力的N2吸附量增加應(yīng)與堿酸處理形成的較大織構(gòu)孔和顆粒堆積孔有關(guān)[25]。因此,不同骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的改性沸石均屬含微孔、介孔結(jié)構(gòu)的沸石基多級(jí)孔材料。由圖2b可見(jiàn),受不同骨架穩(wěn)定性的影響[26],BEA(t)介孔孔尺度分布具有顯著均一性,MFI(t)和MFI-MOR(t)含寬分布次級(jí)介孔結(jié)構(gòu),MOR(t)呈現(xiàn)出較差的BJH介孔可幾分布率。
圖2 改性沸石的N2吸附-脫附等溫線(a)和BJH孔分布曲線(b)Fig.2 N2adsorption-desorption isotherms(a) and BJH pore size distributions(b) of the modified zeolites.
系列沸石處理前后的孔結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)表1。由表1可見(jiàn),與各自的起始沸石相比,改性沸石的微孔比表面積和微孔體積下降,介孔比表面積和介孔體積增加。其中,BEA(t)對(duì)應(yīng)的介孔比表面積和介孔體積增幅最大,但微孔比表面積和微孔體積有明顯損失。改性沸石的介孔比表面積及介孔體積由大至小依次為BEA(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI-MOR(t),MFI(t),MOR(t)?;贐EA-MOR(t)(w(MOR)= 59%)共生相組成和純相BEA(t)和MOR(t)介孔結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)估算的介孔比表面積(278.6 m2/g)和介孔體積(0.278 cm3/g)均小于實(shí)際檢測(cè)值。同理可得到MFIMOR(t)(w(MOR)= 66%)的介孔比表面積及介孔體積的估算值。顯然,兩類二元共生結(jié)構(gòu)的存在對(duì)改性沸石介孔結(jié)構(gòu)的形成均具有明顯的促進(jìn)作用。
表1 不同骨架結(jié)構(gòu)沸石堿酸處理前后的孔結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)Table 1 Porous structure properties of the initial and modified zeolites with various structures
2.1.3 SEM/TEM表征結(jié)果
BEA(t),MOR(t),MFI(t)試樣的SEM(a,c,e)和TEM(b,d,f)照片見(jiàn)圖3。由圖3a可見(jiàn),改性試樣BEA(t)仍保持多晶聚集態(tài),同時(shí)聚集體表面及微晶顆粒間出現(xiàn)大量因堿溶濾產(chǎn)生的刻痕。由圖3b可見(jiàn),BEA(t)晶體內(nèi)存在大量分布均勻的結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷。BEA(t)的吸附行為和均一介孔尺度分布應(yīng)主要取決于這些缺陷位的大小和分布密度。由于構(gòu)成硅鋁BEA沸石的A(手性)、B(非手性)多形體在結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱性上存在顯著差異,在同一晶格內(nèi)兩種多形體沿(001)方向形成的堆垛和層錯(cuò)對(duì)沸石脫硅形成介孔具有誘導(dǎo)作用[27],因此導(dǎo)致BEA(t)吸附量大、介孔分布相對(duì)均一。
由圖3c和圖3d可見(jiàn),MOR(t)晶體更加離散,表面具有以槽形孔為主的刻痕;MOR(t)晶體邊緣明顯被堿蝕,在相對(duì)苛刻的堿溶濾(358 K,2 h)條件下,晶體內(nèi)部受損程度仍然較低,晶內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷的分布具有取向排列傾向,但缺陷密度缺乏均勻性。因此,MOR(t)的介孔率和BJH孔徑的可幾分布率較低。
圖3 BEA(t),MOR(t),MFI(t)試樣的SEM( a,c,e)和TEM(b,d,f)照片F(xiàn)ig.3 SEM and TEM images of BEA(t),MOR(t) and MFI(t)(a,c,e:SEM,and b,d,f:TEM).
由圖3e可見(jiàn),MFI(t)晶體棱線依然清晰,晶面出現(xiàn)尺度不均的堿蝕裂痕。由圖3f可見(jiàn),MFI(t)晶體內(nèi)存在由堿蝕缺陷衍生的織構(gòu)孔,由于MFI型沸石結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定、十元環(huán)微孔尺度小,發(fā)生局域過(guò)度脫硅現(xiàn)象可能是形成較大次級(jí)介孔的根源。
BEA-MOR和MFI-MOR堿酸處理前后的SEM照片見(jiàn)圖4。由圖4可見(jiàn),起始試樣BEAMOR(p)是由BEA、MOR兩相附晶生長(zhǎng)形成的聚集體,在SEM下較難觀察到BEA或MOR的單相晶體。因受MOR晶體慣態(tài)影響,仔晶呈稍有序排列。堿酸處理使聚集態(tài)BEA-MOR(t)的顆粒間隙增大,條形仔晶斷裂且部分削弱了仔晶排列的有序性,這可能導(dǎo)致了BEA相更易被堿液溶蝕。在MFI-MOR(p)中只有部分MOR相以較大晶體形式存在,其余皆為聚集顆粒。由于聚集體所含仔晶形貌與純MFI、MOR常規(guī)晶貌有較大差異[11],推測(cè)這些聚集顆??赡苁荕FI、MOR兩相共生的產(chǎn)物。對(duì)MFI-MOR(t)而言,在相對(duì)溫和的堿溶濾條件下(338 K,0.5 h),聚集顆粒被刻蝕的程度明顯比MOR大晶體被刻蝕的程度高。
圖4 BEA-MOR和MFI-MOR堿酸處理前后的SEM照片F(xiàn)ig.4 SEM images of BEA-MOR and MFI-MOR intergrowths before and after combined alkaline-acid treatments.
2.2 骨架脫硅選擇性和介孔生成效率
2.2.1 產(chǎn)率、硅鋁比和脫硅選擇性
改性沸石的質(zhì)量收率、不同相的硅鋁比和脫硅、脫鋁選擇性見(jiàn)表2。由表2可見(jiàn),單相沸石產(chǎn)率按BEA(t),MFI(t),MOR(t)次序遞增,MFI-MOR(t)二元共生沸石的收率大于BEAMOR(t)。晶粒尺度大、結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性高的MOR相的質(zhì)量損失較低,含BEA相的沸石質(zhì)量損失較高。BEA(t)和BEA-MOR(t)的硅鋁比分別增至起始沸石的1.99倍和1.44倍,而MOR(t),MFI(t),MFI-MOR(t)的硅鋁比僅為對(duì)應(yīng)前體的1.06倍、1.09倍和1.11倍。即使經(jīng)歷堿溶濾和酸洗處理,不同骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的沸石均表現(xiàn)出極高的脫硅選擇性,脫鋁選擇性普遍較低。與其他沸石相比,含BEA相的沸石脫硅選擇性偏低。由此可見(jiàn),BEA相的存在導(dǎo)致改性試樣硅鋁比顯著提高,相對(duì)產(chǎn)率和脫硅選擇性降低,含MOR相的沸石恰好相反。
表2 改性沸石的質(zhì)量產(chǎn)率、不同相的硅鋁比和脫硅、脫鋁選擇性Table 2 Yields,Si/Al ratios in different phases,desilication selectivity(Sdesi) and dealumination selectivity(Sdeal) of the modified zeolites
2.2.2 骨架中心原子脫除效率
骨架中心原子脫除效率[27]反映了相對(duì)于沸石質(zhì)量損失所獲得的凈介孔面積增量,可視為評(píng)價(jià)介孔生成效率的綜合指標(biāo)。骨架中心原子脫除效率與沸石結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖5。由圖5可見(jiàn),與凈介孔面積相關(guān)的效率因子介孔面積效率(f(Smeso))按BEA(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI-MOR(t),MOR(t),MFI(t)次序降低;與凈介孔體積相關(guān)的效率因子介孔體積效率(f(Vmeso))按BEA(t),MFI-MOR(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI(t),MOR(t)次序降低。f(Smeso)的降低順序基本滿足低結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性和小晶體尺度的雙重效應(yīng),BEA(t) 結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性最低,且仔晶聚集體內(nèi)含粒間介孔。由折合孔徑表達(dá)式[28]可知,通常介孔體積相同或相近時(shí),可幾孔徑越小,比表面積越大,反之亦然。SEM 和N2吸附一脫附表征結(jié)果也表明,由于MOR(t)和MFI-MOR(t)含MOR大晶體,它們的介孔體積和一級(jí)介孔尺度較小且一級(jí)介孔分布強(qiáng)度低。由圖5還可見(jiàn),二元共生結(jié)構(gòu)的存在導(dǎo)致改性共生沸石的介孔生成效率至少高于其中一個(gè)純相的介孔生成效率。
圖5 不同結(jié)構(gòu)沸石的中心原子脫除效率Fig.5 Removal efficiencies of framework T-atoms in the zeolites with different structures.
2.3 孔道拓?fù)浜徒Y(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性的影響
不同純硅沸石的骨架密度、孔道拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)表3。高骨架密度有利于維持沸石的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性。從前體氧化物至沸石的生成焓(ΔHoxzeol<0)絕對(duì)值越大,則沸石的熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性越高;純硅沸石轉(zhuǎn)化成石英的相變焓(ΔHtransqtz>0)越小,則沸石骨架的熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性越高。
表3 不同純硅沸石的骨架密度、孔道拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)Table 3 Framework density,microporous structure properties and thermodynamics data of the pure silicon zeolites
f(Smeso)和脫硅選擇性與沸石結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系見(jiàn)圖6。由圖6a,c,e可見(jiàn),隨純硅沸石骨架密度的增加,f(Smeso)線性下降(R2= 0.999 7);隨沸石熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性提高,f(Smeso)單調(diào)下降。由圖6b,d,f可見(jiàn),脫硅選擇性與f(Smeso)的變化規(guī)律相反。由此可見(jiàn),骨架密度和熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性的降低導(dǎo)致沸石的脫硅選擇性降低、f(Smeso)提高。
圖6 f(Smeso)和脫硅選擇性與沸石結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系Fig.6 Relationships of bothf(Smeso) andSdesiwith the structural stability of the initial zeolites.
1)采用晶種誘導(dǎo)法合成BEA-MOR(w(MOR)= 50%)和MFI-MOR(w(MOR)= 58%)二元共生沸石。用堿酸處理法對(duì)商業(yè)BEA、MOR、MFI及共生沸石進(jìn)行介孔改性,制備出系列單相和共生沸石基多級(jí)孔材料。改性沸石材料具有較高的介孔率和結(jié)晶度保留率。改性沸石的介孔面積及介孔體積由大至小依次為BEA(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFIMOR(t),MFI(t),MOR(t)。質(zhì)量收率按照BEA(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI(t),MFIMOR(t),MOR(t)依次遞增。
2)沸石骨架密度、孔道拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)、熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性及晶體尺寸是影響沸石骨架脫硅和織構(gòu)介孔率的顯著因素。f(Smeso)按BEA(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI-MOR(t),MOR(t),MFI(t)次序降低;f(Vmeso)按BEA(t),MFI-MOR(t),BEA-MOR(t),MFI(t),MOR(t)次序降低。
3)對(duì)組成相近的單相沸石BEA,MOR,MFI,隨骨架密度增加f(Smeso)線性下降(R2= 0.999 7);隨沸石熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性提高,f(Smeso)單調(diào)下降。二元共生結(jié)構(gòu)的存在對(duì)改性沸石介孔結(jié)構(gòu)的形成均具有促進(jìn)作用,其介孔生成效率至少高于其中一個(gè)純相的介孔生成效率。
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(編輯 王 馨)
Mesopore modification of zeolites BEA,MOR,MFI and relevant binary intergrowths
Wang Hongtao,Han Jingyu,Zhang Li,Jin Yingjie,Li Ping,Zhao Shanlin
(Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical-Environmental Engineering,Liaoning Shihua University,F(xiàn)ushun Liaoning 113001,China)
Binary zeolite intergrowths,namely β-zeolite(BEA)-mordenite(MOR)(w(MOR) 50%) and ZSM-5 zeolite(MFI)-MOR(w(MOR) 58%),were synthesized by the seed-induced growth method. The two intergrowths and commercial zeolites with the BEA,MOR and MFI structures were modified through combined alkaline-acid treatments to form mesopores. The crystal structure an d mesoporosity of the modified zeolites were investigated by means of XRD,N2adsorptiondesorption,SEM,TEM and ICP-AES. Both of the desilication selectivity and the mesoporosity were correlated with the framework structures and the thermodynamic stability of the initial zeolites based on the framework density,pore channel topology and formation enthalpy of the pure silica zeolites. The results showed that,the modified zeolites were provided with significant mesoporosity and crystallinity preservation,and both the mesoporous specific surface area and the mesoporous volume were in order of BEA(t)>BEA-MOR(t)>MFI-MOR(t)>MFI(t)>MOR(t). The decrease in the framework density and the thermodynamic stability led to the decrease of the desilication selectivity but the increase of the efficiency of the mesoporous specific surface area.
zeolite structure;mesopore modification;desilication;β-zeolite;mordenite;ZSM-5 z eolite;zeolite intergrowths
1000-8144(2017)05-0543-09
TQ 424.25
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8144.2017.05.005
2016-12-29;[修改稿日期]2017-02-13。
王洪濤(1988—),男,遼寧省遼陽(yáng)縣人,碩士生,電話 18341310518,電郵 wanghongtao140217@163.com。聯(lián)系人:趙杉林,電話 13842300614,電郵 jinyingjie512@163.com。
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(21171083)。