吳 珊WU Shan
鄧文剛2DENG Wengang
朱劍芳1ZHU Jianfang
先天性四葉式主動(dòng)脈瓣的超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn)及手術(shù)結(jié)果隨訪
吳 珊1WU Shan
鄧文剛2DENG Wengang
朱劍芳1ZHU Jianfang
目的總結(jié)四葉式主動(dòng)脈瓣(QAV)的臨床及超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn)特點(diǎn),提高對(duì)QAV的認(rèn)識(shí)及術(shù)前診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。資料與方法回顧性分析南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院7例QAV患者的超聲心動(dòng)圖及臨床資料,觀察主動(dòng)脈瓣葉數(shù)目、回聲、形態(tài)、啟閉運(yùn)動(dòng)及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)情況,并隨訪其手術(shù)結(jié)果。結(jié)果7例患者中5例有胸悶、胸痛、心慌、氣促表現(xiàn),2例無(wú)明顯不適。超聲心動(dòng)圖均顯示有主動(dòng)脈瓣中至重度反流。4例診斷為QAV,2例未明確診斷,1例誤診。6例行主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)手術(shù)治療,術(shù)后均診斷為QAV,其中2例合并感染性心內(nèi)膜炎,1例合并升主動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張,手術(shù)順利,近期復(fù)查效果滿意,均痊愈出院。結(jié)論超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)診斷QAV有重要意義,但仍有漏診或誤診的可能。多數(shù)QAV預(yù)后良好,對(duì)于合并其他復(fù)雜畸形或已發(fā)生繼發(fā)性損害者,預(yù)后還需密切隨訪。
心臟缺損,先天性;主動(dòng)脈瓣;超聲心動(dòng)描記術(shù),多普勒,彩色;心臟瓣膜,人工;病理學(xué),外科
四葉式主動(dòng)脈瓣(quadricuspid aortic valves,QAV)是一種少見的瓣膜發(fā)育畸形的先天性心臟病。75%的QAV患者存在主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉不全,少數(shù)合并主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄[1]。超聲心動(dòng)圖術(shù)前診斷QAV對(duì)指導(dǎo)臨床治療有重要意義。但由于其發(fā)病率極低,臨床診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)有限,仍存在一定的漏診和誤診。本文總結(jié)了7例QAV患者的超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn),結(jié)合臨床資料及國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道進(jìn)行探討,以提高對(duì)QAV的認(rèn)識(shí)及術(shù)前診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 回顧性分析2014年10月-2016年8月在南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院診斷為QAV的7例患者的臨床及超聲心動(dòng)圖資料,其中男4例,女3例;年齡18~65歲,平均(43.7±18.9)歲。5例患者有胸悶、胸痛、心慌、氣促表現(xiàn),活動(dòng)后加重,2例患者無(wú)明顯不適。其中1例慢性腎功能衰竭,1例合并高血壓。主動(dòng)脈瓣聽診區(qū)均可聞及不同程度的舒張期和(或)收縮期雜音。胸片檢查提示心影增大,心電圖示竇性心率,1例同時(shí)伴左心室高電壓。2例行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查,1例未見明顯狹窄,1例提示冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,狹窄率<50%。術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:1例紅細(xì)胞沉降率為70 mm/h,C反應(yīng)蛋白為23.9 mg/L。
1.2 儀器與方法 采用Philips iE33和Philips iU22彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,探頭S5-1,頻率2~4 MHz。患者取左側(cè)臥位或平臥位,采用經(jīng)胸超聲探查,掃查心臟左心室長(zhǎng)軸切面、大動(dòng)脈短軸切面、心尖五腔心切面。當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈瓣病變時(shí)重點(diǎn)掃查大動(dòng)脈短軸切面,觀察主動(dòng)脈瓣情況。二維超聲觀察主動(dòng)脈瓣的數(shù)量、回聲、形態(tài)及啟閉運(yùn)動(dòng),彩色及頻譜多普勒超聲觀察主動(dòng)脈瓣血流動(dòng)力學(xué)情況。
2.1 QAV超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn)特點(diǎn) 7例患者左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fractions,LVEF)均>50%。二維超聲表現(xiàn):①均有不同程度的左心室增大,最大內(nèi)徑64 mm,其中1例合并升主動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張,2例合并左心房增大,2例合并室間隔與左心室后壁增厚。②大動(dòng)脈短軸切面顯示主動(dòng)脈瓣回聲增強(qiáng)、增粗,可見強(qiáng)回聲鈣化,收縮期開放呈“口”形,舒張期關(guān)閉見裂隙,2例瓣膜關(guān)閉呈“X”形(圖1),2例呈“十”形(圖2);另2例超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷僅提示主動(dòng)脈瓣病變,1例診斷為主動(dòng)脈瓣右冠瓣脫垂。彩色及頻譜多普勒超聲:7例均有不同程度的主動(dòng)脈瓣反流,見表1。
表1 7例QAV患者超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn)
圖1 女,52歲,QAV。收縮期開放呈“口”形(A,箭);舒張期關(guān)閉呈“X”形(B);瓣口探及中度主動(dòng)脈瓣反流(C)。LA:左心房;RA:右心房;RVOT:右心室流出道;PA:肺動(dòng)脈;AR:主動(dòng)脈瓣反流
圖2 女,37歲,QVA。瓣葉回聲增強(qiáng)、增粗,舒張期關(guān)閉呈“十”字形(A);彩色多普勒示主動(dòng)脈瓣和二尖瓣均可見大量反流(B)。MR:二尖瓣反流
2.2 手術(shù)及病理結(jié)果 7例患者術(shù)前超聲診斷4例,2例未明確診斷,1例誤診為主動(dòng)脈瓣右冠瓣脫垂。其中6例已行手術(shù)治療,3例為術(shù)前超聲診斷,3例為術(shù)中診斷。術(shù)中探查發(fā)現(xiàn)6例患者均為單純性主動(dòng)脈瓣畸形,主動(dòng)脈瓣呈四瓣化,瓣環(huán)擴(kuò)大,瓣葉增厚、鈣化,瓣口對(duì)合不良,2例主動(dòng)脈瓣可見泥沙樣贅生物,交界處融合,瓣口呈魚口狀狹窄。術(shù)后診斷QAV合并感染性心內(nèi)膜炎。所有患者均行主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)。3例因出現(xiàn)升主動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張、二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全及三尖瓣環(huán)擴(kuò)大,同時(shí)實(shí)行人工血管置換術(shù)、二尖瓣置換術(shù)及三尖瓣直視成形術(shù)。6例手術(shù)患者病理結(jié)果示Hurwitz分型A型2例,B型4例,主動(dòng)脈瓣膜均有纖維組織增生,不同程度玻璃樣變、黏液及散在炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。
3.1 QAV的發(fā)病特點(diǎn)和臨床特征 主動(dòng)脈瓣發(fā)育異常以二葉瓣最常見,其次是單葉瓣,QAV則十分少見[2]。Szymczyk等[3]統(tǒng)計(jì)2053份冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的CTA報(bào)告,發(fā)現(xiàn)二葉瓣異常19例(0.9%),單葉瓣異常和四葉瓣異常各1例(0.05%)。QAV平均發(fā)病年齡(43.5±21.8)歲,男女比例相當(dāng)[4]。本組7例患者平均發(fā)病年齡(43.7± 18.9)歲,男女比例1.3∶1,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符。多數(shù)QAV為單純性畸形,少數(shù)可合并其他畸形或病變[2,5-7],其中冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)育異常最為常見(10.2%)。本組6例手術(shù)患者均為單純性畸形,其中1例合并升主動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張,2例合并感染性心內(nèi)膜炎。
3.2 QAV的超聲表現(xiàn)特征 QAV患者早期癥狀可不明顯,主動(dòng)脈瓣膜無(wú)反流或僅有少量反流,常規(guī)超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查易漏診。隨著年齡增加,瓣膜長(zhǎng)期受血流沖擊,發(fā)生纖維化、粘連、鈣化,瓣口出現(xiàn)中至重度反流,引起超聲醫(yī)師的注意,成為引導(dǎo)超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)QAV的一個(gè)重要特征[4,8];此外,其另一個(gè)重要特征為大動(dòng)脈短軸切面可見主動(dòng)脈瓣呈四葉改變。若超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈瓣為四瓣形態(tài),則可確診為QAV,但對(duì)于病史較長(zhǎng)的患者,瓣葉損害嚴(yán)重,瓣膜出現(xiàn)粘連、融合,經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查多數(shù)無(wú)法清晰顯示各瓣葉的形態(tài)和啟閉運(yùn)動(dòng),此時(shí)可聯(lián)合經(jīng)食管超聲檢查及三維超聲心動(dòng)圖或其他影像檢查技術(shù)輔助診斷。本組有3例未診斷出QAV,這3例患者病程均較長(zhǎng)(57、57、65歲),且其中2例合并感染性心內(nèi)膜炎,瓣膜受損嚴(yán)重,故而出現(xiàn)漏診或誤診。多數(shù)四葉瓣對(duì)合不良,致使瓣膜出現(xiàn)反流,跨瓣血流對(duì)瓣膜的長(zhǎng)期沖擊致使瓣膜結(jié)構(gòu)損傷,進(jìn)一步加重了瓣膜關(guān)閉不全,使反流更加嚴(yán)重,形成惡性循環(huán),最終引起心功能損害[9],同時(shí)損傷的瓣膜使QAV合并感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的幾率升高[10]。
3.3 QAV的手術(shù)及預(yù)后 早期QAV患者瓣膜功能良好,腔室未改變、心功能無(wú)受損時(shí),可不必手術(shù),僅密切隨訪;隨著病程延長(zhǎng),病情加重,為防止心肌發(fā)生不可逆損害,多需采取手術(shù)治療。本組6例手術(shù)患者發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)病程均已為中晚期,瓣口出現(xiàn)中至重度反流、腔室擴(kuò)大,故采用手術(shù)治療,手術(shù)方式為主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù),其中合并升主動(dòng)脈瘤樣擴(kuò)張、二尖瓣及三尖瓣病變者同時(shí)實(shí)行人工血管置換術(shù)、二尖瓣置換術(shù)及三尖瓣直視成形術(shù)。手術(shù)均成功。單純性QAV未引起心功能損害或僅合并簡(jiǎn)單畸形時(shí),雖常存在主動(dòng)脈瓣反流,但手術(shù)效果較為滿意,遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后也較好[4]。對(duì)于合并其他復(fù)雜畸形或已出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)性病變(如感染性心內(nèi)膜炎、主動(dòng)脈夾層、心肌不可逆損害等)的患者,其遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后尚不清楚。吳偉春等[11]對(duì)術(shù)前LVEF值<50%的QAV患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行1年以上的隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),這部分患者LVEF值仍不能恢復(fù)正常。本組6例手術(shù)患者術(shù)前LVEF值均>50%,手術(shù)效果滿意,術(shù)后近期復(fù)查超聲心動(dòng)圖,心功能均良好,置換瓣未見反流,已痊愈出院,但其遠(yuǎn)期療效還需密切隨訪。
總之,QAV為少見的發(fā)育畸形,主動(dòng)脈瓣中至重度反流為超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷QAV的重要標(biāo)志。常規(guī)超聲應(yīng)注意觀察主動(dòng)脈瓣葉情況,當(dāng)瓣口出現(xiàn)具有臨床意義的反流量時(shí),應(yīng)考慮是否存在QAV,必要時(shí)可聯(lián)合其他影像學(xué)技術(shù)輔助檢查。多數(shù)QAV患者手術(shù)效果滿意,對(duì)于合并復(fù)雜畸形或已出現(xiàn)心功能受損、繼發(fā)性病變者,遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后還需更深入的研究。
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(本文編輯 張曉舟)
Echocardiographic Manifestations of Congenital Quadricuspid Aortic Valves and Surgical Follow-ups
PurposeTo summarize the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of congenital quadricuspid aortic valves (QAV) so as to improve the understanding of QAV and the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.Materials and MethodsThe clinical and echocardiographic data of 7 patients with QAV at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were retrospectively studied, and the features such as the aortic valve (AV) leaf number, echo, shape, opening and closing movements, and its hemodynamics were observed and compared with surgical follow-ups.ResultsFive out of the 7 patients had chest tightness, chest pain, fluster, shortness of breath, and 2 others had no discomfort. The echocardiography presented that all the cases had moderate or severe aortic valve regurgitation. 4 patients were diagnosed as QAV, 2 patients were not diagnosed definitely, and the rest 1 was misdiagnosed. 6 patients underwent aortic valve replacement and were all confirmed with QAV, among whom 2 patients were combined with infective endocarditis, and 1 patient was with aortic dilatation. All the surgical operations were successful and the patient's physical conditions were good after surgery.ConclusionEchocardiography plays an important role in diagnosis of aortic valve, but it is possible to be missed or misdiagnosed. Most QAV patients have good prognosis, but close follow-ups are needed when QAV is combined with other complex deformity or has induced secondary damages.
Heart defects, congenital; Aortic valve; Echocardiography, Doppler, color; Heart valve prosthesis; Pathology, surgical
1. 南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院超聲診斷科 江西南昌 330000
2. 贛州市人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科 江西贛州341000
朱劍芳
Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
Address Correspondence to: ZHU Jianfang E-mail: 13870807565@139.com
R543.3;R445.1
2016-09-28
修回日期:2016-11-04
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像學(xué)雜志
2017年 第25卷 第3期:208-210
Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging
2017 Volume 25 (3): 208-210
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2017.03.012