付麗麗

山東

特殊句式具有特定的形式和意義，不同于常規(guī)的語法規(guī)律和形式，在對其進行掌握和應用方面有獨特之處，因此，對特殊句式的考查既是高考命題的一個重點，也是考生得分的一個難點。

高考對特殊句式的考查主要體現在以下幾個方面：倒裝句、省略句、強調句、虛擬語氣以及其他特殊句式。

一、特殊句式的考點

1. 倒裝、省略和虛擬

特殊句式的考查中，倒裝與省略是最大的考查點。倒裝句通過改變正常的句子成分排列順序增加了理解的難度，主要考點如下。

（1） 表示“一……就……”的時間狀語從句：Hardly/Scarcely...when...，No sooner...than...。

（2）only強調狀語引起句子倒裝。

（3）方位副詞或否定副詞置于句首引起倒裝。

（4）so/such…that...引導結果狀語從句引起倒裝。

【典例1】 Only when Lily walked into the office ______ that she had left the contract at home. （2015年天津卷）

A. she realized

B. has she realized

C. she has realized

D. did she realize

解析：本題考查only在句首引起的倒裝結構。only位于句首引導時間狀語從句，主句要用主謂倒裝結構。再根據句子使用的過去時態(tài)可知，答案應該選D。

【典例2】Only after talking to two students ________ that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.（2015年湖南卷）

A. I did discover

B. did I discover

C. I discovered

D. discovered

解析：本題考查only在句首引起的倒裝結構。only所修飾的狀語為狀語從句時， 該狀語從句的主謂不倒裝，但是主句的謂語要倒裝。因此，答案選B。

省略句則因為減少了句子成分而變得難以理解，特別是一些句子中對主語的省略。

【典例3】—The movie starts at 8：30， and we can have a quick bite before we go.

— ________ . See you at 8：10. （2016年浙江卷）

A. So long

B. Sounds great

C. Good luck

D. Have a good time

解析：本題考查省略了主語的習慣用語?！癝ounds great.”之前省略了主語it， 指代上句中所說的看電影之前吃快餐的主意，在口語中常被省略。因此，答案選B。

如果狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致，并且是主系表或者謂語是進行時或被動語態(tài)時，可以將主語和be動詞一起省略。例如：

While walking the dog， you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.

Though （they were） tired， they went on working.

You shouldnt come to his party unless （you were） invited.

也有一些句子既改變句子順序，也省略句子成分，特別是虛擬語氣中if引導的條件狀語從句中謂語動詞含有were， had 和should這三個詞時，可省去if，將這三個詞提前引起倒裝。請比較典例4和典例5。

【典例4】 I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I________. （2016年天津卷）

A. were injured

B. would be injured

C. had been injured

D. would have been injured

解析：本題考查if引導的虛擬語氣。If引導虛擬語氣時，從句使用had been wearing表示對過去動作行為的虛擬，主句要用表示對過去虛擬的would have done形式。因此，本題選D。

【典例5】Had the governments and scientists not worked together， AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005. （2016年浙江卷）

A. had not fallen

B. would not fall

C. did not fall

D. would not have fallen

解析：本題考查if引導的虛擬語氣。從句“Had the governments and scientists not worked together”既使用了省略又使用了倒裝，這個句子的原型是“if the governments and scientists had not worked together”， 據此可以看出，從句是對過去動作行為的虛擬，主句也要用對過去虛擬的would have done形式。因此，本題選D。

2.強調句型

強調句型 “it be + 被強調部分+that/who+ 句子的其他成分”是高考試題對特殊句式考查的一個重點，主要考查對強調句型的識別及連接詞that和who的選用。強調句式的主要特點是：去掉it be 和that/who這幾個單詞后，剩下的部分必須構成一個完整的句子，句子成分既不缺少，也不多余。

【典例1】 You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel _______ the coach picks up tourists. （2016年天津卷）

A. who

B. which

C. where

D. that

解析：本題考查強調句型。在這個句子中，去掉it is 和that后，剩下的句子部分可以構成一個完整的句子：The coach picks up tourists at the hotel.因此可以判定，這是一個強調句型，故答案選D。

【典例2】 But like so many other things， it is only too much stress ______ does you harm. （2016年上海卷）

解析：本題考查強調句型，空白處應該填入that。在這個句子中，去掉it is 和that后，剩下的句子部分可以構成一個完整的句子：Only too much stress does you harm.因此可以判定，該句考查強調句型，空白處應該填入that。

和強調句型相似，容易引起誤解的其他幾個?？季湫陀校?/p>

It is + 時間段 + since...意為“自從……以來有……時間”。

It is + 時間點 + when...意為“當……的時候，時間是……”。

It is + 時間段 + before...意為“還要過……才”。例如：

It is almost five years since we saw each other last time.

It was one oclock in the morning when he came back.

It wont be long before they understand each other.

3. 幾個特殊的狀語從句

狀語從句中特殊句式的考查主要集中在比較狀語從句和個別特殊引導詞上。比較狀語從句多集中考查“The more， the better”“A is to B what C is to D”或“as...as”的特殊句式。特殊引導詞多體現在考查常見連詞的熟詞生義上。例如：用on doing和the moment等詞引導時間狀語從句，表示“一……就……”等；when作“突然，在那時”或“如果”時引導的狀語從句；while作“盡管”引導的讓步狀語從句。

【典例1】Up to a certain point， the more stress you are under， the _____（good） your performance will be. （2016年上海卷）

解析：本題考查“The more， the better”比較狀語從句，空白處應該填入 better。這個句型具有典型的以the +形容詞比較級開頭的特征，根據前半句容易判定，后面也應該填入good的比較級better。

【典例2】We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite， rather than _______ us. （2016年浙江卷）

A. divide

B. reject

C. control

D. abandon

解析：本題考查比較句式。when引導的時間狀語從句中使用了比較結構，rather than意為“而不是”，表示前后的對比，根據前面的unite（團結）選出后面的正確答案divide（分裂）。因此，答案選A。

【典例3】I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do_______ with students. （2016年浙江卷）

A. working

B. work

C. to work

D. Worked

解析：本題考查非謂語動詞，但試題的理解取決于對比較結構“as...as”的理解，答案選A。題干意思是“我過去航海所獲得的樂趣與現在和學生一起工作所獲得的樂趣一樣多”。working with students是一個分詞結構，相當于時間狀語從句“when I am working with students”。

【典例4】雖然當時我年幼，不理解這部電影的含義，但我記得我的家人都感動得落淚了。（too…to...）（2016年上海卷，句子翻譯）

解析：本題考查“too…to...”特殊句式，意為“太……而不能……”。答案是：Although I was then too young to understand the meaning of the film， I remember my family were moved to tears.

4. 其他特殊句式

除了以上列舉的一些特殊句式外，常考的特殊句式還有：there be句型，祈使句+and+順承結果，祈使句+or+相反結果，以及其他固定句式。

【典例1】為買一雙運動鞋而通宵排隊有意義嗎？（point）（2016年上海卷，句子翻譯）

解析：本題考查there be句型。答案是：What is the point of/in lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes？ / Is there any point （in） lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes？

【典例2】—Im thinking of going back to school to get another degree.

—Sounds great！ ________. （2016年天津卷）

A. It all depends

B. Go for it

C. Never mind

D. No wonder

解析：本題考查固定句式，答案選B?！癎o for it！”是一個固定句式，意為“加油！”

二、鞏固練習

（一）單句填空

1. It was when we were returning home ________ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

2. ________（observe）carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab.

3. Bach died in 1750， but it was not until the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized.

4. Not until yesterday ________ little John change his mind.

5. Dont be discouraged. ________ （take） things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.

6. The climate here is quite pleasant， the temperature rarely，if________， reaching 30 degrees in summer.

7. It was the culture， rather than the language， ________ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.

8. ________ （there be） no modern telecommunications， we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.

9. Children，when ________（accompany） by their parents， are allowed to enter the stadium.

10. It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic________ Zheng He sailed to East Africa.

11. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise， if ________ （carry out） regularly， can improve our health.

12. ________ when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.

13. ________ （make） what youre doing today important， because youre trading a day of your life for it.

14. Its not doing the things we like， but liking the things we have to do ________ makes life happy.

15. It was not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________ I found we had a lot in common.

16. When it comes to ________ （speak） in public， no one can match him.

17. No sooner ________ （have） Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

18. Was it because Jack came late for school ________ Mr. Smith got angry？

19. Give me a chance， ________ Ill give you a wonderful surprise.

20. If he________ （catch） the morning train， he would not have been late for the meeting.

21. Someone has used my bike， but I dont know ________（who）.

22. While ________（wait）， I was reading some magazines.

23. Though ________（tire）， they went on working.

24. He paused as if ________（expect） her to speak.

25. No sooner had he gone to bed ________ he fell asleep.

26. Only when the war was over in 1918 ________（be） he able to get happily back to work.

27. ________ loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

28. ________ does John love Chinese， he is also good at speaking it.

29. Not until my son had entered the university ________（do） he realize the importance of time.

30. They arrived at a house， in front of which ________（sit） an old man.

31. Then ________（follow） eight years of the Anti Japanese War.

32. ________（call） me tomorrow and Ill let you know the lab result.

33. So loudly did Tom speak ________ everyone could hear him.

34. Clever ________ he is， he does not study well.

35. She does well in English， but is poor in maths. ________ it is with Lucy.

36. Hadnt it been for their help， we ________（finish） the work on time.

37. Hardly had he arrived ________ it began to snow.

38. —Do you think its going to rain over the weekend？

—I believe not./I believe ________.

39. ________ possible， I would like to go there tomorrow.

40. Hearing the dog barking fiercely， away________（flee） the thief.

（二）語篇填空

A

One day， Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen 1 suddenly he found that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son，

“ 2 （go） to the village and buy some salt， but pay a fair price for it； neither too much

3 too little.”

His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldnt pay too much， Father， but if I can pay less， why 4 save a bit of money？”

“That would be a very reasonable thing to do in a big city， but it could destroy a small village like ours，” Nick said.

Nicks guests， when 5 （hear） their conversation， asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply 6 they could. Nick replied， “Only when a man was desperate for money 7 （will）he sell salt at a lower price. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect for the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”

“But such a small thing 8 it that the village couldnt possibly be destroyed.”

“In the beginning， there 9 only a very small amount of unfairness in the world， but everyone added a little， always thinking that it was only small and not very important，

10 look where we have ended up today.”

B

Tears went out of my eyes when I talked to my parents on 1 phone. What were they doing when I called them？ I had supper at five in the dining room. There is no need for me to cook and wash the dishes. However， now it is the 2 （busy） time for my parents. Dad works from seven in the morning to nine in the evening. Therefore， all of the housework is

3 （leave） to my mum alone. She also has to work in the vineyard， 4 her own job.

Every day she gets up at 4 oclock in the morning， and then works till dark. One day I called her at 7：30 in the evening. She told me she was still in the vineyard. Tears ran down

5 my cheeks.

Dear mum， Ill study hard in the university， but I want you to tend 6 （you） and dad.

Mum has ever said 7 the happiest time for Dad and her is when my sister and I come home. We play cards in the room， watch TV or do 8 else we like， with dad and mum 9 （prepare） delicious food in the kitchen. It is also the happiest time for me. I could forget all the difficulties and 10

（unhappy）. The only thing to do is to enjoy the time with my parents.

Love， sometimes， doesnt need many words. Love your parents like they love you. Give them a call， and tell them you miss them.

C

Everyone has his plans. I 1 have my plans. One of my important plans is to build a school 2 poor children.

As we all know， though our country is developing fast， there are 3 many poor children in mountain villages and some faraway places. Their families are very poor. Some

4 （have） no money to go to school and some have to drop out. They dont have normal education 5 have a strong wish to learn knowledge like 6 （we）.

How I wish to be able to help them！ I dont have very much money but I still want to help them. I am determined to study hard and try to learn all the subjects well. 7 so， I will be able to study in a good university and find a good job after 8 （graduate）. When I have earned enough money， I will set up a school for poor children and let them 9

（study） in it for free.

Though the above is just 10 plan， I will do my best. Of course， to realize it， I must study hard now.