王標

一、賓語從句

用句子做賓語的從句叫賓語從句。賓語從句在中考中占有舉足輕重的地位，其考點主要集中在引導(dǎo)詞、語序、時態(tài)以及與簡單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，現(xiàn)就其用法詳述如下：

（一）賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞根據(jù)句式的不同，一般分為三種情況：

1.當(dāng)賓語從句是陳述句時，其引導(dǎo)詞用that。that無具體意義，不用翻譯，在口語中可以省略。

2.當(dāng)賓語從句是一般疑問句時，其引導(dǎo)詞用whether或if，意為“是否”，一般情況下兩者可以互換。但當(dāng)從句中含有or not或從句位于主句中的介詞（短語）后時，只能用whether。

3.當(dāng)賓語從句是特殊疑問句時，引導(dǎo)詞就是特殊疑問句中的特殊疑問代詞（who， whose， which， what， whom）和特殊疑問副詞（when， where， how， why）等，其意義不變。

【中考鏈接】

1. （2016年河南卷） —What did Tom say to you just now， John？

—He asked _____.

A. why I am so happy today

B. what will I do for the weekend

C. who did I play football with after school

D. if I could go to the movie with him tonight

【答案精析】D。賓語從句要用陳述語序，可先排除B、C兩項；由主句中的asked可推知，從句要用與過去相關(guān)的時態(tài)，排除A項。故選D。答句意為：他問我今天晚上能否去和他一起看電影。引導(dǎo)詞用if。

2. （2016年南京卷） —Are you going camping this afternoon？

—A typhoon is coming. Im not sure _____ the road to the mountains will be closed.

A. which B. what

C. whether D. why

【答案精析】C。句意為：——今天下午，你將去野營嗎？——臺風(fēng)就要來了。我不能確定通往山區(qū)的道路_____關(guān)閉。which“哪一個”；what“什么”；whether“是否”；why“為什么”。由句中的“不能確定”可知，后面賓語從句意為“是否關(guān)閉”。故選C。

3. （2016年綏化卷） I dont know _____ he will come or not this afternoon.

A. if B. when

C. whether

【答案精析】 C。句意為：我不知道今天下午他來不來。if“是否”；when“什么時候”；whether“是否”，常與or not連用。根據(jù)句中的or not可知選C。

4. （2016年天津卷） —Could you tell me _____ youll go to Paris？

—Next month.

A. why B. where

C. when D. how

【答案精析】C。句意為：——你能告訴我你將_____去巴黎嗎？——下個月。根據(jù)答語“下個月”可知，上句詢問的是時間，故C項符合題意。

（二）賓語從句的語序

在含賓語從句的復(fù)合句中，賓語從句必須使用陳述語序。其結(jié)構(gòu)為“引導(dǎo)詞+主語+謂語”，即凡有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞在從句主語前面的都要調(diào)到主語的后面（若是助動詞do， does， did，則要去掉）。

【中考鏈接】

5. （2016年海南卷） They solved the problem in the end. Yet I really dont know _____.

A. how did they make it

B. how they made it

C. why did they make it

【答案精析】B。句意為：他們最后解決了問題。然而我真不知道他們是如何做到的。賓語從句要用陳述語序，而A、C兩項都是疑問語序，不符合要求。故選B。

（三）賓語從句的時態(tài)

關(guān)于賓語從句的時態(tài)，我們重點掌握兩種情況：

1.當(dāng)主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時、一般將來時，從句中的謂語動詞可以根據(jù)實際情況使用任何時態(tài)。

2.當(dāng)賓語從句的主句是一般過去時，賓語從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)保持一致，即從句要使用與過去相關(guān)的時態(tài)。

【溫馨提示】當(dāng)賓語從句的主句是一般過去時，而從句中所敘述的是客觀事實或科學(xué)真理時，從句的時態(tài)不受任何限制，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。

【中考鏈接】

6. （2016年臨沂卷） —Excuse me， do you know _____ yesterday？

—Sure. It closed at 6：00 p.m. yesterday.

A. when the bookstore closes

B. when does the bookstore close

C. when the bookstore closed

D. when did the bookstore close

【答案精析】C。句意為：——打擾一下，你知道昨天商店何時關(guān)門的？——當(dāng)然。昨天下午6點關(guān)門。賓語從句語序應(yīng)為陳述句語序，故可排除B、D兩項；根據(jù)時間狀語yesterday可知用一般過去時。故選C。

7. （2016年內(nèi)江卷） I didnt hear _____. So I asked him to repeat it.

A. what did he say at the meeting

B. what he said at the meeting

C. where would he spend his holiday

D. where he has spent his holiday

【答案精析】B。句意為：我沒有聽見他在會議上說的話。因此我讓他重復(fù)一下。賓語從句應(yīng)用陳述語序，排除A、C兩項；當(dāng)主句是過去時時，從句一般用與過去相關(guān)的時態(tài)，D項是現(xiàn)在完成時，故可排除掉。選B。

8. （2016年丹東卷） Our geography teacher told us that the earth _____ the sun.

A. went around

B. goes around

C. is going around

D. was going around

【答案精析】B。句意為：我們地理老師曾告訴我們地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)是客觀事實，故從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。選B。

二、狀語從句

狀語從句在復(fù)合句中起狀語的作用，修飾主句中的謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，從屬連詞不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。狀語從句可分為時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、讓步狀語從句等。

（一）時間狀語從句

時間狀語從句通常由when， before， after， as soon as， till， while等引導(dǎo)。在時間狀語從句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來時時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。

【中考鏈接】

1. （2016年烏魯木齊卷） Some people wont realize the importance of their friendship _____ they lose it.

A. after B. when

C. until D. as

【答案精析】C。句意為：一些人直到失去了友誼才意識到它的重要性。after“在……之后”；when“當(dāng)……時候”；until“直到”； not ... until表示“直到……才”；as“作為，由于”。根據(jù)句意可知選C。

2. （2016年西寧卷） When shall we begin our trip？

—Well set out _____ our head teacher arrives.

A. as soon as B. ever since

C. so that D. even though

【答案精析】A。as soon as“一……就”；ever since“自從……以來”；so that“以便，為了”；even though“盡管”。句意為：——我們什么時候開始旅行呢？——校長一到（這里）我們就出發(fā)。表示“一……就……”用as soon as。故選A。

3. （2016年重慶A卷） Dont worry. Bill will help you look after your dog when you _____ away on business.

A. are B. were

C. will be D. have been

【答案精析】A。句意為：不要著急，你出差時比爾會幫你照看小狗。根據(jù)“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則，即主句為一般將來時，時間狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時，故選A。

（二）條件狀語從句

條件狀語從句通常由if， as long as， unless引導(dǎo)。在條件狀語從句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來時時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。

【中考鏈接】

4. （2016年長春卷） —The students of Grade 9 in Changchun have to take part in the P.E. test from 2016.

—Yes， _____ you want to pass it and be stronger， practice more.

A. until B. if

C. unless D. or

【答案精析】B。句意為：——從2016年起，長春市九年級的學(xué)生必須參加體育考試?！堑?，如果你想通過體育考試并變得更強壯，那么就多加訓(xùn)練。根據(jù)句意選B。

5. （2016年宜昌卷） —Learning to love is like learning to walk.

—Yes， _____ we step out bravely， well find its not so difficult.

A. as if B. even though

C. as long as D. as far as

【答案精析】C。答句意為：只要我們勇敢邁出去，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有那么難。故答案選C。as long as意為“只要”，表示條件。

6. （2016年廣東卷） Unless the weather _____， well have to cancel the picnic.

A. improve B. improves

C. improved D. will improve

【答案精析】B。句意為：除非天氣狀況有所改善，否則我們必須取消野餐。unless相當(dāng)于if not，意為“除非、如果不”，引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句，該從句遵從“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則，故用一般現(xiàn)在時。選B。

（三）原因狀語從句

原因狀語從句通常由because， since， as等連詞引導(dǎo)。

【中考鏈接】

7. （2016年陜西卷） I didnt accept his help _____ I wanted to try it myself.

A. because B. though

C. until D. unless

【答案精析】A。句意為：我沒有接受他的幫助，因為我想親自去嘗試。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，前一個分句（I didnt accept his help）與后一分句（I wanted to try it myself）是因果關(guān)系，故答案選A。

（四）比較狀語從句

比較狀語從句通常由than， as … as等連詞引導(dǎo)。

【中考鏈接】

8. （2016年新疆卷） He is a little _____ than you， but he is as _____ as you.

A. thin； stronger B. thinner； stronger

C. thinner； strong D. thin； strong

【答案精析】C。句意為：他比你瘦點兒，但是和你一樣強壯。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞than可知第一個空用比較級；第二個空as … as中間用形容詞或副詞的原級。故選C。

（五）結(jié)果狀語從句

結(jié)果狀語從句由so … that， such … that等引導(dǎo)。

【中考鏈接】

9. （2016年內(nèi)江卷） He felt _____ surprised that he couldnt say a word with his mouth wide open.

A. very B. such

C. so D. too

【答案精析】C。句意為：他感到如此意外，以至于嘴巴張得大大的，卻一句話也說不出來。such … that … 與so … that … 都有“如此……以至于……”的意思，但such用來強調(diào)名詞，so用來強調(diào)形容詞或副詞。題干中有形容詞surprised，故選C。

（六）目的狀語從句

目的狀語從句由so that， in order that等引導(dǎo)。

【中考鏈接】

10. （2016年丹東卷） We must get up early _____ we can catch the first bus to school.

A. so that B. such that

C. in order to D. in order

【答案精析】A。句意為：我們必須早起，以便能趕上第一輛公交車去學(xué)校。so that“以便、目的”，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。故選A。

（七）讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句由though， although， even though等引導(dǎo)。

【中考鏈接】

11. （2016年沈陽卷） _____ Simon has done well in his studies， he still works really hard.

A. Although B. Because

C. Unless D. When

【答案精析】A。句意為：盡管西蒙學(xué)習(xí)很好，但他仍然很努力地學(xué)習(xí)。由后面的still可知前后句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系；has done well in his studies與works really hard之間不存在相反關(guān)系，說明前半句應(yīng)是讓步狀語從句。although“盡管……但是”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；because “因為”，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句；unless“除非”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句；when“當(dāng)……時候”，引導(dǎo)時間和賓語狀語從句。故選A。

三、定語從句

定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句總是跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中做一個句子成分：關(guān)系代詞起名詞或代詞的作用；關(guān)系副詞起副詞或介詞短語的作用。

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致；關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，可以省略。

（一）先行詞指人時

先行詞指人時，定語從句由who， whom， that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中who和that可以做主語或賓語，whom只做賓語。

【中考鏈接】

1. （2016年長春卷） Mr. Chen is a teacher _____ I want to learn from. He is so knowledgeable.

A. which B. when

C. who D. what

【答案精析】C。句意為：陳先生是一名老師，我想向他學(xué)習(xí)。他的知識很淵博。定語從句的先行詞是a teacher，指人，故用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)從句。故選C。

2. （2016年山西卷） The earth is the planet _____ provides us with everything we need， fresh air， clean water and so on. Its our duty to protect it.

A. who B. that

C. where

【答案精析】B。句意為：地球是為我們提供一切所需的星球，如新鮮的空氣、干凈的水等。保護它是我們的責(zé)任?？崭袂暗南刃性~planet是表示物的名詞，故用關(guān)系詞which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句。選B。

3. （2016年荊門卷） —Do you know the herb expert， Tu Youyou？

—Yes， she is the first Chinese _____ won a Nobel prize in science.

A. who have B. that have

C. which has D. who has

【答案精析】D。句意為：——你知道藥學(xué)家屠呦呦嗎？——是的，她是中國第一個在科學(xué)方面獲得諾貝爾獎的人。因為句中先行詞為Chinese，且在從句中充當(dāng)主語，所以引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)為who / that；又因為先行詞Chinese在該句中指代一個人，為名詞單數(shù)，所以從句中謂語應(yīng)與其搭配，用has，故答案為D。

（二）先行詞指物時

先行詞指物時，定語從句由which和that引導(dǎo)。

【中考鏈接】

4. （2016年大慶卷） Everyone was surprised at the photos _____ were taken by Mr. Thomas in the deep sea.

A. who B. /

C. what D. which

【答案精析】D。句意為：大家都對托馬斯先生在深海中拍攝的照片感到好奇。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞是“人”，在從句中做主語；what不能做定語從句關(guān)系詞；which引導(dǎo)定語從句時，先行詞為“物”。根據(jù)前面的先行詞the photos可知，要用which引導(dǎo)，故答案為D。

5. （2016年郴州卷） —Which invention do you like best？

—QQ. It is an invention _____ can help us communicate with others online freely.

A. what B. that

C. who

【答案精析】B。句意為：——你最喜歡哪項發(fā)明？——QQ。它是一項能免費幫助我們在網(wǎng)上與他人交流的發(fā)明。invention是表示事物的名詞，故用which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句。故選B。

（三）定語從句中，關(guān)系詞只用that的情況

先行詞為everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代詞時。

先行詞被all， every， no， some， any， little， much等詞修飾時。

先行詞被the only， the very， the right等詞修飾時。

先行詞被形容詞最高級或者序數(shù)詞修飾時。

先行詞中同時含有人和物時。

【中考鏈接】

6. （2016年蘭州卷） This is one of the most interesting cities _____ I have ever visited.

A. who B. that

C. which D. where

【答案精析】B。句意為：這是我參觀過的最有趣的城市之一。根據(jù)先行詞cities被形容詞最高級the most interesting修飾可知，只能用that。選B。

7. （2015年三明卷） —Is that all？

—Yes. Thats all _____ I want to take.

A. which B. that

C. who D. whose

【答案精析】B。句意為：——就這些嗎？——是的，這就我要買的所有東西。which和that先行詞都可指物，但當(dāng)先行詞是all等不定代詞時，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that；who只能指人；whose一般在從句中做定語。故選B。

8. （2015年攀枝花卷） I still remember the school and the teachers _____ I visited in Panzhihua years ago.

A. which B. that

C. who D. whom

【答案精析】B。句意為：我依然記得多年前在攀枝花拜訪過的學(xué)校和老師。定語從句中the school and the teachers為先行詞，先行詞中同時有人和物時，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。故選B。

鞏固練習(xí)：

從題后所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出能填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項。

1. —Do you remember _____ he came here？

—Of course I do. His father drove him here.

A. whether B. when

C. how D. why

2. —Dad， my computer doesnt work now. Could you help me， please？

—OK. Let me see _____ I can find out the trouble.

A. where B. how

C. that D. if

3. —What kind of books do you like？

—I like the books _____ are about Chinese history.

A. who B. whom

C. whose D. that

4. —Would you like some fried rice？

—I would rather eat noodles _____ have beef in them.

A. that B. who

C. what D. where

5. —Could you please tell Peter that I want to talk to him？

—Sure. Ill let him know _____ he comes back.

A. as soon as B. while

C. before D. until

6. —Do you know if we will go to the park tomorrow？

—I think well go _____ we dont have too much work.

A. unless B. if

C. so that D. because

7. —How do you like the book？

—Its different from the one _____ I read last month.

A. who B. whom

C. which D. when

8. —That girl is quite lovely.

—Do you mean the girl _____ is standing by the window？

A. which B. whom

C. what D. who

9. —Have you found the information about some famous people _____ you can use for the report.

—Not yet.

A. who B. whom

C. when D. which

10. —Do you like Jay Chou？

—Sure. I like singers _____ music can make me happy.

A. what B. which

C. that D. whose

11. I dont think Mary is _____ athletic as her sister.

A. very B. so

C. too D. quite

12. —Who did English homework better， Leo or Nick？

—Leo was more careful. I think Leo did _____ Nick.

A. as good as B. as well as

C. better than D. worse than

13. —Bill， _____ you have finished your homework， lets go to fly kites now.

—All right.

A. though B. after

C. before D. since

14. —The classroom is _____ clean _____ it was yesterday.

—Sorry， I forgot to clean it.

A. as； as B. so； as

C. not so； as D. more； than

15. They stopped at Hangzhou _____ they could go around West Lake.

A. so as to B. in order to

C. such that D. in order that

16. —Could you tell me _____？

—Yes. To take back my dictionary.

A. why did you come here

B. when do you come here

C. why you came here

D. when you came here

17. I followed him to see _____ he was going， and I was very surprised when he went into the police station.

A. how B. where

C. why D. whether

18. —Nobody knows _____ he was after he graduated from Peking University.

—But I was once told he was a doctor working in a far-away village.

A. what B. who

C. where D. how

19. —Could you tell me _____ to go to Beijing by air？

—Just a minute， please. I have to check my computer.

A. how much does it cost

B. how much did it cost

C. how much it cost

D. how much it costs

20. —Sorry， what did you say just now？

—I asked _____.

A. when did he leave

B. where have you been

C. whom will you go with

D. how I could get to the station

21. —Have you seen the new film？

—Yes. This is the best film _____ has been shown this month.

A. that B. which

C. what D. what

22. The new student _____ name is Tom seems friendly.

A. who B. which

C. whose D. what

23. The TV play is about a true story _____ happened in Anhui in 2011.

A. it B. what

C. that D. when

24. —The mountain village _____ I visited three years ago has changed a lot.

—Really？ I hope to go there one day.

A. that B. who

C. when D. whose

25. The e-mail is from my friend _____ is studying abroad.

A. which B. that

C. whom D. whose

26. I dont have to introduce him to you _____ you know the boy.

A. until B. unless

C. since D. but

27. Scientists say it may be a few years _____ it is possible to test the new medicine on patients.

A. because B. after

C. before D. since

28. —What is our head teacher like， do you know？

—Oh， he is very kind _____ he looks very serious.

A. because B. though

C. if D. when

29. —Please tell me _____ for the meeting yesterday.

—Sorry. The traffic was bad.

A. why you came late

B. why did you come late

C. when you came late

D. when did you come late

30. —Why did Miss Wang look so worried when we saw her？

—Because she wondered _____.

A. where did the other students go

B. when would the policeman come

C. what her students have done during the trip

D. if her students had survived the earthquake

（參考答案見第87頁）