胡發(fā)高

英語句子中，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫“主謂一致”。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。另外， 還有三種特殊考查形式。下面我們將結合近三年的中考英語試題，談談“主謂一致”所涉及的“3+3”考查形式。

一、常規(guī)考查形式

（一）語法一致

所謂語法一致，指的是謂語動詞和主語在人稱及單復數(shù)形式上保持一致。例如，最簡單的表達法：I am ...；He / She / It is ...；You / We / They are ...；The girl is ...；The girls are ...等。請看下面的中考試題及解析：

【中考真題】

1. （2016年永州卷） —What are you doing now？

—I _____ to the music.

A. is listening B. am listening

C. was listening

2. （2016年甘肅卷） I _____ you can finish the exam in two hours.

A. does believe B. do believe

C. did believed D. do believed

3. （2016年南充卷） Be quiet. The baby _____.

A. sleeps B. slept

C. are sleeping D. is sleeping

4. （2016年賀州卷） My sister _____ English since she was 9 years old. She can talk to foreigners freely.

A. learns B. learnt

C. has learnt D. have learnt

5. （2016年南充卷） —How long _____ your brother _____ this camera？

—For two weeks.

A. have； bought B. have； had

C. has； had D. has； bought

6. （2016年黃石卷） —Why does the earth look blue in space？

—Because most of the earths surface _____ by water.

A. covers B. is covered

C. cover D. are covered

7. （2016年畢節(jié)卷） Its six oclock now. Many people _____ in the park.

A. are dancing B. dance

C. is dancing D. dances

8. （2015年重慶B卷） —How many people are there in your group？

—Four. Three boys _____ in our group this time.

A. is B. are

C. were D. was

【答案與解析】

1. B。本句的主語是I，按照人稱與謂語一致原則，要用“I am doing sth.”。

2. B。本句的主語也是I，按照人稱與謂語一致原則，用do加強語氣時，要用“I do +動詞原形”，表示“我確信……”。

3. D。本句的主語是the baby，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，按照人稱與謂語一致原則，表示“正在做某事”要用“主語+ is doing sth.”。

4. C。本句的主語是my sister，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，按照人稱與謂語一致原則，表示“已經(jīng)做了某事”要用“主語+ has done sth.”。

5. C。本句是個特殊疑問句，主語是my brother，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，按照人稱與謂語一致原則，表示已經(jīng)擁有某物多長時間了，要用“主語+ has had sth. + for +時間段”。

6. B。本句是個被動句，主語是most of the earths surface，單數(shù)，按照主語的數(shù)與謂語一致原則，本句要用is covered。

7. A。本句的主語是people，屬于復數(shù)，按照主語的數(shù)與謂語一致原則，表示“正在做某事”要用“主語+ are doing sth.”。

8. B。本句的主語是three boys，屬于復數(shù)，按照主語的數(shù)與謂語一致原則，要用“主語+ are doing sth.”的形式。

（二）意義一致

意義一致指的是謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)必須與主語的意義保持一致，因為有時某些代詞或名詞的形式雖然是復數(shù)，但意義卻是單數(shù)。例如：

All is going well.（這個all就表示單數(shù)意義“一切”，句意是“一切進展順利”）

Thirty minutes is enough for the work.（這個句子中，thirty minutes雖是復數(shù)形式，但在概念上是一個整體，表示單數(shù)意義）

The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.（The Arabian Nights是書名，即《一千零一夜》，也表示單數(shù)意義）

有些以s結尾的名詞，單獨用要看作復數(shù)，如trousers （長褲），shorts （短褲），glasses （眼鏡）；但如果與a / this pair of連用則表示單數(shù)概念，因為a / this pair of表示“一/這條、一/這副”。比較例句：

Your trousers are dirty. 你的褲子臟了。

This pair of trousers was made by Master Li. 這條褲子是李師傅做的。

有些以s結尾，表示學科名稱的名詞，如physics（物理），mathematics（數(shù)學），politics（政治）等，在句中做主語時，謂語都用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Physics is very interesting. 物理很有趣。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年齊齊哈爾卷） The pair of trousers _____ me. Ill take it.

A. fit B. fits

C. will fit

2. （2015年泰安卷） Three million _____ a large number. You can make it _____.

A. are； small B. is； smaller

C. is； small D. are； smaller

3. （2015年益陽卷） —How many women doctors are there in your hospital？

—_____ them _____ over twenty.

A. A number of； are

B. The number of； are

C. The number of； is

4. （2014年泰安卷） —What _____ the number of the students in your school？

—About two thousand. A number of them _____ from the countryside.

A. is； are B. is： is

C. are； is D. are； are

【答案與解析】

1. B。本句中的trousers本是復數(shù)，但the pair of trousers（這條褲子）表達的是單數(shù)意義，因此謂語也要用單數(shù)形式。

2. B。本句中的three million在概念上是一個整體，表示單數(shù)意義，因此謂語也要用單數(shù)形式。

3. C。the number of ... 意為“人或物的數(shù)量”，表示單數(shù)意義，因此謂語也要用單數(shù)形式。

4. A。本段對話中，the number of the students意為“學生的數(shù)量”，表示單數(shù)意義，因此第一空的謂語要用is；a number of them表示“其中有許多學生”，表示復數(shù)意義，因此第二空的謂語要用are。

（三）鄰近一致

鄰近一致指的是，當主語是兩個并列名詞或代詞時，謂語動詞與距離其最近的那個主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。鄰近一致原則主要體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：

1.在there be句型中，be動詞用單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個主語，則應與相鄰的那個主語保持一致。例如：

There is a desk and two chairs in the room.

There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

另外，here也常用這種表達法。例如：

Here is an apple and two oranges for you.

Here are two oranges and an apple for you.

2.當兩個主語由either … or，neither … nor，whether … or ...，not only … but also等連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的那個主語保持一致。例如：

Either the teacher or the students are our friends.

Neither they nor he is right.

【中考真題】

1. （2016年齊齊哈爾卷） There _____ some good advice about how to reduce air pollution on the Internet.

A. are B. is

C. have

2. （2016年長春卷） There _____ two dictionaries on the bookcase. You can use either of them.

A. is B. was

C. are D. were

3. （2016年煙臺卷） There _____ a number of books in the library and the number of them _____ increasing.

A. has； is B. have； are

C. are； is D. is； are

4. （2016年綏化卷） There _____ a pencil and some pens in the box.

A. is B. are

C. arent

5. （2015年呼和浩特卷） Neither the headmaster nor the teachers _____ take a vacation next week.

A. were going to B. is going to

C. was going to D. are going to

6. （2015年安順卷） —What would you like to have for supper？

—Either noodles or rice _____ OK. I dont mind.

A. are B. were

C. is D. was

【答案與解析】

1. B。advice是不可數(shù)名詞，因此要選擇is。句意為：在網(wǎng)上有一些如何減少空氣污染的好建議。

2. C。two dictionaries屬于復數(shù)，因此要選擇are。

3. C。雖然靠近謂語的是a，但a number of是books的定語，books是復數(shù)，因此第一空要用are；the number of them表示“它們的數(shù)量”，屬于單數(shù)，因此第二空要用is。

4. A。there be句型按就近原則確定謂語。本句中，靠近謂語的是a pencil，屬于單數(shù)，因此謂語要用is。

5. D。本句的兩個主語由neither ... nor連接，靠近謂語的是the teachers，屬于復數(shù)，因此應選擇are going to。

6. C。本句的兩個主語由either ... nor連接，靠近謂語的是不可數(shù)名詞rice，屬于單數(shù)，因此應選擇is。

二、特殊考查形式

（一）根據(jù)謂語選擇主語

大多數(shù)考查主謂一致的單選題，通常都是給出主語考查謂語，但也有一些試題是通過謂語考查主語。尤其在針對both，either，each，some，none，all等不定代詞的單復數(shù)辨異時，常采用這種形式來設計試題。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年黃石卷） The twins look exactly the same. _____ of them are in my class.

A. Each B. Both

C. Either D. None

2. （2016年宜昌卷） —When are we going to see the movie Zootopia， this afternoon or tonight？

—_____ is OK. Im free today.

A. Either B. Neither

C. Both D. All

3. （2014年長沙卷） _____ of us wants to go to the park today， because we have to finish so much homework.

A. Either B. Both

C. Neither

4. （2014年威海卷） —Which jacket do you prefer， this one or that one？

—_____ is OK. I dont care too much.

A. Both B. Either

C. Neither D. All

【答案與解析】

1. B。謂語動詞是are，根據(jù)主謂一致原則，主語不可能是each或either；the twins指的是兩個人，不能用none指代。因此本題應選擇both，表示“兩個（都）”。

2. A。謂語動詞是is，根據(jù)主謂一致原則，主語不可能是both或all。從對話的語境看，回答者認為這兩個時間中任何一個都可以，因此本題應選擇either，表示“兩者之中任何一個（都可以）”。

3. C。謂語動詞wants是第三人稱單數(shù)形式，根據(jù)主謂一致原則，主語不可能是both。另外，because we have to finish so much homework表明“我們兩個人都不想去看電影”，因此應選擇neither。

4. B。謂語動詞是is，根據(jù)主謂一致原則，主語不可能是both或all。從對話的語境看，回答者認為這兩件夾克中的任何一件都可以，因此本題應選擇either。

（二）主語后有with，as well as或except短語

句子以“主語+ with / together with / as well as / except短語”開頭，也是考查主謂一致的一種常見形式。這些短語用在主語后，對主語不產生人稱和數(shù)的影響，即這類句子的謂語只與前面的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年甘肅卷） My sister with my parents _____ dumplings when I got home yesterday evening.

A. are making B. is making

C. was making D. were making

2. （2016年威海卷） A woman with a young boy _____ getting into Uncles car.

A. is B. are

C. has

3. （2015年泰安卷） Everybody except Mike and Linda _____ there when the meeting began.

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

4. （2014年達州卷） —I called you at 5：00 yesterday afternoon， but no one answered.

—Sorry， I with my parents _____ at that time.

A. was shopping

B. were shopping

C. are shopping

D. went shopping

【答案與解析】

1. C。主語是my sister，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，with my parents不影響主語的人稱和數(shù)。再根據(jù)時間狀語when I got home yesterday evening判斷，本題應選擇was making。

2. A。主語是A woman，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，with a young boy不影響主語的人稱和數(shù)，因此本題應選擇is。

3. C。主語是不定代詞everybody，屬于第三人稱單數(shù)，except Mike and Linda不影響主語的人稱和數(shù)。再根據(jù)時間狀語when the meeting began判斷，本題應選擇was。

4. A。主語是I，屬于第一人稱單數(shù)，with my parents不影響主語的人稱和數(shù)，因此本題應選擇was shopping。

（三）定語從句中的謂語單復數(shù)表達法

主謂一致考點有時也安排在定語從句中，主要考查形式是給出關系代詞，在選項中給出動詞的單復數(shù)形式。但也有不少試題是在選項中給出“關系代詞+謂語”供考生判斷選擇。解答這類試題，關鍵是看先行詞是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。

【中考真題】

1. （2016年南充卷） Alice prefers stories that _____ short and funny.

A. are B. is

C. was D. were

2. （2016年黔東南卷） The teenagers like the musician _____ different kinds of music.

A. who play B. which plays

C. who plays D. that play

3. （2015年呼和浩特卷） The photo _____ taken by my brother last week is very nice.

A. which were B. that is

C. that were D. which was

4. （2014年呼和浩特卷） People _____ overweight need more water than thin people.

A. who is B. which are

C. that is D. who are

【答案與解析】

1. A。先行詞是stories，屬于指物的復數(shù)名詞，定語從句的謂語也要用復數(shù)形式。再根據(jù)prefers判斷用一般現(xiàn)在時，本題應選擇are。

2. C。先行詞是the musician，屬于指人的單數(shù)名詞，定語從句的關系代詞用who或that，謂語要用單數(shù)形式，因此本題應選擇who plays。

3. D。先行詞是the photo，屬于指物的單數(shù)名詞，定語從句的關系代詞用which或that，謂語要用單數(shù)形式。再根據(jù)時間狀語last week判斷用一般過去時，本題應選擇which was。

4. D。先行詞是people，屬于指人的復數(shù)名詞，定語從句的關系代詞用who或that，謂語要用復數(shù)形式，因此本題應選擇who are。

練一練：

從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出一個能完成該句的最佳選項。

1. Either Jane or Steven _____ watching the TV play now.

A. were B. was

C. is D. are

2. —How many lessons do you usually have a day？

—Six lessons a day. And each of them _____ 45 minutes.

A. last B. lasts

C. have D. are

3. —Whose _____ this pair of glasses？

—Sorry， I dont know.

A. is B. be

C. are D. will be

4. Neither my brother nor I _____ a basketball player.

A. is B. are

C. be D. am

5. —Mrs. Smith with her two babies _____ when the earthquake happened.

—It was too dangerous for them.

A. were sleeping

B. is sleeping

C. was sleeping

D. are asleep

6. That place is not interesting at all. _____ of us wants to go there.

A. Neither B. Both

C. All D. Some

7. —Both Lily and Lucy _____ to the party yesterday.

—But Lily said she didnt accept the invitation.

A. invited B. was invited

C. had invited D. were invited

8. —Two months _____ quite a long time for Mike to be in hospital.

—Yes. Im afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons.

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

9. Most of his spare time _____ spent in reading.

A. are B. is

C. were D. have been

10. Not only Tom but also his wife _____ fond of watching television.

A. are B. were

C. is D. be

11. —I hear you are going to have a picnic. Is it true？

—Yes， but when and where to go for it _____ yet.

A. does not decide

B. do not decide

C. have not been decided

D. has not been decided

12. Each of my classmates _____ a Chinese-English dictionary.

A. has B. have

C. have bought D. there is

13. Between the two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.

A. stand B. stands

C. are standing D. are

14. —Writing stories and articles _____ what I enjoy most.

—Me， too.

A. was B. were

C. is D. are

15. The number of the people invited to attend the meeting _____ one hundred and fifty， but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons.

A. were； was B. was； was

C. were； were D. was； were

16. —The air in big cities _____ very dirty by factories.

—I agree with you.

A. are often made

B. is often made

C. have often made

D. has often made

17. The Chinese _____ hard-working and brave people.

A. are B. is

C. has been D. are being

18. Those who _____ in _____ compositions， please hand them in this afternoon.

A. hasnt handed； his

B. havent handed； their

C. has handed； their

D. have handed； his

19. —Physics _____ more interesting than maths， I think.

—I also think so. Besides， maths _____ more difficult.

A. were； was B. was； were

C. is； is D. are； are

20. There _____ a desk， two beds and four chairs in the room.

A. are B. is

C. has D. have

21. Lucy， together with her two brothers， often _____ to the park on Sundays.

A. go B. goes

C. are going D. is going

22. There _____ a pair of shoes on the floor. The shoes _____ mine.

A. are； is B. is； is

C. are； are D. is； are

23. —Could you please get me a piano， mum？

—Id like to， but there _____ enough room for one in our house.

A. hasnt B. havent

C. isnt D. arent

24. A library with 50，000 books _____ to that school as a gift.

A. is offered B. has offered

C. are offered D. have offered

25. —Two days _____ not enough for me to finish the work.

—Do you mean you need a third day？

A. are B. is

C. have D. has

26. Mary as well as her sisters _____ Chinese in Shanghai now.

A. study B. studied

C. are studying D. is studying

27. Ten minutes _____ to be an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.

A. seems B. seem

C. seemed D. was seeming

28. The population of China _____ larger than that of any other country in the world.

A. is B. are

C. has D. have

29. —_____ either of your parents come to see you recently？

—No. My father will come next month.

A. Have B. Had

C. Has D. Is

30. —Here _____ a pen， a few pencils and some paper for you.

—OK. Thank you.

A. are B. is

C. was D. were

（參考答案見第87頁）