宋冬林

任務(wù)型閱讀理解是閱讀理解的一種創(chuàng)新形式，主要考查學生收集信息、整理信息的能力，是對語用能力的考查，是一種很好的培養(yǎng)學生閱讀興趣的題型。它的考查方式多樣，可以是回答問題、句子還原、信息搭配、翻譯句子、填寫表格，也可以是綜合型的。現(xiàn)根據(jù)任務(wù)設(shè)計的不同要求對“任務(wù)型閱讀理解”題目進行分類講解，以供同學們復習參考使用。

一、閱讀補全型

（一）考查形式

這類任務(wù)型閱讀理解要求是在一段250詞左右的短文中留出5個空白，要求考生從所給的5個或7個選項中選出最佳選項，使補足后的短文意思通順、前后連貫。

這類閱讀理解主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意思的理解和掌握。它考查的重點在文章的結(jié)構(gòu)上，需要考生具有較強的邏輯思維、判斷推理和整合的能力。要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系，對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強的意識和熟練的把握，并具備運用語法知識分析理解長難句的能力。

（二）解題技巧

1. 通讀全文，了解文章大意

快速瀏覽全文，尋找主題句，掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu)和主要內(nèi)容。通常情況下，文章的主題句會出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或者結(jié)尾，因此，考生在閱讀的過程中，要特別注意文章的首尾兩段，準確快速地掌握文章大意。另外，不少文章都有標題或小標題，通過標題我們也可以大致確定文章的主題。

2. 快速瀏覽選項，初選答案

在瀏覽完全文，對文章大意有所了解后，我們應(yīng)該順次瀏覽一下所有的選項。在瀏覽的過程中，要特別注意選項中出現(xiàn)的與原文相同或者相似的詞語，如果遇到這種情況，可以試著把選項代入原文，看看是否符合上下文邏輯。

3. 詳讀文章和選項，確定答案

大致把握了全文的大意和作者的意圖之后，就可以根據(jù)上下文，選取與文義最貼切的選項。此時，應(yīng)遵循“先易后難”的原則，對有把握的選項“一錘定音”。對沒有把握的選項不妨先放一放，接著往下看，往往會出現(xiàn)“柳暗花明”的情況，最終確定答案。

4. 對比分析，排除干擾

我們在初選答案后，還要注意對多余選項進行對比分析。由于多余選項（七選五）可能會與某個正確選項的內(nèi)容相近，所以我們要對其進行研究，確定排除理由，從而選出正確答案。

【題型示例1】（五選五）

（2016年河南卷，保留原題號） There are so many expressions in American English that sound pleasant （令人愉快的） but are not. 61

When someone says they have to “face the music”， it does not mean they are going to a concert. “Facing the music” means to accept and deal with the punishment of an action.

62 For example， “I cant face another night of camping！ Its cold and rainy.” Or “In life， you must face your fears.” Face used in this way is very common.

But now， lets go back to facing the music. Imagine a friend asks you to take care of her beautiful red sports car. She gives you the keys and says， “Thanks so much for watching my car while Im away. But please， do not drive it. It is an extremely （極其） fast car.” 63 You want to show off to some friends. So， you drive it around town one night. As bad luck would have it， you lose control of the car and drive it into a stop sign. Bang！

When your friend returns you must tell her what you have done and “face the music”. 64

It could be losing her friendship or paying for repairs to her sports car or both. Whatever the music is， you must face it.

65 To “take your medicine” means to accept the results from something bad you have done. And if someone says “You made your bed. Now lie in it.”， they mean you created a bad situation and now you will experience the results！

根據(jù)材料內(nèi)容，從下面5個選項中選出能填入文中空缺處的最佳選項，使短文意思通順、內(nèi)容完整，并將其標號填寫在下面題號后的橫線上。

A. But you do not listen.

B. “Face the music” is a good example.

C. The “music” here is the result of your actions.

D. Americans often use the word “face” in this way.

E. There are other American expressions that mean the same thing as “face the music”.

61. _____ 62. _____ 63. _____ 64. _____

65. _____

答案與簡析：本文介紹了face the music這個表達的使用場合及意義，同時還介紹了類似表達take your medicine和make your bed。答案如下：

61. B。根據(jù)前句句意和后句所舉例子可知，本空起承上啟下的過渡作用，來導入本文所要談及的話題face the music，故選B。

62. D。根據(jù)“Face used in this way is very common.”可知，此處指的是face的這種用法很普遍，故選D。

63. A。根據(jù)“But please， do not drive it. It is an extremely （極其） fast car.”和“So， you drive it around town one night.”可知，你的朋友不讓你開車，但是你卻開車轉(zhuǎn)了一夜，因此你沒有聽朋友的話，故選A。

64. C。根據(jù)“It could be losing her friendship or paying for repairs to her sports car or both.”可知，此處指你不聽朋友的勸告最終要面對的結(jié)果，故選C。

65. E。根據(jù)“To ‘take your medicine means to accept the results from something bad you have done.”可知，face the music和take your medicine意思相同，故選E。

【題型示例2】（七選五）

（2016年棗莊卷，保留原題號） 56 Sometimes you can find a job easily， by walking into a local store and looking at its notice board （布告欄）. Local stores often have areas for people to put small signs telling the services that they need or they can provide. 57

Another popular tool for finding a job is the Internet. For example， people around the world can use the Craigslist Website to buy things， meet people or find a job. 58

Another useful way to find a job is through a university. 59 Many college students like this way better.

At times， some experts （專業(yè)人士） can also help people find a job. Susan Miller has her own company called California Job Services in Los Angeles. She says her company helps people find a job by first helping them understand their strengths， goals and interests. 60 So with her help， many people have succeeded in finding a good job.

答案與簡析：本文介紹了一些找工作的途徑。答案如下：

56. F。由全文所談及的話題以及本空后一句可知，此處是導入話題，應(yīng)該是在講述人們找工作的方式有很多，故選F。

57. C。根據(jù)上一句“Local stores often have areas for people to put small signs telling the services that they need or they can provide.”可知，此處是在介紹那些具體的服務(wù)工作，故選C。

58. A。根據(jù)上句“... people around the world can use the Craigslist Website to buy things， meet people or find a job.”可知，世界各地的人們在網(wǎng)站上買東西、交友或者找工作。因此網(wǎng)站上會有很多工作機會，故選A。

59. D。根據(jù)上句“Another useful way to find a job is through a university.”和下句“Many college students like this way better.”可知，這里是在舉例子，所以選D。

60. E。根據(jù)前句“She says her company helps people find a job by first helping them understand their strengths， goals and interests.”可推知應(yīng)該選E，即她為他們提供找到合適的工作的方法。

二、閱讀填表型

（一）考查形式

這類任務(wù)型閱讀理解所設(shè)計的題目一般有一個圖表或一個表格，其中有一些信息留出了空格，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容填空。所填的內(nèi)容一般為事實細節(jié)，如：時間、事件及人物；數(shù)字及排位；物體的構(gòu)成及功能等。這些信息皆可從原文中找到對應(yīng)詞，整體上比較簡單。

（二）解題技巧

1. 讀表

迅速閱讀表格，預測所缺單詞。通過分析表格的項目內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)特征，從而揣測命題人的目的和意圖，準確把握信息范圍及對文章的理解方向。要特別關(guān)注文章的標題欄及表格前的小標題，這樣有助于理解短文的大意。

2. 讀文

快速瀏覽全文，把握短文大意，找準細節(jié)定位。任務(wù)型閱讀要求考生解讀語篇，掌握文章的框架結(jié)構(gòu)和段落大意，又要求考生對具體的事實細節(jié)進行查找和定位、理解和轉(zhuǎn)換。因此，在閱讀文章時，考生應(yīng)適時恰當?shù)剡\用多種閱讀技巧，對文章進行全面把握。

3. 填表

抓住有效信息，準確填表。任務(wù)型閱讀考查學生通過快速閱讀捕捉信息的能力，又要求對文中信息進行理解轉(zhuǎn)換，并進行適當?shù)倪壿嬐评砗蜌w納總結(jié)。在填表時注意“詞形轉(zhuǎn)換題”，一般考查將一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類，主要包括動詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與名詞轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞與反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換以及前綴和后綴轉(zhuǎn)換等。填好表格后，再次校對所填單詞的拼寫是否正確，是否符合文章內(nèi)容。

4. 注意答題細節(jié)

審清表格，注意表格中所缺單詞的排列順序，特別要留神寫到答題卡上的單詞序號。正確拼寫單詞，注意首字母的大小寫、名詞的單復數(shù)、主謂一致及非謂語動詞的使用等。另外，書寫工整在答題的過程中也十分重要。

【題型示例1】

（2016年金華卷，保留原題號） 下面是一封來自美國的郵件，內(nèi)容是你們班同學去San Francisco旅游的相關(guān)須知。請你閱讀該郵件，然后將其中的要點分條列出，張貼在班級的告示欄中。

答案與簡析：本文主要介紹了去舊金山旅游的五條建議。答案如下：

71. warm。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“First， bring a warm jacket and sweater so that youre prepared for changes in the temperature.”可知，要帶保暖衣物以防天氣變化。

72. walking。根據(jù)文章第五段中的“One more thing. San Francisco is a great walking city—but there are hills！ Bring a comfortable pair of walking shoes if youre planning to go around on foot.”可知，要帶walking shoes。

73. （prepaid） phone。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句“So a prepaid phone card is needed. I suggest you buy one at the airport.”，并結(jié)合語境可知填（prepaid） phone。

74. Book。根據(jù)第四段最后一句并結(jié)合語境可知填Book，即提前預訂賓館。

75. Get。根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知填Get，即獲得舊金山最新文體活動的信息。

【題型示例2】

（2016年黃岡卷，保留原題號） It is said that the eyes are the windows of our soul. However， to have healthy eyes， you have to look after them properly. Your eyes need everyday attention.

Firstly， you have to pay more attention to your diet. Have more fresh fruits， vegetables， fish， eggs and milk， Its good for your eyes. Besides， a regular amount of Vitamins A and B2 should also be taken.

Secondly， you must have a regular and sound sleep. It relaxes the eye muscles （肌肉） and gives them the rest required. Sleep can help the body to repair its tired tissues （組織）. Usually， you must sleep for at least seven to eight hours every day. Loss of sleep can give you dark circles under the eyes.

Next， its necessary for you to exercise eyes every day. Blink （眨眼） your eyes at regular periods， which makes the eyeballs watery， and gives them a good wash.

Lastly， you should use your eyes in right ways. Fox example， if a small thing goes into your eye you start rubbing it， which is wrong. Rubbing is harmful to your eyes. Dont read or write in poor or bright sunlight because sunlight can cause eye tiredness. Remember to use sunglasses to stop the sunshine from shining directly into your eyes. Too much reading， writing， watching television or working on the computer can also cause eye tiredness， so a good rest is required.

If you always take care of Gods most beautiful gift， your life will be very colorful！

閱讀上面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，完成表格中的信息（每空最多不超過四個詞）。

[Diet Eating food that 68. _________ your eyes， such as fresh fruits and vegetables.

Taking a proper amount of Vitamins A and B2 regularly. 69. ____ Having a regular and sound sleep is a must.

Getting enough sleep is necessary. Eye exercising Having your eyes exercised every day.

Blinking your eyes at regular periods. Eye using Its wrong 70. _________ when something goes into your eye.

You have to use sunglasses to keep away from bright sunshine.

You should 71. _________ after reading， writing， watching TV or working on the computer. ]

答案與簡析：文章介紹了保護眼睛的幾種方法。答案如下：

68. is good for。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Have more fresh fruits， vegetables， fish， eggs and milk. Its good for your eyes.”可知，要吃對眼睛有益的食物。

69. Sleep。根據(jù)文章第三段可知，有規(guī)律的睡眠和質(zhì)量高的睡眠對眼睛有益。故此處介紹的是睡眠。

70. to rub it。根據(jù)“Fox example， if a small thing goes into your eye you start rubbing it， which is wrong.”可知，小東西進入了眼里，揉眼睛是不對的，根據(jù)句型“Its wrong to do sth.”（做某事是不對的），故此處填to rub it。

71. have a good rest / rest。由文中的“Too much reading， writing， watching television or working on the computer can also cause eye tiredness， so a good rest is required.”可知，讀書、寫字、看電視以及在電腦前工作太長時間之后，眼睛需要休息。故填have a good rest / rest。

三、閱讀表達型

（一）考查形式

此類任務(wù)型閱讀理解采用綜合設(shè)題形式，即將各種問題進行組合搭配，常見的有：回答問題、翻譯句子、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、詞義猜測、擬訂標題、填寫句子等。是對閱讀信息進行二次加工的過程，它通常要求考生歸納文章內(nèi)容要點，整合零散信息，使之條理化、明朗化、簡單化和形象化。

（二）解題技巧

1. 明確任務(wù)

由于題目要求形式多樣，同一篇閱讀材料要求考生完成不同的任務(wù)，因此解題前要先明確任務(wù)，做到心中有數(shù)。

2. 緊扣原文

在原文中找出題干所包括的信息內(nèi)容，這樣就可以快速并準確地抓住有效信息，確保答題的準確性。

【題型示例1】

（2016年東營卷，保留原題號） 閱讀短文，根據(jù)要求完成下面各小題。

Every year， more than nine million people all over the world come to visit London. They go to the museums and theatres； they look at interesting old buildings or have a drink in a park.

A quick and easy way to get to different places in the city is to take an underground train. The London underground is one of the best and most widely used transport networks （網(wǎng)狀組織） in the world. The trains run all day and most of the night. （83） Youd better not take the underground between eight oclock and ten oclock in the morning， or four oclock and six oclock in the afternoon. （84） The trains are so crowded that you can hardly move or find a place to sit.

Londons famous red buses form a big part of getting around in London. Although the London underground is the fastest and the simplest way of getting around London， the buses play their part and are an experience you should try at least once. By sitting on the top deck （層） of the bus， you can get a great sightseeing （觀光的） experience of London as well.

Some special visitors buses take you to many of the interesting places in the city on one journey. It takes about one and a half hours， but you can cancel your journey and get off （and on again） at the different places you want to visit.

London taxis are called “black cabs”. Most of them are black， but some are not. You can stop one if it has a “For Hire （供租用的）” sign on it. The drivers are friendly and helpful.

In a word， London is a big and beautiful city with lots to see and to do. Welcome to London.

A. 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容簡要回答問題。

81. How many kinds of transportation can visitors use to get around in London？ List them.

___________________________________

82. If you go to visit London， which two kinds of transportation are you going to choose？ Why？

___________________________________

B. 將短文中畫線的句子譯成漢語。

83. _______________________________

84. _______________________________

C. 請給短文擬一個適當?shù)挠⑽臉祟}。

85. _______________________________

答案與簡析：本文介紹了倍受游客喜歡的勝地——倫敦的交通情況，介紹了主要的交通工具：地鐵、紅色公交、旅游車及出租車的特點等。答案如下：

81. They can use four kinds of transportation. They are underground trains， red buses， special visitors buses and taxis / black cabs.

82. Underground trains / An underground train. They are / It is a quick and easy way to get to different places in the city.

Red buses. By sitting on the top deck of the bus， you can get a great sightseeing experience of London.

Special visitors buses. You can cancel your journey and get off （and on again） at the different places you want to visit.

Taxis / Black cabs. The drivers are friendly and helpful.

（以上四種任選其二回答均可）

83. 在上午8：00～10：00和下午4：00～6：00這兩個時間段，你最好不要乘坐地鐵。

84. 地鐵里邊如此擁擠，你幾乎無法移動，也找不到座位。

85. Traveling around London / Getting around London.

【題型示例2】

（2016年徐州卷，保留原題號） 閱讀短文，按要求回答問題。

In 1986， the Honda automotive company wanted to see if it could make a human-like robot， to help in home， play football， balance on one foot， and even dance. Over the years there were some problems but soon the researchers managed to get a robot named ASIMO. It could walk on uneven （不平坦的） surfaces， and move its center of gravity like we do to climb stairs.

More recently， ASIMO was improved so it could turn round and run at six kilometers per hour， using its upper body to control movement.

ASIMO is designed to be friendly. It is hoped that robots like this could be used to help elderly people in their home. Honda are also using this technology to help people with disabilities. It can also push a cart （手推車） and open and close doors. ASIMO can even shake hands. It stands 120 centimeters tall， so that it can look into adult faces when they are sitting down. It can hold two kilos in its hands. It can even carry a tray without dropping the contents.

So， where next for this kind of robot？ Well， while ASIMO is attractive， it is still controlled by a human. Researchers in the USA are working on the robots that can learn about the world around them， and give a reply to human touch and voice. The robots are even learning to recognize （辨認） objects， people and vocabulary. Soon the descendants （后代） of these robots may be serving you drinks or helping with jobs at home and at work.

69. At what speed could ASIMO run after it was improved？

___________________________________

70. Can ASIMO make tea or push a cart？

___________________________________

71. Why is ASIMO designed to be 120 centimeters tall？

___________________________________

72. How many kilos can ASIMO hold in its hands？

___________________________________

73. Put the main ideas （A—D） in the order that the passage is arranged.

A. Users for ASIMO

B. What similar robots will be able to do in the future

C. Background and history of ASIMO

D. Recent improvements to ASIMO

______→______→______→______

答案與簡析：本文介紹了機器人ASIMO的發(fā)展和用途。它能在家里幫助老人，新一代機器人將會給我們端茶或幫忙做家務(wù)活以及工作上的事情。答案如下：

69. It could run at six kilometers per / every / one / an / each hour. 或 （At） Six kilometers per / every / one / an / each hour.

70. It can push a cart.

71. （Because / So that） it can look into adult faces when they are sitting down.

72. （It can hold） Two / 2 （kilos in its hands）.

73. C→D→A→B

【題型示例3】

（2016年聊城卷，保留原題號） 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容完成后面各項任務(wù)。

Running away is a serious problem. There are lots of runaway and homeless kids living in the streets around the world.

孩子們?yōu)槭裁聪腚x家出走呢？

Some kids run away because they have problems with their families.

Some kids run away because theyre afraid to tell their parents the bad things that they did at school or in society.

Some kids run away because there is violence （暴力） in the family.

Some kids run away because their parents divorce （離婚） or marry again.

Some kids run away because they have problems at school.

What will you do if your friend wants to run away from home？

If your friends is thinking about running away， tell him or her that it is difficult to survive （幸存） in the streets. Try to help your friend feel less alone.

Whatever the problem is， there are other ways to solve it. Maybe you cant think of the ways right now， but an adult will know how to help you. You should tell an adult that your friend plans to run away as soon as possible. Being a real friend doesnt mean keeping a secret that may hurt someone. And running away isnt a solution （解決方法） for either of you. It only makes more problems and danger.

76. 將文中畫線部分的漢語句子譯成英語。

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77. 回答問題：

Kids run away because of many reasons. How many reasons are connected with their schools？

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78. 將文中畫線部分的英語句子譯成漢語。

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79. 從文中找出與下面所給句子意思相同的句子。

If a secret may hurt someone， you shouldnt keep it even though youre someones real friend.

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80. 回答問題：

What does the underlined word “It” in the last sentence refer to （指的是）？

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答案與簡析：本文分析了孩子離家出走的原因和危害，同時對如何幫助想離家出走的孩子們提出了一些建議。答案如下：

76. Why do kids want to run away from home？

77. Two.

78. 無論是什么問題，總有其他的辦法來解決它。

79. Being a real friend doesnt mean keeping a secret that may hurt someone.

80. Running away.

四、閱讀填詞型

（一）考查形式

閱讀填詞型閱讀理解一般是在一篇200詞左右的語言材料中留出10個空白，要求考生根據(jù)短文意思在每一空缺處分別填入一個適當?shù)膯卧~，有的省份為降低難度一般給出了首字母。做這種試題，考生要根據(jù)所學的語言知識、生活常識以及篇章語意之間的邏輯關(guān)系，填入適當?shù)膯卧~，或根據(jù)英語單詞的派生詞或曲折變化規(guī)則填寫所提供單詞的正確形式。

這種任務(wù)型閱讀主要考查詞法、語法、句法和邏輯關(guān)系方面的知識。詞法的考查涉及動詞、代詞、名詞、連詞、冠詞、介詞、形容詞和副詞等；語法項目則包括時態(tài)、語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、并列句、形容詞和副詞的比較級等。

（二）解題技巧

1. 首先把握文義

閱讀填詞兼有閱讀理解與完形填空兩種題型的主要特點，做這類題目的關(guān)鍵是透徹理解文義，文章意思清楚了，才可能根據(jù)文義合理判斷斷層點的意義。

2. 反復琢磨，準確填寫

在填詞時，如給出了首字母，那么所填單詞必須以規(guī)定字母開頭；再者，所填單詞必須符合文義和語法。意義相符了，單詞選準了，還要注意所填單詞是否要進行詞形變化，如：名詞是否要用復數(shù)；形容詞是否要用比較級；動詞是否要進行時態(tài)變化等。

【題型示例】

（2016年武漢卷，保留原題號） 先閱讀短文，再在其后空白處寫出各單詞的正確形式。單詞的第一個字母已給出。

Henry was a kind， good boy. His father was dead， and his mother was very poor. He had a little sister about 2 years old. He wanted to help his mother because she could not a 76 earn enough money to buy food for his little family.

One day a man gave him a dollar for r 77

the pocketbook which he had lost. Henry could have kept the pocketbook because no one saw him when he found it. But his mother had taught him to be h 78 ， and never to keep what did not belong to him. So he gave the pocketbook back to the man.

With the dollar he bought a box， three

b 79 ， and some shoe polish （鞋油）. He then went to the c 80 of the street， and said to everyone whose boots did not look n 81 . “Polish your boots， please？”

He was so p 82 that gentlemen soon began to notice him， and to let him polish their boots. The first day he c 83 over 50 cents， which he gave to his mother to buy food with. When he gave her the money， she cried with joy and said， “You are a d 84 ， good boy， Henry. I didnt know how I could earn enough to buy bread， but now I think we can m 85 to get along quite well.”

Henry worked after school every day. He earned almost enough to support his mother and his little sister.

答案與簡析：文章介紹了一個男孩子掙錢養(yǎng)家的故事。答案如下：

76. always。亨利想幫母親，因為他母親掙的錢總是不夠花，修飾動詞earn用副詞always。

77. returning。這里指亨利將錢包還給失主，for為介詞，后接v-ing形式。

78. honest。根據(jù)“So he gave the pocketbook back to the man.”可知，他把撿到的錢包歸還給失主，因此他是誠實的，故此處填形容詞honest。句意為：但是他的母親教他要誠實，不要拿不屬于他的東西。

79. brushes。根據(jù)“Polish your boots， please？ ”可知他要給路人擦鞋，應(yīng)需要鞋刷，此處有數(shù)詞three修飾，故用復數(shù)名詞brushes。

80. corner。根據(jù)文義可知，然后他去了街拐角。

81. nice。然后他去了街拐角，對鞋子看起來不干凈的人說：“您擦鞋嗎？”由此可知，故此處填nice。

82. polite。人們讓他擦鞋，是因為他懂禮貌，此處應(yīng)填形容詞polite。

83. collected。由下文可知，亨利給人擦鞋掙了錢，故填collected。

84. dear。母親稱贊他是一個可愛的好孩子，故填dear。

85. manage。manage to do sth.“設(shè)法做某事”，故此處為manage。句意為：過去我不知道如何掙足夠多的錢買面包，但是現(xiàn)在我們可以設(shè)法生活得很好。