徐啟富

一、中考英語聽力測試的要求

“聽”是人們進(jìn)行口頭交際時(shí)獲取信息的重要手段之一，是被動(dòng)接受信息的技能。在語言學(xué)習(xí)中，“聽”是吸收和鞏固語言及培養(yǎng)說、讀、寫等語言能力的重要手段。聽力是識別和理解別人說話的能力。由于所聽內(nèi)容的不可預(yù)知性，聽力是語言學(xué)習(xí)中要求較高的技能。有了扎實(shí)的聽力基礎(chǔ)，聽力測試甚至筆試也能取得很好的成績?！秶艺n程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對五級（初中畢業(yè)）英語聽力的要求是：

1.能根據(jù)語調(diào)和重音理解說話者的意圖。

2.能聽懂有關(guān)熟悉話題的談話，并能從中提取信息和觀點(diǎn)。

3.能借助語境克服生詞障礙，理解大意。

4.能聽懂接近正常語速的故事和敘述，理解故事的因果關(guān)系。

5.能在聽的過程中用適當(dāng)方式做出反應(yīng)。

6.能針對所聽語段的內(nèi)容記錄簡單信息。

二、聽力測試主要考查的能力

1.對所聽材料基本事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力。

2.對所聽材料背景、話題、地點(diǎn)、說話者之間的關(guān)系等做出判斷的能力。

3.對說話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的理解能力。

三、聽力測試的設(shè)題特點(diǎn)

1.選擇題占主導(dǎo)，如圖文匹配、選擇答案等。非選擇題也有體現(xiàn)，如簡單一點(diǎn)的有填空題，稍難一點(diǎn)的有回答問題等。

2.問題多以特殊疑問句的形式來設(shè)置，常用的疑問詞有：what， how， where， when， who， why， which， whose等。問題一般出現(xiàn)在試卷上，但也有例外。

3.選擇題的選項(xiàng)多為三個(gè)，主要是為了節(jié)省讀題時(shí)間。

真題1：

（2016年上海卷）根據(jù)你聽到的內(nèi)容，選出相應(yīng)的圖片。

1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______

4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______

錄音稿：

1. Ben and Jack are riding horses in the field.

2. Will Peter take part in a table tennis match next Friday？

3. A small group of students lined up to get on the bus.

4. Its Bills first time to take a train all by himself.

5. Jimmy likes to read stories about space， doesnt he？

6. Although he is always busy delivering mails， Henry never complains.

Key： 1～5 CBHEA 6. G

試題分析：這是“八選六”的圖文匹配題，答題要仔細(xì)，不然就會有連鎖反應(yīng)，一旦出錯(cuò)就會錯(cuò)幾個(gè)。圖文匹配題的聽力材料一般是句子或簡單對話，屬于基礎(chǔ)題，一般是聽力測試的第一大題。這類題既可以使學(xué)生平靜心情，輕松讀題，又能使整個(gè)卷面圖文并茂，增添美感。

真題2：

（2016年北京卷）聽對話，從下面各題所給的A、B、C三幅圖片中選擇與對話內(nèi)容相符的圖片。每段對話你將聽兩遍。

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

錄音稿：

1. M： Betty， whats the weather like tomorrow？

W： Its going to rain.

2. M： How do you usually come to school every day？

W： By bike.

3. M： Whats your favorite food， Mary？

W： I like fish best.

4. M： Sara， is there a TV in your bedroom？

W： Yes， there is.

5. M： Whos dancing in that room？

W： Li Ying. She is a good dancer.

Key： 1～5 CABAC

試題分析：北京卷的圖文匹配題比上海卷的“八選六”難度要小一些，但是每個(gè)小題的三幅圖指向同類，需要細(xì)聽錄音，準(zhǔn)確選擇。

真題3：

（2016年北京卷）聽對話或獨(dú)白，根據(jù)對話或獨(dú)白的內(nèi)容，從下面各題所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。每段對話或獨(dú)白你將聽兩遍。

請聽一段對話，完成第6至第7小題。

6. What does the man want to buy？

A. A coat. B. A T-shirt.

C. A jacket.

7. What color does the man like？

A. Red. B. White.

C. Blue.

請聽一段對話，完成第8至第9小題。

8. How old is the girls brother？

A. Eight. B. Nine.

C. Ten.

9. What does the girls dad do？

A. A history teacher.

B. A taxi driver.

C. A firefighter.

請聽一段對話，完成第10至第11小題。

10. What sport did the boy do last week？

A. Baseball. B. Ping-pong.

C. Volleyball.

11. When will the speakers go to the sports center？

A. Next Monday. B. Next Tuesday.

C. Next Thursday.

請聽一段對話，完成第12至第13小題。

12. What does the boy think of the Super Summer Camp？

A. He doesnt like it.

B. He thinks its good.

C. He doesnt care about it.

13. What can we learn from the conversation？

A. The girl wants to join the camp.

B. The boys parents will go swimming.

C. The boy is good at playing basketball.

請聽一段獨(dú)白，完成第14至第15小題。

14. What can make Dad feel younger？

A. Making a meal.

B. Playing a game.

C. Reading a book.

15. What is the speaker mainly talking about？

A. Where to spend Fathers Day.

B. How to choose a good gift for Dad.

C. What to do with Dad on Fathers Day.

錄音稿：

1. W： Can I help you？

M： Yes， please. Im looking for a T-shirt.

W： What size do you want， sir？

M： Large， please.

W： Here you are.

M： Thank you. Can I try it on？

W： Yes， of course. The fitting rooms are over there. How do you like it？

M： The size is OK， but I don like the color.

W： What color do you like？

M： Blue.

W： How about this one？

M： It looks great. How much is it？

W： Its $20.

M： Well， Ill take it. Heres the money.

W： Thanks. Have a nice day.

M： You， too.

2. M： Is this a picture of your family？

W： Yeah. We took it in a park last summer.

M： Whos this boy？

W： Hes my brother， Mike.

M： How old is he？

W： Eight. He is in Grade Three.

M： Whats he like？

W： Hes smart and a little shy. These are my mum and dad. They are really friendly and nice.

M： What do your parents do？

W： My dad is a taxi driver. He works hard to support the family.

M： How about your mum？

W： She helps run a small family store.

M： What kind of store？

W： We mainly sell food， like bread， eggs， fruit and vegetables.

3. M： Hello， Lucy. Have you been to the new sports center？

W： Not yet. Where is it？

M： On Main Street.

W： Oh， is it good？

M： Yes， its great. You can do a lot of sports. I played volleyball there last week.

W： Is it expensive？

M： Not really. Its $200 a year if you are under 15.

W： Wow， thats good for me！ Im 14！

M： And on Mondays， Tuesdays and Thursdays it stays open till 11 oclock at night.

W： Oh， great！ How do you get there？

M： I took Bus No. 16. Would you like to go with me next week？

W： Sure！ Id like to. Any day is OK.

M： Well， what about next Tuesday？ Then we can play ping-pong and stay late.

W： Good idea！ Lets meet after school.

M： See you then.

4. W： Are you excited about the Super Summer Camp， Bob？

M： Not at all， Jenny.

W： Why？ Whats wrong？

M： Look at this timetable.

W： Let me see … You have math at 8：30， science at 10：30， lunch at 12 oclock， French at one oclock and history at three oclock. Ugh！ Its like school！

M： No， Jenny. At school， I have P.E. and a little free time. But you see what I have at the camp！

W： Thats too bad！

M： Its not cool and Im not very happy about it. But my parents think its good for me.

W： I see. Is there time for swimming or basketball？ I know you are a good basketball player.

M： Well， there is a basketball game on Saturday， and swimming training on Sunday.

W： Thats good. Hey， what time is the game on Saturday？

M： Its at 9：30.

W： Can I go and watch you play？

M： Yes， of course.

5. Good day and welcome to our program. Im Chris. Next Sunday is Fathers Day. We are going to talk about what we can do that day. Well， here are some activities for dads and kids to do together.

Make a meal. You can make breakfast for Dad on that day. But isnt it more fun to have the whole family cook together？ Plan a meal with Dad. Then try to do much of the food prepar-

ation and cooking.

Play games. Its a good idea to plan a game for Dad. For example， if he loves playing football， you can invite his friends and yours to have a game with him. That can make Dad feel younger on his special day.

Read a book. Pick a book and spend the afternoon sharing a story with each other. And then take turns reading or act out the story for the rest of the family.

Create a gift. Bring out your best ideas and work on them together. Remember the most important gifts include a kiss and a thank-you card.

Hope youll have a happy day with your dad！

Key： 6～10 BCABC 11～15 BACBC

試題分析：聽對話或獨(dú)白是聽力測試的主打內(nèi)容，一般會涉及初中階段學(xué)過的主要話題，如購物、問路、天氣、學(xué)習(xí)、打電話等。電話號碼、門牌號碼、價(jià)格、時(shí)間等有關(guān)數(shù)字的題很容易出錯(cuò)。

2016年北京卷選擇的四段對話和一篇獨(dú)白貼近生活實(shí)際，話題讓考生聽起來有親切感。但內(nèi)容偏長，而且是一段比一段長，詞數(shù)分別是103、111、139、157、185，尤其是最后一段獨(dú)白，考生要準(zhǔn)確理解并抓住關(guān)鍵信息確實(shí)有一定難度。不過，每段對話或獨(dú)白后只設(shè)置兩個(gè)題目，降低了答題難度。

真題4：

（2016年上海卷）根據(jù)你聽到的對話和問題，選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?/p>

7. A. In March. B. In May.

C. In June. D. In July.

8. A. His son. B. His daughter.

C. His father. D. His mother.

9. A.11. B. 12.

C. 13. D. 14.

10. A. Lions. B. Elephants.

C. Monkeys. D. Tigers.

11. A. Because the car is too old.

B. Because he needs money.

C. Because there is too much traffic.

D. Because he wants to buy a new car.

12. A. At home.

B. In the museum.

C. At school.

D. In the hospital.

13. A. Make some cakes. B. Order a meal.

C. Take him to a restaurant.

D. Buy some milk.

14. A. Sleep. B. Fans.

C. The kids. D. The weather.

錄音稿：

7. M： Were you here in May？

W： Not really. In fact I arrived in June.

Question： When did the woman arrive？

8. W： Good afternoon， sir. Can I help you？

M： Well actually Im looking for a mobile phone for my daughter.

Question： Who is the man buying a mobile phone for？

9. M： Hello， Lucy. Are you the youngest in your class？

W： No， Im 13. Bruce is 12， one year younger than me.

Question： How old is Bruce？

10. M： What a big zoo！ Do you know where the lions are？

W： They are over there， next to the elephants. Be careful with the naughty monkeys.

Question： What animal does the man want to see？

11. W： Why didnt you drive， Alex？

M： Well， Ive sold my car.

W： Oh， is that because you are getting a new one？

M： No， its because theres too much traffic on the road. Ive decided to live without a car.

Question： Why did Alex sell his car？

12. M： How are you feeling today， Linda？

W： Much better， thanks. The doctor says I can go back home in one week.

Question： Where is Linda now？

13. W： Thank you for taking me to this restaurant， Denny. Its the best meal Ive ever had.

M： Glad you like it， but I still like the cakes you make best.

W： Thank you. Tomorrow you will have the chance to try my cakes again.

Question： What will the woman probably do for Denny tomorrow？

14. M： Its too hot these days and I can hardly sleep at night. I bought an electric fan yesterday.

W： The weather forecast says rainy days will come soon， and the temperature will fall down.

M： Are you kidding me？ I cant believe it.

Question： What are the speakers mainly talking about？

Key： 7～11 CBBAC 12～14 DAD

試題分析：上海卷和北京卷有一些不同之處。第一是選擇的對話比較短，多數(shù)只有一問一答，一般在20至40詞。但是問題是在對話后的錄音中，這樣考生只能在聽完第一遍錄音后才知道該抓什么關(guān)鍵信息。好在都是聽兩遍，第一遍時(shí)爭取聽懂對話大意，第二遍時(shí)就能根據(jù)提出的問題有針對性地聽與答案相關(guān)的信息。第二是每個(gè)問題給了四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，需要更多一點(diǎn)的讀題時(shí)間。

真題5：

（2016年北京卷）請根據(jù)所聽到的對話內(nèi)容和提示詞語，將所缺的關(guān)鍵信息填寫在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置上。本段對話你將聽兩遍。

錄音稿：

W： Hello！ This is Tina speaking.

M： Hello！ This is Toby. Could I speak to David， please？

W： Im afraid he is out at the moment. Can I take a message for him？

M： Yes， please. My name is Toby. T-O-B-Y.

W： Right. T-O-B-Y. Toby. And whats the message？

M： Please tell David well have a dinner party with our friends. You know， we won a football game. So， were going to celebrate it.

W： Im sure hell be excited about it. Wheres the party？

M： In my house.

W： Has he been to your house before？

M： Yes. He was with us last weekend.

W： When will you have the party？

M： At seven oclock on Friday evening.

W： OK. Ill tell him to get there at seven oclock on Friday evening. Is there anything else？

M： Hmmm … well … and please ask him to call me if he cant come.

W： Has he got your phone number？

M： No. My phone number is 724-5936.

W： Right， 724-5936. Ive got that.

M： Thanks a lot. Bye.

W： Bye.

Key： 16. Toby 17. party 18. house 19. Friday evening 20. 5936

試題分析：聽錄音或短文記錄關(guān)鍵信息在全國中考試題中較為常見。記錄的信息常常是：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件等。與數(shù)字相關(guān)的內(nèi)容是最容易聽錯(cuò)的信息。這一題只要求寫出電話號碼的一個(gè)部分是降低了難度。

真題6：

（2016年上海卷）聽獨(dú)白，完成下列內(nèi)容。每個(gè)空格限填一詞。

21. The yearly Walk for Charity will ______ ______ Garden Street.

22. Money will be raised to build a childrens ______ ______ in the town.

23. If rain is forecast，walkers should ______ ______ all possible events.

24. Walkers are told to keep to ______ ______ in the single line while walking.

25. The bus leaves every half-hour and the service ______ ______.

錄音稿：

Dear friends，

Please join us in our yearly walk for charity. Well start from Garden Street. You and your friends are all warmly welcome. Please read the directions we offered carefully， especially if you need transport to and from Garden Street. Just come along on the day with your friends. The money raised will be used to build a childrens bookshop in our town. It is better to wear old shoes and you need to wear comfortable clothes for walking. If rain is forecast， prepare for all possible events. Maps will be available from the starting point. Signs will be posted along the road. To be safe， walkers should keep to one side in the single line at all times. If you need help along the road， please let our volunteers know as soon as possible. A bus will be waiting at the finishing line to take walkers back to Garden Street. It will leave every half hour starting at mid-day. The service is free and theres no need to book. Thank you.

Key： 21. start from 22. book shop 23. prepare for 24. one side 25. is free

試題分析：上海卷的考查形式是聽短文完成句子，而且限定了每空填一個(gè)單詞，每句填兩個(gè)空。174詞的短文，寫出10個(gè)單詞，看似有壓力，實(shí)際上難度并不大。

真題7：

（2016年上海卷）判斷下列句子是否符合你聽到的內(nèi)容， 符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示。

15. Amy often stays up late at night to learn English.

16. The programs Amy listens to are Canadian and American.

17. Amy thinks that talk channels are better than music channels.

18. Amys progress is slow， but her English is getting better than before.

19. Tom isnt interested when Amy tells him about listening online.

20. Tom and Amy are talking about a good way to learn English.

錄音稿：

M： Hello， Amy. Youve done really well in English.

W： Thank you， Tom.

M： How do you manage to do so well？ Do you stay up late at night to learn？

W： No， not a chance. I need my sleep.

M： So what do you do then？

W： I listen to the radio.

M： How can that possibly help？

W： Well， the programs I listen to are British and American.

M： I see. How do you find out about them？

W： Well， one day I was on my computer， and I found a British radio website. I couldnt believe my luck when I found that I could listen online even so far away in China.

M： Do you listen to music channels or talk channels？

W： I think talk channels are better because they give me better listening practice.

M： Can you understand them better now？

W： Well of course. Progress is slow， but yes， I think I understand more than before and my English is getting better all the time.

M： I really like to improve my English，too. Im going to look on the Internet tonight to find some programs I like. Thank you， Amy.

Key： 15～19 FFTTF 20. T

試題分析：全國大多數(shù)中考題采用的是聽短文或?qū)υ拋磉x擇正確答案。上海卷還采用判斷正誤的形式。兩種考查形式的目的是一樣的，即考查考生對聽力材料的理解能力。

四、聽力測試的命題方向

1.科學(xué)性。

（1）主要表現(xiàn)在材料選擇口語化、生活化，符合初中生的認(rèn)知水平。以對話和獨(dú)白為主導(dǎo)，貼近學(xué)生生活，貼近教學(xué)實(shí)際，貼近時(shí)代發(fā)展。

（2）卷面設(shè)計(jì)人性化。圖文并茂，由淺入深，要求簡潔，符合初中生身心發(fā)展特點(diǎn)。

（3）錄音制作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。聽力錄音一般由外籍人士朗讀，語速控制在每分鐘120詞左右。電腦技術(shù)合成，配有鈴聲和音樂。使考生做起題來有一種身心愉悅感。

2.趨同性。

聽力測試的分?jǐn)?shù)一般占卷面總分的20%左右，大題數(shù)量為3至5個(gè)。聽力測試的時(shí)間大多數(shù)在15至20分鐘。近年來，隨著高考改革的推進(jìn)和義務(wù)教育評價(jià)方式的改革，初中英語聽力測試也在計(jì)分和題型上不斷調(diào)整。計(jì)分有在目前平均分值的基礎(chǔ)上增加20%的趨勢。很多地區(qū)已經(jīng)開始聽說合一，人機(jī)對話的考試，全面推廣應(yīng)該也為期不遠(yuǎn)。

五、聽力測試的應(yīng)試技巧

1.培養(yǎng)語音和語言技能。

聽力能力的提高必須建立在正確發(fā)音的基礎(chǔ)上?？忌仨氄莆諉卧~的正確發(fā)音，要有較扎實(shí)的語音知識，能正確區(qū)分單詞的重讀、弱讀、爆破及失去爆破，學(xué)會辨別句子的連讀、節(jié)奏以及語調(diào)的變化。

2.養(yǎng)成良好的聽說習(xí)慣。

堅(jiān)持聽說訓(xùn)練是語言學(xué)習(xí)必須具有的習(xí)慣。形式可以是多種多樣的。比如可以大聲朗讀課文或其他閱讀材料；可以邊聽錄音邊朗讀；可以做一些聽寫單詞、句子和短文填空之類的練習(xí)；可以互相練習(xí)對話等。聽與說都是對大腦感官的刺激，是相輔相成的，而且也可以提升讀寫技能。這就是所謂的“聽說功底厚，考試不擔(dān)憂”。

3.注意較長語篇的聽力技巧訓(xùn)練。

在聽較長的語篇時(shí)，注意的焦點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)是整個(gè)語篇的大意，而不是在個(gè)別詞語上。有的考生常常因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)單詞沒有聽出來，就焦躁不安，影響聽的效果，失去了選擇正確答案的機(jī)會。出現(xiàn)這種情形時(shí)，我們一定要沉住氣，繼續(xù)往下聽，可能下面的句子會給出提示。也可以利用中間的停頓時(shí)間再看看試題，結(jié)合試題去聯(lián)想。

4.掌握一些語言交際常識。

中考英語聽力測試的對話都反映了某種交際功能和交際場合，而且這些功能與場合幾乎都在課本上出現(xiàn)過。因此，我們在復(fù)習(xí)階段必須認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)教材每一單元的對話部分；熟悉在特定情景中的語言交際功能；可以按類別對語言特定的功能進(jìn)行梳理，例如購物、道歉、問路等。

5.做好聽力測試前的心理準(zhǔn)備。

聽前首先要安定情緒，要有自信心，集中精力，輕松愉快。接著可以利用播放錄音前或錄音間隔的3至5秒鐘時(shí)間迅速瀏覽一下幾個(gè)待選答案，注意他們之間的不同點(diǎn)，推測或判斷即將聽到的對話是圍繞哪方面進(jìn)行的，可能從哪方面提問，例如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、職業(yè)、對話雙方的關(guān)系、計(jì)算、原因、條件、動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序等。頭腦中具備了這樣的初步概念，就更能夠集中精力，有目的、有重點(diǎn)、有針對性地去記和聽，也就會更容易、更迅速、更準(zhǔn)確地選出正確答案。帶著這些問題去聽錄音有利于積極主動(dòng)獲取有關(guān)信息，而不是消極被動(dòng)地接受信息。

6.邊聽邊記。

對錄音中出現(xiàn)的一些數(shù)字、地名、人名等，如果覺得自己沒有記住的把握，可以隨時(shí)記在草稿紙上，以便回答問題時(shí)查用或計(jì)算，記錄要有重點(diǎn)，記錄也有技巧。如數(shù)字用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字記錄，地點(diǎn)、人名用代號，長詞用縮寫，“記”的原則是在不影響“聽”的前提下進(jìn)行。當(dāng)然對于自己已經(jīng)有把握的地方，也就不必再浪費(fèi)精力去寫了。

7.尋找規(guī)律。

在聽短文時(shí)要特別留意主題句或段首句，短文的首段往往是對文章內(nèi)容的概述，如講話目的、主要內(nèi)容、作者觀點(diǎn)等。短文一般難度不大，關(guān)鍵在于能否聽懂大意，抓住要點(diǎn)，記住主要情節(jié)。不要過多拘泥于個(gè)別生詞詞義的猜測上，不要過多地滯留在個(gè)別句子上，否則就分散了注意力，漏聽了本可以聽懂的內(nèi)容。聽短文與對話時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：（1）時(shí)間；（2）地點(diǎn)；（3）數(shù)字；（4）計(jì)算問題；（5）否定問題（如： too … to， hardly， seldom等）；（6）人物之間的關(guān)系；（7）比較和比較結(jié)果；（8）因果關(guān)系；（9）推測推理；（10）建議；（11）結(jié)論；（12）談?wù)摰闹黝}。所有這些問題仍以Wh-型問句為主。

8. 把握聽力測試“三步曲”。

（1）聽前。

在發(fā)試卷后和放聽力錄音帶之前，往往有1～2分鐘的機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間留給考生瀏覽試卷題目要求。充分利用這1～2分鐘，對聽力測試來說至關(guān)重要。首先快速瀏覽一下試卷上各題所給選項(xiàng)， 猜測將要提問的問題，有利于在聽錄音時(shí)做到抓住重點(diǎn)，有的放矢。

（2）聽中。

在聽錄音過程中，首先要做到心情平靜，不要緊張，盡量避免因非知識性因素而造成的考試發(fā)揮失?，F(xiàn)象。其次，在對試題內(nèi)容已有了初步了解的情況下，在聽錄音過程中要有針對性，有必要做一些內(nèi)容概要記錄。并且要做一些輔助記錄，以免聽了后面的內(nèi)容而忘了前面的內(nèi)容。

（3）聽后。

聽完錄音之后，你對材料的把握已經(jīng)“時(shí)過境遷”。正確的做法是相信第一感覺，當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，決不能反反復(fù)復(fù)，甚至影響后面的答題。