鄧 力,黃德龍,彭 靜,汪 孝,崔 俊,曾雪峰,何臘平
(貴州大學(xué)釀酒與食品工程學(xué)院,貴陽 550025)
中式烹飪用時(shí)間溫度積分器的構(gòu)建與驗(yàn)證
鄧 力,黃德龍,彭 靜,汪 孝,崔 俊,曾雪峰,何臘平
(貴州大學(xué)釀酒與食品工程學(xué)院,貴陽 550025)
蛋白質(zhì)變性能夠較廣泛地表征烹飪加熱品質(zhì)變化,因而尋找到一種z值為7.36 ℃的耐高溫α-淀粉酶,與蛋白質(zhì)熱變性z值 5~10 ℃相近。以該酶溶液為指示劑,在玻璃毛細(xì)管中封裝后置入烹飪耐受性高的、特定形狀的魔芋凝膠(g-KGM)載體,從而構(gòu)建了烹飪研究用時(shí)間溫度積分器(time temperature integrators,TTIs)裝置。隨后,在模擬烹飪過程而設(shè)定的對流傳熱條件下,通過傳熱學(xué)試驗(yàn)結(jié)合非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱以及酶失活動力學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型計(jì)算得到剩余酶活,與 TTIs裝置指示劑酶活實(shí)測值比較,兩者誤差小于2.24%。進(jìn)一步,應(yīng)用該TTIs裝置測定了實(shí)際烹飪爆炒過程的表面換熱系數(shù)。所構(gòu)建的TTIs裝置,結(jié)合數(shù)值模擬,可以分析測量常規(guī)試驗(yàn)傳熱學(xué)方法無法應(yīng)用的激烈烹飪中流體-顆粒的傳熱過程,也可應(yīng)用于其他領(lǐng)域的移動顆粒傳熱學(xué)研究。
傳熱學(xué);溫度;酶;中式烹飪;時(shí)間溫度積分器;溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系;表面換熱系數(shù)
鄧 力,黃德龍,彭 靜,汪 孝,崔 俊,曾雪峰,何臘平. 中式烹飪用時(shí)間溫度積分器的構(gòu)建與驗(yàn)證[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(7):281-288.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.037 http://www.tcsae.org
Deng Li, Huang Delong, Peng Jing, Wang Xiao, Cui Jun, Zeng Xuefeng, He Laping. Establishment and verification of time-temperature integrators for Chinese cuisine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(7): 281-288. (in Chinese with English abstract)doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.037 http://www.tcsae.org
時(shí)間溫度積分器(time temperature integrators,TTIs)定義為用于模擬熱處理過程中的目標(biāo)質(zhì)量參數(shù)溫度時(shí)間總體變化效果的小型裝置,由指示劑和載體食品模擬物組成,其中指示劑應(yīng)與食品受熱關(guān)鍵品質(zhì)因子具有相近的動力學(xué)參數(shù),食品模擬物與食品具有相近且穩(wěn)定的熱物理性質(zhì)和形狀[1]。因而TTIs能夠表征加熱對食品品質(zhì)的影響,TTIs結(jié)合數(shù)學(xué)模型可以對流體-食品顆粒傳熱開展傳熱學(xué)和品質(zhì)動力學(xué)分析[2-3]。國外關(guān)于TTIs在食品熱處理中的應(yīng)用較為廣泛,用于研究罐頭殺菌、液體顆粒超高溫殺菌等工藝中溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系的變化[4-8]。
中式烹飪的發(fā)展趨勢是實(shí)現(xiàn)烹飪的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、自動化,必須把握烹飪傳熱-品質(zhì)變化的內(nèi)在原理。文獻(xiàn)[9-10]提出了烹飪品質(zhì)形成的傳熱學(xué)和動力學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型,證明溫度對烹飪品質(zhì)具有決定作用,而加熱品質(zhì)變化動力學(xué)是聯(lián)系溫度和品質(zhì)的紐帶。烹飪過程中食品顆粒處于非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱狀態(tài)[9],溫度隨空間位置和時(shí)間變化,測量難度很大。目前獲取液體-顆粒傳熱中顆粒內(nèi)部溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系的方法有近10種[11],而應(yīng)用較多的是熱電偶法[12]、數(shù)值模擬法[13]和TTIs法[14]。熱電偶法只能對靜態(tài)顆粒的溫度進(jìn)行測量。數(shù)值模擬法通過求解非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱方程獲取溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,具有省時(shí)、受試驗(yàn)條件限制較小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但該方法的關(guān)鍵參數(shù),如流體-顆粒表面換熱系數(shù)hfp,必須由試驗(yàn)測定[15-16]。爆炒是中式烹飪的典型工藝[17],過程短促劇烈,有些僅持續(xù)10 s,由于強(qiáng)烈攪拌導(dǎo)致顆??焖僖苿樱虼藷犭娕挤ú贿m用于爆炒烹飪研究,數(shù)值模擬方法也受限于無法試驗(yàn)測定hfp。而TTIs裝置可以將食品模擬物載體做成與烹飪顆粒原料類似的形狀,置于烹飪原料中共同加熱,最終通過檢測指示劑的不可逆變化,結(jié)合動力學(xué)和傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型,推算得到食品顆粒的溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系和品質(zhì)變化[15]。在爆炒等食品顆粒為運(yùn)動狀態(tài)的熱處理工藝中,TTIs法可能是唯一可行的烹飪傳熱學(xué)-動力學(xué)分析研究手段[18]。因此有必要構(gòu)建中式烹飪研究用的TTIs裝置。
TTIs裝置必須配合數(shù)學(xué)模型,因此數(shù)值模擬是TTIs應(yīng)用的必要手段。文獻(xiàn)[19]建立并驗(yàn)證了TTI指示劑耐高溫α-淀粉酶熱失活動力學(xué)模型,但未結(jié)合傳熱學(xué)分析魔芋葡聚糖凝膠載體內(nèi)部溫度與酶活力變化的關(guān)系。文獻(xiàn)[9-10]分別構(gòu)建了熱質(zhì)傳遞數(shù)學(xué)模型和烹飪動力學(xué)模型,文獻(xiàn)[17]通過對炒的數(shù)值模擬,初步了解了烹飪優(yōu)化的基本規(guī)律,但所選數(shù)學(xué)模型中的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)hfp為推斷設(shè)定,并未得到試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
本文選用耐高溫α-淀粉酶(博立生物)作為指示劑,測定其動力學(xué)參數(shù)D值、z值;以魔芋凝膠(g-KGM)作為食品模擬物,共同構(gòu)建了 TTIs。在設(shè)定的理想條件下,對構(gòu)建的TTIs的酶失活動力學(xué)模型和傳熱數(shù)學(xué)模型進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,證明了其可靠性。同時(shí),應(yīng)用構(gòu)建的 TTIs和數(shù)值模擬,測定了實(shí)際烹飪爆炒過程的表面換熱系數(shù)[17],證明了其實(shí)用價(jià)值。
1.1 材 料
魔芋純化粉(武漢強(qiáng)森公司);耐高溫α-淀粉酶液(原酶液)(江蘇博立生物制品有限公司);玻璃毛細(xì)管(上海欣鵬玻璃儀器有限公司),內(nèi)外徑分別為0.8、1.0 mm。
1.2 試 劑
可溶性淀粉,稀碘液,pH值為6的磷酸緩沖液,0.1 mol/L鹽酸溶液等。
1.3 儀器、設(shè)備及軟件
烹飪傳熱學(xué)及動力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)采集分析系統(tǒng)[20](自研),溫度測定準(zhǔn)確度為±0.05 ℃;熱電偶(奧崎自動化儀表設(shè)備有限公司);紫外分光光度計(jì)(上海欣茂儀器有限公司);pHS-3C精密-pH計(jì)(上海雷茲儀器廠);超級恒溫油浴鍋(上海博迅實(shí)業(yè)有限公司),通過油浴鍋的油循環(huán)運(yùn)動形成油對靜止的TTIs裝置的相對運(yùn)動,模擬烹飪液體-顆粒加熱,裝置參見圖1。
圖1 設(shè)定條件下時(shí)間溫度積分器(TTIs)動力學(xué)及傳熱學(xué)模型驗(yàn)證裝置Fig.1 Time temperature mtegrators (TTIs) kinetics and validation apparatus of heat transfer model under set conditions
1.4 理論、方法及條件
1.4.1 TTIs裝置相關(guān)原理方法
1)酶的熱失活動力學(xué)原理根據(jù)動力學(xué)原理,酶加熱失活D值與酶濃度之間的關(guān)系為
式中D值為在一定溫度下酶活力減少90%所需的時(shí)間,min;t為加熱時(shí)間,min;N0為原酶活,U;N為加熱時(shí)間為t時(shí)的剩余酶活,U。
而z值與D值的關(guān)系為
式中z值為D值減少90%所需要的溫度,℃,表征酶失活的溫度敏感性;T為顆粒中心溫度,℃;Tref為參考溫度,取100 ℃;Dref為Tref下對應(yīng)的D值,min。
參考溫度下等效加熱時(shí)間,即在變溫加熱條件下酶活變化等效于參考溫度下的恒溫加熱時(shí)間,可定量表征加熱強(qiáng)度,計(jì)算公式為
式中S為參考溫度下的等效加熱時(shí)間,min。
2)指示劑酶失活動力學(xué)模型構(gòu)建
由溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系根據(jù)式(3)得到參考溫度Tref下等效加熱時(shí)間S,測得Tref處理不同時(shí)間后酶活殘存率對數(shù)lg(N/N0)與時(shí)間(t)的回歸方程,將式公式(3)帶入得到對應(yīng)的酶活。積分計(jì)算利用Matlab軟件完成。
3)原酶活力測定
按文獻(xiàn)[19]中耐高溫α-淀粉酶酶活測定和計(jì)算方法,將原酶液稀釋不同倍數(shù),測定稀釋液與淀粉液反應(yīng)不同時(shí)間對應(yīng)的吸光度值(A),并對其對數(shù)化(lgA),得到與時(shí)間的關(guān)系曲線和回歸方程;然后測定酶解反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)時(shí)的A值,帶入回歸方程計(jì)算不同稀釋倍數(shù)的酶反應(yīng)到達(dá)終點(diǎn)所需的時(shí)間,由反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)時(shí)間計(jì)算出酶活力,求平均值得到平均酶活,即為原酶活力。
4)指示劑毛細(xì)管膠囊制備
使用微量注射器將14μL原酶液注入一端封閉的玻璃毛細(xì)管(外徑1.0 mm,內(nèi)徑0.8 mm),用冰凍處理后的夾具夾住注入原酶液的一端,用酒精噴燈燒結(jié)另一端進(jìn)行密封,制成長度3.10~3.50 cm的毛細(xì)管膠囊。
5)原酶液D值、z值的測定計(jì)算
將毛細(xì)管膠囊經(jīng)過一定溫度-時(shí)間處理后,迅速放入冰水混合物中冷卻 1 min,用微量注射器將酶液取出至10 mL的容量瓶中,然后用蒸餾水反復(fù)沖洗毛細(xì)管3次并定容,將酶液稀釋714.29倍,按3)中方法測量剩余酶活,按式(1)計(jì)算得到D值,按式(2)計(jì)算得到z值。
6)魔芋凝膠g-KGM載體的制備
按文獻(xiàn)[21]中的方法制備 g-KGM,利用打孔器將凝膠制作成圓柱形。該載體在高溫爆炒等條件下不破斷、不蒸發(fā),具有很強(qiáng)的烹飪耐受性,適合烹飪研究[21-22]。
7)TTIs裝置的構(gòu)建
按 6)中方法將魔芋凝膠制作成尺寸為Φ0.79 cm× 4.75 cm的圓柱體TTIs載體;將4)中方法制得的毛細(xì)管膠囊置入魔芋凝膠載體的幾何中心位置,構(gòu)建成TTIs裝置,見圖2。
圖2 TTIs裝置示意圖Fig.2 Schematic diagram of TTIs device
1.4.2 液體-顆粒非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱數(shù)學(xué)模型及數(shù)值計(jì)算
顆粒為圓柱形TTIs載體或豬里脊肉絲,液體為烹飪用油,假設(shè)烹飪開始時(shí)顆粒初始溫度均勻,油及顆粒熱物性穩(wěn)定,顆粒幾何尺寸恒定,忽略毛細(xì)管對傳熱的影響。
1)控制方程
顆粒內(nèi)部非穩(wěn)態(tài)導(dǎo)熱微分方程為
符號意義及單位見表1。
表1 數(shù)值計(jì)算參數(shù)Table1 Mathematical calculation parameters
2)初始條件和邊界條件
初始條件:初始溫度T1=T0,T0為室溫。
邊界條件:流體-顆粒對流加熱過程中,其邊界控制方程為
符號意義及單位見表1。
3)網(wǎng)格劃分
選取圓柱形載體的1/4建立物理模型,并由ANSYS中的Meshing進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格劃分,網(wǎng)格單元數(shù)為317 293,如圖3。
圖3 網(wǎng)格劃分Fig.3 Grid division
4)數(shù)值計(jì)算方法
利用ANSYS Mechanical對式(4)、(5)進(jìn)行數(shù)值求解。在PREP處理器中定義單元類型、輸入熱物性參數(shù);在SOLUTION中施加載荷,按表1輸入除求解溫度T以外的所有參量。若Tf為定值,則直接輸入;若Tf變化,則根據(jù)實(shí)測值利用 Functions Edit線性確定溫度-時(shí)間變化,通過調(diào)用載入器讀取。選用JCG自動迭代求解器獲得有限元解,并在后處理器中導(dǎo)出中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系。
1.4.3 以最小溫度目標(biāo)總體差平方和法(LSTD)計(jì)算hfp
LSTD可反映數(shù)值模擬求得溫度與實(shí)測時(shí)間溫度的全程差異[23-24],其計(jì)算公式為
式中LSTD為溫度差平方和;Tsn、Tcn分別為在共為m個(gè)的第n個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)分別由數(shù)值模擬和采集獲得的溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系。
假設(shè)一個(gè)hfp,由1.4.2方法得到中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系Tsn-t,針對實(shí)測溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系Tcn計(jì)算得到LSTD值。以10 W/(m2·K)為hfp計(jì)算步長,分別計(jì)算LSTD,得到LSTD最小的hfp。以最小的hfp為計(jì)算基準(zhǔn),縮小計(jì)算步長到0.1 W/(m2·K),繼續(xù)計(jì)算LSTD值,得到LSTD最小時(shí)相應(yīng)的hfp即為目標(biāo)hfp。
1.4.4 設(shè)定條件下的TTIs裝置準(zhǔn)確性驗(yàn)證
1)TTIs載體中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系的實(shí)際測量方法
將熱電偶插入TTIs載體幾何中心位置,利用烹飪傳熱學(xué)及動力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)采集分析系統(tǒng)采集得到TTIs載體的中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,設(shè)定采集步長為0.1 s,采集時(shí)間及溫度范圍根據(jù)試驗(yàn)條件設(shè)定。同時(shí)測定油溫。
2)TTIs裝置實(shí)際剩余酶活的測定
將TTIs裝置在超級恒溫油浴鍋中加熱處理后,迅速取出毛細(xì)管膠囊放入冰水混合物中冷卻,測定其實(shí)際剩余酶活。
3)指示劑酶失活動力學(xué)模型驗(yàn)證
在設(shè)定條件下,測定 TTIs載體的中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,按1.4.1方法計(jì)算酶活,與TTIs裝置實(shí)測酶活比較,以證明構(gòu)建的酶失活動力學(xué)模型可靠。
4)與TTIs裝置配合的數(shù)學(xué)模型驗(yàn)證
在設(shè)定條件下,由 1.4.2數(shù)學(xué)模型計(jì)算獲得的溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,按1.4.1方法計(jì)算酶活,與TTIs裝置實(shí)測酶活比較,以證明構(gòu)建的TTIs裝置傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型可靠。
1.4.5 基于TTIs裝置測定爆炒過程hfp
1)爆炒條件
由貴陽新東方烹飪學(xué)院一級廚師雷遠(yuǎn)在該校中餐教學(xué)平臺上以大火加熱操作快速顛鍋爆炒。菜籽油與 TTIs裝置、豬里脊肉、胡蘿卜混合物的質(zhì)量比約為1:5,TTIs裝置和豬里脊肉形狀尺寸相同(Φ0.79 cm×4.75 cm)。
2)爆炒過程hfp測定
將TTIs裝置和豬里脊肉一起爆炒后,取出TTIs裝置中的毛細(xì)管膠囊迅速冷卻,測定實(shí)際剩余酶活。由于爆炒過程存在強(qiáng)烈攪拌,無法實(shí)時(shí)記錄鍋內(nèi)油溫變化,參照1.4.4方法每隔10 s采集鍋內(nèi)油溫。以0.1 W/(m2·K)為步長,假設(shè)一系列hfp,當(dāng)計(jì)算酶活與TTIs實(shí)測酶活誤差最小時(shí),則認(rèn)為設(shè)定hfp為烹飪中油-豬里脊肉的hfp實(shí)際值。
2.1 TTIs裝置構(gòu)建及相關(guān)原理方法
2.1.1 原酶活力測定
吸光度值的對數(shù)lgA與時(shí)間t的關(guān)系曲線見圖4,其對應(yīng)的回歸方程見表2。
圖4 吸光度值的對數(shù)與時(shí)間關(guān)系曲線Fig.4 Relational graph of logarithm of absorbance with time
表2 原酶液反應(yīng)進(jìn)程回歸方程Table2 Regression equation of reaction process of original enzyme solution
按文獻(xiàn)[19]方法測得酶解體系反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)時(shí)的吸光度值為0.3,代入表2方程中,分別得到反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)時(shí)間,由反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)時(shí)間計(jì)算出酶活力,見表3。對不同倍數(shù)稀釋液得到的酶活力求平均值,得到平均酶活為55 491.47 U/g,以此作為原酶活力。
表3 不同稀釋倍數(shù)下求得的原酶活性Table3 Activity of original enzyme obtained by different concentrations
2.1.2 TTIs指示劑動力學(xué)參數(shù)D值、z值
酶活殘存率與時(shí)間關(guān)系曲線,結(jié)果如圖5所示。
圖5 不同溫度下酶活殘存率的對數(shù)與時(shí)間關(guān)系Fig.5 Plot of heating time vs. logarithm of residual activity ratio ofα-amylase at different heating temperatures
根據(jù)式(1),由圖5中的回歸方程得到對應(yīng)D值。結(jié)果見表4。
表4 不同溫度下原酶液的D值Table4 D values of original enzyme solution at different temperatures
根據(jù)式(2),為計(jì)算z值,繪制不同溫度下原酶液的D值對數(shù)曲線,如圖6所示。其回歸方程為
lgD=?0.135 8T+15.706 (R2=0.993) (7)
將式(7)帶入式(2),計(jì)算得到原酶液的z值為7.36 ℃。
圖6 不同溫度下原酶液動力學(xué)參數(shù)D值曲線Fig.6 Dvalue curve of original enzyme solution at different temperatures
2.2 指示劑酶失活動力學(xué)模型構(gòu)建
由1.4.1方法,得到100 ℃分別處理3、11、19、27 min后的剩余酶活,其酶活殘存率與等效加熱時(shí)間S的回歸方程為
根據(jù)式(3)和式(8)由溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系推算出酶活。
2.3 TTIs裝置準(zhǔn)確性驗(yàn)證
2.3.1 指示劑酶失活動力學(xué)模型的可靠性驗(yàn)證
TTIs實(shí)測剩余酶活與酶失活動力學(xué)模型推算剩余酶活結(jié)果見表5。由表5可知,兩者酶活最大誤差為2.22%。
表5 TTIs實(shí)測酶活與動力學(xué)模型推算酶活Table5 Measured enzyme activity by TTIs and computational enzyme activity by kinetics
2.3.2 設(shè)定試驗(yàn)條件下hfp的測算
測定得到hfp見表6。兩者溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系如圖7,其相關(guān)系數(shù)R2分別為0.999 6、0.999 6、0.999 8,平均相對誤差δ分別為2.06%、1.48%、0.85%。
圖7 不同加熱條件下TTIs載體實(shí)測溫度與數(shù)值模擬溫度Fig.7 Actual measured temperature and numerical simulated temperature of TTIs carrier under different heating conditions
2.3.3 TTIs裝置傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型的可靠性驗(yàn)證
按方法1.4.2求解TTIs裝置的傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型,得到中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,由式(3)、式(8)得到計(jì)算酶活,與TTIs裝置實(shí)測酶活比較見表6。由表6可知,兩者酶活最大誤差為2.24%。
表6 數(shù)值計(jì)算酶活與TTIs實(shí)測酶活Table 6 Enzyme activity by numerical calculation and TTIs
2.4 基于TTIs裝置測定爆炒過程hfp
將TTIs裝置與豬里脊肉一起爆炒,整個(gè)爆炒過程持續(xù)50 s,測得油溫及TTIs載體的初始溫度分別為170、22.5 ℃。爆炒中鍋內(nèi)油溫變化結(jié)果,見圖8。
圖8 爆炒中鍋內(nèi)油溫變化Fig.8 Oil temperature variation in pot during cooking
根據(jù)1.4.2中Tf變化條件下的數(shù)值計(jì)算方法,以圖8中的溫度數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行加載,計(jì)算得到中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,結(jié)合式(3)、式(8)計(jì)算得到剩余酶活-時(shí)間關(guān)系,見圖9。爆炒終點(diǎn)時(shí),由數(shù)值計(jì)算求得酶活為55 302.95 U/g,與 TTIs裝置測得酶活 55 334.85 U/g相比,誤差小于0.1%,按1.4.5方法求得hfp為1301.5 W/(m2·K),誤差為0.77%。
圖9 實(shí)際爆炒過程TTIs裝置中心溫度及酶活變化Fig.9 Center temperature variation of TTIs in process of stir frying
3.1 TTIs指示劑的尋找
TTIs指示劑的選用應(yīng)與熱處理的關(guān)鍵品質(zhì)因子具有相近的動力學(xué)參數(shù)。爆炒作為中式烹飪的代表性工藝,主要針對肉類、內(nèi)臟等蛋白質(zhì)原料,而蛋白質(zhì)變性的z值為 5~10 ℃[25]。為了尋求到合適的指示劑,本文作者進(jìn)行了長期努力,先后以辣根過氧化酶、耐高溫 α-淀粉酶(杰能科、諾維信)作為指示劑,測得z值分別為55.40[26]、35.34[19]、21.14 ℃[25],均不能滿足爆炒工藝的研究需要。本試驗(yàn)尋找到z值為7.36 ℃的酶源,是烹飪研究的理想指示劑。
3.2 動力學(xué)傳熱學(xué)相互印證的理論依據(jù)
根據(jù)數(shù)學(xué)物理方程解的唯一性定理[27],當(dāng)非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱的邊界條件和初始條件一定時(shí),相同熱物性物體的溫度變化相同。而TTIs指示劑的加熱酶活變化僅受溫度影響,因此,可用TTIs指示劑的酶活變化動力學(xué)結(jié)合傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型推算溫度變化,或結(jié)合測定的溫度變化驗(yàn)證酶活變化動力學(xué)模型。當(dāng)然也可通過數(shù)學(xué)模型推算 TTIs指示劑的酶活變化。
由 2.3.1可見,由指示劑酶熱失活動力學(xué)推算的酶活與實(shí)測值誤差分別為2.22%、0.37%、0.86%,均小于本領(lǐng)域認(rèn)可的誤差5%[19],證明構(gòu)建的TTIs指示劑的酶失活動力學(xué)模型可靠。由傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型得到的溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系計(jì)算得到的酶活與實(shí)測值誤差分別為2.24%、0.20%、0.86%,均小于5%,證明構(gòu)建的TTIs裝置的傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型可靠。
3.3 魔芋凝膠和豬里脊肉的熱物性及形狀對結(jié)果的影響
魔芋凝膠與真實(shí)肉的熱物理參數(shù)見表1,按1.4.5中烹飪條件處理后,分別得到TTIs裝置和里脊肉的中心溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系,見圖10,其相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.999 7,并分別求得剩余酶活為55 336.02、55 421.01 U/g,與TTIs實(shí)際測得酶活55 305.35 U/g的誤差分別為0.05%、0.21%,均小于5%。因此,豬里脊肉的熱物性對結(jié)果的影響誤差在允許范圍內(nèi),魔芋凝膠適合用作豬里脊肉的模擬物。
由2.1.3可知,毛細(xì)管膠囊具有一定尺寸,如果載體尺寸很小,影響其試驗(yàn)精度,故本試驗(yàn)所制作的豬里脊肉形狀尺寸與TTIs裝置相同,為Φ0.79 cm×4.75 cm的圓柱體,與實(shí)際爆炒中食品尺寸有一定差別,因此該 TTIs裝置的應(yīng)用具有一定局限性。
圖10 豬里脊肉和魔芋凝膠溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系Fig.10 Relationship between temperature and time of pork loin and g-KGM
3.4 TTIs在烹飪研究中的應(yīng)用
對于爆炒等出現(xiàn)劇烈流體-顆粒運(yùn)動的烹飪過程,要得到其中固體顆粒的溫度分布變化及關(guān)鍵參數(shù)hfp,是非常困難的。而應(yīng)用TTIs裝置并結(jié)合數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)可以解決這一問題,方法見本文2.4。同時(shí),爆炒是最復(fù)雜的烹飪操作,因而該裝置經(jīng)適當(dāng)改裝可以應(yīng)用于其他烹飪操作的研究。
在文獻(xiàn)[28]中,提出了基于 TTIs將手工烹飪轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽詣优腼兂绦虻姆椒?,中式烹飪研究用TTIs的研制,為該方法提供了技術(shù)支撐。
作者在文獻(xiàn)[10]中提出了成熟值的概念和公式定義,并實(shí)測了一些食品的成熟值[29-30],但測定成熟值時(shí),需要在食品中插入熱電偶,在激烈烹飪中難以實(shí)現(xiàn),而通過TTIs技術(shù),可以方便地測定和推算某一烹飪過程的成熟值,為烹飪研究提供了便利,這方面的研究及應(yīng)用將隨后開展。
尋找到一種動力學(xué)參數(shù)z值為7.36 ℃的耐高溫α-淀粉酶,以其作為指示劑并以魔芋凝膠作為食品模擬物載體,構(gòu)建了一種適合中式烹飪研究的時(shí)間溫度積分器(time temperature integrators,TTIs)裝置,并對構(gòu)建的TTIs通過試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了酶的熱失活動力學(xué)與傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型的相互印證,由指示劑酶熱失活動力學(xué)推算的酶活與實(shí)測值最大誤差為2.22%,由傳熱學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)模型得到的溫度-時(shí)間關(guān)系計(jì)算得到的酶活與實(shí)測值最大誤差為 2.24%。該TTIs可以用于烹飪過程,尤其是激烈烹飪過程的試驗(yàn)傳熱學(xué)研究,并測定表面換熱系數(shù)為1 301.5 W/(m2·K),還可以用于將手工烹飪轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽詣优腼兂绦?,以及用于烹飪成熟值的測定。對其他領(lǐng)域的移動顆粒試驗(yàn)傳熱學(xué)研究具有一定的參考價(jià)值。下一步,將研究把指示劑均勻分布于載體中的方法,進(jìn)而克服毛細(xì)管傳熱形成的誤差,提高TTIs的精確度。
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Establishment and verification of time-temperature integrators for Chinese cuisine
Deng Li, Huang Delong, Peng Jing, Wang Xiao, Cui Jun, Zeng Xuefeng, He Laping
(School of Liquor and Food Engineering,Guizhou University,Guiyang550025,China)
Chinese cuisine is regarded as a kind of traditional artistry that has multiple genres, various cooking methods and complicated cooking skills. Stir-frying, a typical operation in Chinese cuisine, normally has the characteristics of short time and drastic stirring. Due to the drastic stirring, food particles rapidly move, so common research methods cannot be used to investigate the internal temperature-time relationship of particles in liquid-particle heat transfer process by this operation, such as the thermocouple method and the numerical simulation method, both of which are limited to determine heat transfer coefficient. In order to realize the standardization and automation of Chinese cuisine, it is necessary to master the changing rules of heat transfer and quality during cooking process, and therefore, time-temperature integrators (TTIs) and the corresponding heat transfer - kinetics mathematical model are crucial or even indispensable methods for the researches on quality changes of cooking. The time-temperature integrator, a small equipment composed of an indicator and a carrier, was used to simulate the changes of target quality parameters, time and temperature history as well as food analogues. Therefore, the indicator must have key quality factors that are similar to kinetic parameters in real food materials, and the shape of food analogues must have similar thermal physical properties to real food system. Protein denaturation is widely used to represent quality changes in cooking process. Surprisingly, a kind of thermostableαamylase with the similarzvalue (7.36 ℃) to protein denaturation (5-10 ℃ ) was discovered and successfully applied as an indicator in our experiment. Specifically, the indicator was encapsulated in a capillary tube and then embedded in a carrier with particular shape for establishing TTIs. The carrier was made of konjac glucomannan gel (g-KGM) which has superior heat resisting property. Subsequently, to simulate cooking process of liquid-particle food under the specific heat transfer condition, the changes of enzyme activity were determined by TTIs, and the theoretical temperature-time relationship was calculated with the unsteady heat transfer mathematical model and then compared with practical experimental results. The temperature curve with the minimal gap of theoretical and actual value was obtained on the basis of the least summation of the squared temperature difference for overall target (LSTD). Finally, the residual activity ofαamylase was obtained based on kinetics methods. And the difference with the measured enzyme activity was not more than 2.24%, indicating the TTIs mathematical model was accurate and reliable. Furthermore, the TTIs mathematical model was used to determine the heat transfer coefficient during stir-frying process of Chinese cuisine. The results showed that the TTIs combined with numerical simulation was appropriate for analyzing and measuring heat transfer process, even for the situations conventional heat transfer experiment method was powerless or some other stormy cooking process with liquid-particle. In addition, armed with quality change kinetics, the heat transfer could be analyzed especially for heated treatment of liquid-particle. That is to say, this method may provide key technology for procedure analysis and process optimization of Chinese cuisine. Moreover, it can also be applied to those studies on actual heat transfer process of moving particles in other field.
heat transfer; temperature; enzymes; Chinese cuisine; time-temperature integrators (TTIs); temperature-time relationship; surface heat transfer coefficient
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.037
TS201.1
A
1002-6819(2017)-07-0281-08
2016-08-22
2017-04-11
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31660449);貴州省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(黔科合農(nóng)G字[2013]4016號);貴州省重大科技專項(xiàng)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(黔科合重大專項(xiàng)字[2015]6004);貴陽市科學(xué)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(生物重大專項(xiàng)[2010]筑農(nóng)合同字第8-1號)
鄧 力,男,江蘇南京人,教授,博士,主要研究方向?yàn)樽詣优腼儭?fù)雜食品加工過程的數(shù)值分析、現(xiàn)代殺菌技術(shù)及擠壓技術(shù)。貴陽 貴州大學(xué)釀酒與食品工程學(xué)院,550025。
Email:denglifood@sohu.com