王 伸, 鄧良偉, 徐 則 , 王 霜, 姜奕圻, 鄭 丹
( 1.農(nóng)業(yè)部沼氣科學(xué)研究所, 成都 610041; 2.農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)村可再生能源開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 成都 610041)
豬場廢水厭氧消化液好氧處理過程酸化改進(jìn)及菌群結(jié)構(gòu)變化
王 伸1,2, 鄧良偉1,2, 徐 則1,2, 王 霜1,2, 姜奕圻1,2, 鄭 丹1,2
( 1.農(nóng)業(yè)部沼氣科學(xué)研究所, 成都 610041; 2.農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)村可再生能源開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 成都 610041)
豬場廢水厭氧消化液; SBR; pH值; 16SrRna; 厭氧氨氧化
1.1 污泥和污水
試驗(yàn)所用接種污泥來源于實(shí)驗(yàn)室培養(yǎng)的好氧污泥(具有硝化、反硝化活性)和厭氧氨氧化污泥。試驗(yàn)進(jìn)水為四川邛崍某豬場廢水處理沼氣工程厭氧反應(yīng)器出水(厭氧消化液),以及經(jīng)過固液分離但未經(jīng)過厭氧處理的固液分離出水,簡稱原水。
1.2 試驗(yàn)裝置
試驗(yàn)采用SBR工藝,實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置為直徑17 cm,高度33.8 cm的刻度塑料桶,總?cè)莘e6.0 L,有效容積為5.0 L。
1.3 試驗(yàn)方案
1.4 檢測項(xiàng)目及分析方法
1.5 微生物高通量測序分析
取適量污泥樣品,使用E.Z.N.A Soil DNA 試劑盒(Omega Bio-tek,Norcross,GA,U.S.)提取微生物總DNA。以16S rRNA V3~V4 區(qū)內(nèi)338F (5'-ACTCCT ACGGGAGGCAGCA-3')和806R (5'-GGACTAC HVGGGTWTCTAA T-3')為特征引物,采用20 L混合反應(yīng)體系,在GeneAmp 9700(ABI)型PCR 擴(kuò)增儀上完成目標(biāo)片段擴(kuò)增。反應(yīng)程序?yàn)?5℃預(yù)變性2 min,95℃變性30s,55℃退火30 s, 72℃延伸30 s,25個(gè)循環(huán)后,72℃延伸5 min,每個(gè)樣品重復(fù)3次。使用AxyPrepDNA凝膠回收試劑盒(Axygen,Union City,CA,U.S.)對PCR 擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行回收?;贗llumina Miseq PE300 平臺(tái),委托上海美吉生物醫(yī)藥科技有限公司完成對PCR 擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物的高通量測序,在多樣性評估的基礎(chǔ)上,采用Qiime 軟件進(jìn)行微生物分類學(xué)分析。
2.1 反應(yīng)器中混合液pH值變化
當(dāng)反應(yīng)器混合液pH值<6.5時(shí),可以認(rèn)為是酸化。3個(gè)反應(yīng)器中混合液pH值變化列于圖1。從圖1中可以看出,試驗(yàn)期間只有CG組出現(xiàn)明顯酸化現(xiàn)象,從第49天起pH值開始下降,直至穩(wěn)定在5.8左右。兩種改進(jìn)策略AN組合RW組,只有AN組在第58~66天,出現(xiàn)短暫的酸化,其他時(shí)間都未出現(xiàn)酸化。在試驗(yàn)后期(第68天后),pH值比較穩(wěn)定,AN組、RW組出水pH值平均值分別為7.7和7.7,說明兩種改進(jìn)策略能明顯抑制酸化。
圖1 不同反應(yīng)器曝氣結(jié)束時(shí)混合液pH值
2.2 SBR對COD的去除
圖2和圖3顯示了SBR對豬場廢水厭氧消化液COD去除效果。從圖2和圖3可知,在試驗(yàn)前期(低68 d前),CG組和AN組進(jìn)水為厭氧消化液,其COD濃度為461 mg·L-1,COD去除率分別為7.09%和26.6%,波動(dòng)較大。添加原水的RW組,進(jìn)水COD為1806 mg·L-1,去除率為65.3%,隨著進(jìn)水COD升高,COD去除率也相應(yīng)升高。在第69~91 d期間,CG組和AN組進(jìn)水(厭氧消化液)COD濃度為621 mg·L-1,COD去除率分別為-13.2%和47.0%。添加原水的RW組,進(jìn)水COD為3761 mg·L-1,去除率為89.4%。通過和CG組對比發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種酸化改進(jìn)策略都能提高COD去除率,AN組和RW組分別提高了60.2%和102.6%,其中添加原水組最明顯,但AN組出水COD濃度比較低。酸化后有機(jī)物的去除效果差的原因是異養(yǎng)細(xì)菌的最適生長pH值范圍為6.5~7.5。當(dāng)pH值在6.5以下時(shí),異養(yǎng)細(xì)菌活性將受到抑制,在低pH值下微生物解體[18],導(dǎo)致出水COD大于進(jìn)水COD,COD去除率為負(fù)值。添加原水后COD去除效率提高的原因是,厭氧消化液BOD5/COD 值0.26(見表1),不易生化降解;添加原水后 BOD5/COD由0.26提高到0.32改善了可生化性,為后處理中好氧微生物的生長提供了易降解的有機(jī)碳源[19],關(guān)鍵是pH值處于穩(wěn)定在7.7左右,有利于微生物生長代謝;對于AN組,同樣也是因?yàn)槲闯霈F(xiàn)酸化,系統(tǒng)處于有利于異養(yǎng)微生物生長的pH值之間。Bortone[20]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)豬糞污水好氧生化處理出水中含有大約300 mg·L-1的難降解COD,說明AN組和RW組對COD已經(jīng)達(dá)到最大程度去除。
圖2 進(jìn)出水 COD 濃度
圖3 進(jìn)出水COD 去除率
2.3 SBR對氮的去除
2.3.1 氨氮濃度和氨氮轉(zhuǎn)化率
表1 運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定時(shí)(第69~91天)進(jìn)出水主要污染物濃度和污染物去除率
2.3.2 氨氮轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物和TIN去除率
圖4 進(jìn)出水濃度
圖5 進(jìn)出水-N去除率
2.4 微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
利用Miseq 高通量測序平臺(tái)對對照組和改進(jìn)組污泥中微生物多樣性進(jìn)行了分析。高達(dá)99.69%以上的覆蓋率表明,測序結(jié)果能真實(shí)反映樣品中的菌群分布情況。CG組,AN組和RW組得到相同的24523條有效序列,平均長度為分別為443,441和441 bp,其中片段長度在421~460 bp之間旳序列占總序列數(shù)的99.89%,在97%的相似水平上可聚類產(chǎn)生458,502和440個(gè)OTU。從稀釋度曲線可看出(圖5),4組樣品的曲線均趨于平坦,樣品的測序數(shù)據(jù)量有效,可反映樣本真實(shí)的微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)。不同反應(yīng)器中樣品在97%相似性上的維恩圖如圖8所示,顯示了不同樣品的OTU數(shù)目組成相似性及重疊情況。其中,有370個(gè)OTU為3組樣品所共有,占各組總數(shù)的73.7%以上。不同樣品的細(xì)菌群落多樣性指數(shù)如表2所示。表中Chao和ACE表征菌群的豐富度,數(shù)值越大,表示樣品中群落結(jié)構(gòu)越豐富。Shannon和Simpson指數(shù)常用來估算樣本中微生物的多樣性,Shannon值越大,說明群落多樣性越高,而Simpson指數(shù)值越大,說明群落多樣性越低,均一性越差。表2中數(shù)據(jù)可看出,改進(jìn)AN組增加了反應(yīng)器中細(xì)菌群落的豐富度和多樣性,同時(shí)也增加了細(xì)菌群落的均一性;而改進(jìn)RW組也增加了反應(yīng)器中細(xì)菌群落的豐富度和多樣性,同時(shí)也增加了細(xì)菌群落的均一性,但效果不明顯。對測序樣品得到的序列進(jìn)行比對分析,3組樣品在生物分類學(xué)門的水平上進(jìn)行分類,均檢測到12個(gè)門,且3者門的組成類別相同,但所占比例不同,占總比例的96.1%以上。由圖8可知變形菌門 (Proteobacteria) 和擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)為3組反應(yīng)器共有的優(yōu)勢菌門。改進(jìn)組使變形菌門 (Proteobacteria) 和擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)豐度顯著減少,而豐度有所減小。圖8顯示,Proteobacteria( 變形菌門) 是各污泥樣品中最豐富的門,CG,AN和RW分別占37.1%,35.1%和32.4%,改進(jìn)組AN和RW組豐度分別下降2.0%和4.7%。其中,變形菌門是細(xì)菌中最大的一個(gè)門,包含多種代謝種類的細(xì)菌,變形菌門細(xì)菌根據(jù)rRNA序列被分為五類,分別以希臘字母分別以希臘字母α,β,γ,δ和ε命名,β變形菌和γ變形菌以有機(jī)物為碳源,以呼吸和發(fā)酵代謝方式進(jìn)行兼性異養(yǎng)生長,去除廢水中有機(jī)物主要參與者[27-28];δ變形菌包括嚴(yán)格厭氧的一些種類,同樣也具有降解COD功能。另外,α-,β-和γ這3類變形菌包含了常見的氨氧化細(xì)菌(AOB),亞硝酸氧化細(xì)菌(NOB)以及反硝化細(xì)菌種屬[29],是廢水處理系統(tǒng)中含氮污染物去除的主要參與者。筆者實(shí)驗(yàn)中這3類細(xì)菌的大量出現(xiàn),推測與本反應(yīng)器中氮素的去除相關(guān)。CG,AN,和RW組第二主要門是擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes),分別占29.2%,24.5%和20.8%。擬桿菌門細(xì)菌是反應(yīng)器中的另一類優(yōu)勢菌。擬桿菌是化能有機(jī)營養(yǎng)細(xì)菌,代謝碳水化合物,能夠?qū)?fù)雜的有機(jī)物如:纖維素、淀粉等水解為單糖,再降解為乳糖、乙酸、甲酸等;將蛋白質(zhì)水解為氨基酸和有機(jī)酸等;將脂類水解為低級的脂肪酸[30]。筆者研究中檢測到在擬桿菌門具有一定的優(yōu)勢,可能在有機(jī)物的去除中發(fā)揮了作用。
圖6 各反應(yīng)器出水 -N 濃度變化
圖7 各反應(yīng)器出水 -N濃度變化
圖8 各反應(yīng)器出水 NOx--N 濃度變化
圖9 3個(gè)反應(yīng)器的TIN去除率
表2 微生物豐度和多樣性情況
圖10 3個(gè)樣品稀釋曲線圖
圖11 3個(gè)反應(yīng)器各菌群的Venn圖
圖12顯示的是4個(gè)樣品在屬的水平上主要菌群的分布情況。和CG組相比,AN組豐度下降最明顯的3個(gè)組分別是Nitrosomonas,從7.95%下降到4.25%;OPB35_soil_group_norank從6.44%下降到3.19%;Ferruginibacter從2.90%下降到0.81%;增加最明顯的三個(gè)組分別是:OPB56_norank從0.71%上升到3.67%;Deltaproteobacteria_unclassified從0.11%上升到3.11%;Candidate_division_WS6_norank從0.95%上升到2.84%。和CG組相比,RW組豐度下降最明顯的三個(gè)組分別是Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17_norank從8.46%下降到1.16%;Nitrosomonas從7.95%下降到0.79%;BD1-7_clade從4.33%下降到1.16%;增加最明顯的3個(gè)組分別是:Candidate_division_WS6_norank從0.95%上升到9.35%;OPB56_norank從0.71%上升到6.90%;Sterolibacterium從0.16%上升到2.82%;筆者就3個(gè)反應(yīng)器出現(xiàn)最主要的幾個(gè)屬水平的細(xì)菌進(jìn)行分析;在CG組,AN組和RW都發(fā)現(xiàn)好氧異養(yǎng)菌(如Saprospiraceae[31], Chitinophagaceae_uncultured[32]) ,和缺氧異養(yǎng)菌(如Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17_norank[33])和脫氮菌(如 Thermomonas[34], Comamonadaceae[35])出現(xiàn)富集,這些細(xì)菌以硝酸鹽為電子受體來降解COD;同時(shí)也富集了屬于疣微菌門(Verrucomicrobia)的OPB35_soil_group_norank, Verrucomicrobia是好氧甲烷氧化菌,有助于減少溫室氣體甲烷的排放[36];在AN組和RW組中也富集了,有助于降解高分子化合物水解和酸化細(xì)菌(如Candidate_division_WS6_norank(AN =2.84%, RW=9.35%)[37-38]和Saccharibacteria_norank. (AN =2.18%, RW=5.19%[39]),但RW組富集程度高于AN組,可能原因是RW組進(jìn)水含有大量的高分子化合物,更有利于水解和酸化細(xì)菌富集。
圖12 3個(gè)反應(yīng)器各菌群在門屬水平上的相對豐度
圖13 3個(gè)反應(yīng)器各菌群在屬水平上的相對豐度
(2) 接種厭氧氨氧化污泥(AN組)和厭氧消化液中添加豬場廢水原水(RW組)對COD去除率分別提高60.2%和102.6%,總無機(jī)氮(TIN)去除率分別為提高了11.1%和73.3%,其中RW組效果最明顯。
(3) 接種厭氧氨氧化污泥(AN組)和對照(CG)組的AOB相對豐度大于NOB,出現(xiàn)亞硝酸積累;RW組富集的AOB相對豐度小于NOB,沒出現(xiàn)亞硝酸積累,出水中硝酸鹽以硝酸鹽形式存在。
(4) 接種厭氧氨氧化污泥(AN組)富集的厭氧氨氧化細(xì)菌低于高效自養(yǎng)脫氮需求。
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Improvement in Acidification during Aerobic Treatment of Digested Swine Wastewater and Its Microbial Community Variation /
WANG Shen1,2, DENG Liang-wei1,2, XU Ze1,2, WANG Shuang1,2, JIANG Yi-qi1,2, ZHENG Dan1,2/
( 1.Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture,Chengdu 610041,China; 2. Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy,Ministry of Agriculture,Chengdu 610041,China)
Digested swine wastewater; SBR; pH; 16S rRNA; Anammox
2017-01-05
項(xiàng)目來源: 國家自然科學(xué)基金(31572450); 國家生豬技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)體系(CARS-36-10B)
王 伸(1990-),男,安徽亳州人,在讀碩士,研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)村廢棄物處理技術(shù),E-mail:ws55185366@163.com
鄧良偉,E-mail:dengliangwei@caas.cn
S216.4; X703
A
1000-1166(2017)02-0015-09