蔣思懿
胃輕癱,也被稱為胃排空障礙,是指無機(jī)械性梗阻因素存在時(shí)的功能性胃排空延遲,胃輕癱的發(fā)生嚴(yán)重影響了住院患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療,這種影響在神經(jīng)重癥患者的治療過程中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。胃輕癱的發(fā)生很可能導(dǎo)致吸入性肺炎、腸源性膿毒血癥、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等并發(fā)癥,這些并發(fā)癥都會(huì)影響神經(jīng)重癥患者預(yù)后,甚至直接導(dǎo)致患者死亡。研究表明顱腦外傷及腦卒中患者會(huì)發(fā)生免疫抑制,導(dǎo)致患者感染幾率增高[1-4],與此同時(shí),研究表明感染是重癥患者預(yù)后不佳的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[5]。
1 病理機(jī)制
神經(jīng)重癥并發(fā)胃輕癱的病理機(jī)制到現(xiàn)在為止還不是非常明確,大量研究表明重癥患者并發(fā)胃排空障礙的發(fā)病率很高,這一現(xiàn)象在顱腦及脊髓損傷的重癥患者中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出[6-12]。顱內(nèi)局部腦缺血、腦水腫及顱內(nèi)壓升高是神經(jīng)重癥患者最常見的病理改變,大腦局部缺血可能導(dǎo)致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與胃腸道間神經(jīng)通路的中斷,也就是我們所說的腦—胃腸軸的中斷或受損,這會(huì)影響二者之間的相互作用,從而引起吞咽困難、胃腸功能紊亂甚至消化道出血等臨床表現(xiàn),這些臨床癥狀通??梢灾苯託w因于腦干以及某些大腦皮層和皮層下結(jié)構(gòu)的特定腦缺血性病變[13]。此外腦出血通過使遠(yuǎn)隔區(qū)下丘腦中生長(zhǎng)抑素含量上升,引起神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控紊亂,導(dǎo)致腦-胃腸軸調(diào)控紊亂,從而出現(xiàn)胃腸功能障礙[14]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明腦出血后胃腸局部胃動(dòng)素的含量也會(huì)明顯升高[15-17],而胃動(dòng)素活性增加會(huì)產(chǎn)生如下病理?yè)p傷:1)通過興奮胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng),影響表面上皮細(xì)胞的連續(xù)性;2)粘膜細(xì)胞本身的神經(jīng)激素調(diào)節(jié)及其適應(yīng)性紊亂;3)減少胃粘膜血流,導(dǎo)致胃腸局部血循環(huán)障礙[15]。正常的胃排空是近端和遠(yuǎn)端胃、幽門、十二指腸等運(yùn)動(dòng)的整合,這些運(yùn)動(dòng)是由位于肌間神經(jīng)叢的Cajal間質(zhì)細(xì)胞(Interstitial cells of Cajal,ICC)產(chǎn)生的慢波控制的[18]。Lin Z, Sarosiek I [19]等對(duì)41例難治性胃輕癱行胃電刺激治療,植入胃電刺激裝置時(shí)取胃竇部組織活檢后發(fā)現(xiàn):36%的胃輕癱患者肌間神經(jīng)叢有嚴(yán)重的ICC缺失,并且ICC缺失與胃電圖異常程度顯著相關(guān)(消化期或禁食期均表現(xiàn)為正常慢波減少),與此同時(shí),ICC缺失嚴(yán)重程度與胃電刺激治療的反應(yīng)相關(guān),ICC缺失越嚴(yán)重,胃電刺激治療的效果越差,但是ICC缺失嚴(yán)重程度與胃輕癱嚴(yán)重程度并無相關(guān)性。
另外,Bostan A,Glibert G等發(fā)現(xiàn)共濟(jì)失調(diào)伴胃輕癱患者發(fā)生了POLG基因突變。由于大量mtDNA突變或缺失,包括胃神經(jīng)細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的能量依賴型細(xì)胞的呼吸鏈功能衰退使線粒體功能喪失,從而引起能量損耗,這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致消化功能失調(diào)[20]。目前我們?nèi)孕枰M(jìn)一步的生化和轉(zhuǎn)化研究以更好的解決POLG基因功能障礙的致病性。
2 相關(guān)因素
2.1 餐后血糖
早在1991年Fraser R,Horowitz M [21]等進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究就表明高血糖可以刺激十二指腸局部收縮并抑制胃竇收縮,從而使胃排空時(shí)間延遲,該研究還指出糖尿病患者胃動(dòng)力異常的主要原因可能是由于高血糖癥本身,而非糖尿病引起的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的自主神經(jīng)病變。Bytzer P [22]對(duì)15000病例進(jìn)行回顧性調(diào)查研究后也發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病并發(fā)胃輕癱的幾率與血糖控制相關(guān),與糖尿病類型及病程長(zhǎng)短無關(guān)。
2.2 腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)方式選擇
臨床醫(yī)生常選擇鼻腸管輸注營(yíng)養(yǎng)液以避免胃排空障礙引起的一系列并發(fā)癥,如吸入性肺炎,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等,但是其有效性仍有較大爭(zhēng)議,Hsu CW,Sun SF [23]經(jīng)一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)鼻腸管進(jìn)食發(fā)生嘔吐及呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎的幾率比經(jīng)鼻胃管進(jìn)食低,但是很多研究表明這個(gè)研究結(jié)果并不可靠[24-25],Heyland DK [26]將11項(xiàng)對(duì)比重癥患者不同腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)方式優(yōu)劣的隨機(jī)調(diào)查研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,其中9項(xiàng)研究都比較了腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)途徑對(duì)于吸入性肺炎發(fā)生率影響,但這些研究結(jié)果均表明二者間無顯著性差異;Chapman M研究發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)鼻腸管行腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)會(huì)抑制危重患者胃竇的壓力波并刺激其胃竇收縮,該實(shí)驗(yàn)也進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證有近50%的重癥患者胃液體排空延遲,且胃排空和幽門相位性活動(dòng)呈反比關(guān)系[27],筆者認(rèn)為重癥患者長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)鼻腸管進(jìn)食會(huì)使患者進(jìn)入一個(gè)越廢用胃排空功能越差的怪圈。
2.3 精神癥狀及鎮(zhèn)靜藥物的使用
研究表明壓力及抑郁與胃輕癱的發(fā)生均存在相關(guān)性,并嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,但是對(duì)于健康人來說,這種影響不會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重胃輕癱,一般不需要藥物介入,且胃輕癱病情輕重并不會(huì)隨著抑郁焦慮狀況變化[28-29]。到目前為止,尚無研究驗(yàn)證壓力對(duì)胃排空的影響機(jī)制。神經(jīng)重癥患者極易出現(xiàn)譫妄、躁動(dòng)等精神癥狀,容易引起意外損傷導(dǎo)致病情加重,甚至引起顱內(nèi)壓升高危及生命等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故神經(jīng)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)中常使用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物避免此類情況的發(fā)生,但是研究表明咪達(dá)唑侖、右旋美托咪啶及丙泊酚等鎮(zhèn)靜藥對(duì)健康志愿者及重癥患者的胃排空均有明顯的抑制作用[30-32],所以在臨床工作中,鎮(zhèn)靜藥使用及停用的時(shí)機(jī)仍需要臨床醫(yī)生結(jié)合病人病情仔細(xì)考量。
2.4 感染
早在1998年Okumura T等就通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)幽門螺旋桿菌會(huì)通過破壞胃細(xì)胞壁中的脂多糖使胃的正常功能發(fā)生障礙[33]。近年來陸續(xù)有報(bào)道指出部分患者病毒感染后(如皰疹科病毒)會(huì)并發(fā)胃輕癱,因其病程大多呈自限性,在治療過程中很容易被忽略。病毒相關(guān)性胃輕癱的胃電圖異常可能提示其發(fā)生與病毒導(dǎo)致的Cajal細(xì)胞受損相關(guān),雖然皰疹科病毒具有嗜神經(jīng)性,但是其病理機(jī)制尚未明確[34-35]。
胃輕癱是神經(jīng)重癥患者常見并發(fā)癥,由于其發(fā)生的病理生理機(jī)制尚未明確,目前缺少有效的治療方法,目前,許多學(xué)者正致力于對(duì)神經(jīng)重癥并發(fā)胃輕癱發(fā)生的病理機(jī)制、高危因素、檢查方法及治療等細(xì)節(jié)方面的研究。為了在加強(qiáng)并優(yōu)化神經(jīng)重癥患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療,從而改善其預(yù)后,許多問題仍需要我們?cè)谂R床及科研工作中進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)并解決。
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