嚴良勝
短文改錯知識面廣,綜合性大,給學生帶來極大困難。要做好這類題學生不僅需要掌握扎實的語法知識,還要有較強的閱讀和分析判斷能力。下面談一下自己在教學實踐中的淺薄體會。
一 培養(yǎng)綜合能力
短文改錯是綜合能力的考查,所以要從聽、說、讀、寫抓起,有目的、有步驟、循序漸進地提高學生的改錯能力。
1. 打好語言基本功。 由于學生在學習中的錯誤大量存在于口頭、筆頭訓練中,所以教師平常在課堂上要注意對學生的口頭、筆頭能力的培養(yǎng),要在課堂上要求學生用所學新的詞匯、詞組造句,然后做筆頭練習。如adjust to 可以讓學生造句:
The body qicckly adjusts to itself to changes in temperature。
The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child。
通過造句,使學生對adjust to 有了充分理解,如改錯中對這個短語使用不當,便可以一眼識別。
2. 精煉短文改錯。練習可以從單句入手,逐步提高判斷錯誤的能力。教師可以把平時典型錯例子拿來,由于難度低,可以提高答題的準確率,且能收到良好的效果。通過大量單句練習,學生可以進一步打下堅實的基礎。
3. 寫作練習。
在寫作練習中要養(yǎng)成認真檢查,反復潤色的習慣,自批自改,自我發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中可能存在的問題,看看有沒有拼寫、用詞、邏輯等方面的錯誤,把錯誤降到最低。
學生互改?;ハ嗉m錯,強化識錯能力。一是可以相互學習借鑒作文優(yōu)點;二是可以發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤并加以改正,從而提高自己識錯糾錯的能力。
二 改錯答題技巧
首先,要了解改錯的命題特點,多詞、缺詞、錯詞等。其次,做題時還應該注意:短文改錯是以短文為單位,而不是以句子為單位設置錯誤的。所以做題時,一定要通讀短文,領會大意,把握短文的整體性。在此基礎上,逐句審讀,多方分析,切忌讀一句改一句。要上下兼顧,不可顧此失彼。
(一)錯詞。此類試題所占比例大,類型多,情況復雜,下面舉出幾個常見錯誤的例子。
1.數(shù):名詞、動詞的單數(shù)和復數(shù),人稱代詞、反身代詞的數(shù)。如:
---They hold the idea that newspapers dont catch peoples eyes because---(2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
---There exist now a park with a small river---(2016屆安師大附中最后一卷)
---I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.---(2016年全國卷3)
做這類題時,要考慮到詞的用法,前后意義的一致,主謂的搭配等各個方面。這類題目語法難度不大,做題時一定要細心。
2.意:主要是關于文章的意義、行為邏輯、句子的肯定、否定及銜接等。如:
--- I have never left my parents for so long, but I miss them very much.---
(2016屆蚌埠二中上學期10份月考)
---Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.---
(2016年全國卷1)
這類題主要是考查對于文章整體意義的理解,判斷錯誤不能只從整個句子本身去看,而是從上下文,乃至整篇文章去看。
3.格:指名詞的所有格、代詞的主格、賓格的誤用以及人稱代詞和不定代詞的誤用。如:
---Instead,he hopes that our business will grow steady.---(2016年全國卷1)
---we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.---
(2016年全國卷2)
---Im writing to tell you anything about my university life.---
(2016屆蚌埠二中上學期10份月考)
4.語法:這是改錯題中出現(xiàn)最多的一類,主要考查學生對基礎知識掌握的程度,要求學生熟練掌握并靈活運用相關知識。如:固定短語的搭配,非謂語動詞,各類從句等。如:
---because they lack the sound and video what make other sources of information more exciting.---( 2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I love .---(2016年全國卷1)
--- We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.---( 2016年全國卷2)
--- I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.--- ( 2016年全國卷3)
另外,冠詞、動詞時態(tài)、動詞語態(tài)、介詞、連詞的運用等錯誤也要注意。如:
--- Recently students of our school have made the survey of “Views on Newspapers”.---
( 2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
--- At first it was difficult to me to do everything on my own,---
(2016屆蚌埠二中上學期10份月考)
---Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking.--- (2016年全國卷1)
5.時:指文中動詞時態(tài)考點。做題時一定要通讀全文,弄清文章的整體時態(tài)。如:
--- It is three months since I come here.---(2016屆蚌埠二中上學期10份月考)
--- The people interviewed held two different opinions. 45% of them enjoy reading newspapers--- ( 2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
6.代:反身代詞、代詞與它所代替的名詞在性、數(shù)、格等方面的一致。如:
--- people can make use of whatever means to gather information as long as its convenient for us. --- ( 2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
--- A sports center has been built in their place.--- (2016屆安師大附中最后一卷)
---I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.--- (2016年全國卷3)
(二)多詞。這種類型的錯誤多出現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)功能詞方面,做這類題目時,應縱觀全文整體理解,只看前后幾個詞是不能完全斷定是否有多詞的。如:
--- As for study, I major in the English because English is my favorite subject.---
(2016屆蚌埠二中上學期10份月考)
--- Additional, reading also makes people to think,---
( 2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
--- Though not very big ,but the Restaurant is popular in our area--- (2016年全國卷1)
(三)缺詞。缺詞的含義是句子漏掉了必不可少的詞,致使句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,這類錯誤一般多見于功能詞。如:
--- At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever ∧need help---.(2016年全國卷3)
I
--- Moreover, people can read whatever section they are interested∧.---
in
( 2016屆合肥168上學期第四次階段考試)
--- My uncle says that he never dreams ∧becoming rich in the short period of time.---
of
(2016年全國卷1)
綜上所述,改錯這類題主要是考查學生對基本句式,基本短語的掌握情況,是一項基本功能的考查。引導學生弄清錯誤所在及出錯原因,從而收到較好的效果,讓學生在練習中掌握解題技巧和方法。