董寧寧,宋 莉,李卓玉,肖 虹
(1.山西大學生物技術研究所化學生物學與分子工程教育部重點實驗室,山西太原 030006;2.山西醫(yī)科大學第一醫(yī)院,山西太原 030006)
滴滴涕對人大腸癌DLD1細胞上皮間充質轉化的影響
董寧寧1,宋 莉1,李卓玉1,肖 虹2
(1.山西大學生物技術研究所化學生物學與分子工程教育部重點實驗室,山西太原 030006;2.山西醫(yī)科大學第一醫(yī)院,山西太原 030006)
目的探究滴滴涕(DDT)對人結直腸腺癌上皮細胞(DLD1)上皮間充質轉化的影響及機制。方法DLD1細胞用DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1處理48 h后,倒置顯微鏡下觀察細胞形態(tài);實時熒光定量PCR法檢測E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-鈣黏著蛋白、波形蛋白和鋅指轉錄因子Snail1的mRNA表達。Western蛋白質印跡法檢測信號轉導和轉錄激活因子3(STAT3)信號通路主要蛋白STAT3和p-STAT3的蛋白水平。用STAT3抑制劑WP1066(5 μmol·L-1)處理,通過Western印跡法和實時熒光定量PCR法檢測其對DDT誘導的STAT3/Snail1信號通路中p-STAT3、STAT3的蛋白水平和上皮間充質轉化關鍵因子E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-鈣黏著蛋白、波形蛋白和鋅指轉錄因子Snail1的mRNA水平的影響。結果 與正常對照組相比,DLD1細胞在DDT處理48 h后,細胞形態(tài)由卵圓形逐漸變?yōu)殚L梭形,E-鈣黏著蛋白mRNA相對表達顯著降低(P<0.01),為正常對照組的(42.4±2.8)%。N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白mRNA相對表達顯著提高(P<0.01),為正常對照組的1.91±0.1倍和(1.5±0.2)倍。STAT3信號通路蛋白STAT3和p-STAT3蛋白表達均升高(P<0.01),為正常對照組的2.1和1.8倍。鋅指轉錄因子Snail1的mRNA相對表達顯著升高(P<0.01),是正常對照組的(1.5±0.1)倍。STAT3抑制劑WP1066 5 μmol·L-1處理后,鋅指轉錄因子Snail1 mRNA的表達明顯下調(P<0.01),為DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組的(56.3±0.9)%,同時抑制DDT誘導的E-鈣黏著蛋白mRNA表達升高(P<0.01),為DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組的2.5±0.1倍,N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白mRNA表達降低(P<0.01),分別為DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組的(50.2±2.9)%和(61.6±6.1)%。結論 DDT可能通過STAT3/Snail1信號通路改變上皮間充質轉化子E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的表達,進而促進大腸癌細胞上皮間充質轉化。
滴滴涕;大腸癌;上皮間充質轉化;信號轉導和轉錄激活因子3
滴滴涕(clofenotane,p,p′dichlorodiphenyltri?chloroethane,DDT)是首個被廣泛應用于生產(chǎn)及衛(wèi)生領域的合成有機氯農(nóng)藥(organochlorine pesti?cide,OCP)。DDT曾經(jīng)在20世紀為防治農(nóng)業(yè)病蟲害而被大量廣泛使用。隨著人們逐漸深入認識到DDT的危害后,2001年,瑞典最先禁止在農(nóng)業(yè)上使用DDT,隨后世界各國陸續(xù)禁止了DDT的生產(chǎn)和使用。DDT具有難降解性、親脂性和半揮發(fā)性,是一種持久性有機污染物(persistent organic pollutant,POP)[1]。由于DDT曾大規(guī)模使用,且又很難在自然環(huán)境中降解,殘留時間較長,DDT可通過土壤和食物給人類帶來極大的安全性問題[2]。國內外研究表明DDT污染形勢嚴重。如加拿大St Lawrence河表層水中DDT含量為9~22 ng·L-1[3]。2002年發(fā)現(xiàn),中國江蘇省水稻田總DDT殘留量最高為1.15 mg·kg-1,超出土壤環(huán)境質量三級標準(1.0 mg·kg-1)[4]。環(huán)境中殘留的DDT可在生物體脂肪組織內富集,并通過食物鏈逐級放大到較高濃度,對人類生命健康造成嚴重威脅。DDT及其代謝物具有生殖發(fā)育毒性、神經(jīng)毒性、內分泌干擾功能和免疫毒性等[5]。此外,DDT暴露和多種癌癥的發(fā)生密切相關,如大腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)、乳腺癌和肝癌等[6-9]。
CRC是一種十分常見的惡性腫瘤,而且死亡率在逐年上升。遺傳因素、日常飲食習慣如高比例攝入肉類和脂肪等都是CRC發(fā)病的誘因。此外,食品和飲料中的化學污染也是一個重要的因素[10]。流行病學調查表明,DDT暴露與CRC發(fā)病有關[11-12]。我們前期的研究結果表明,DDT暴露能促進大腸癌細胞增殖并抑制其凋亡[13-15]。上皮間充質轉化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)在腫瘤侵襲和轉移中發(fā)揮重要作用[16-17]。在EMT過程中,細胞極性消失,細胞間黏附降低,上皮標志蛋白N-鈣黏著蛋白表達降低,間質蛋白N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的表達升高。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),信號轉導和轉錄激活因子3(singnal transducers and activators of transcription 3,STAT3)和鋅指轉錄因子Snail1是EMT的重要調節(jié)蛋白[18-19]。Zucchini-Pascal等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),DDT暴露能誘導人肝細胞發(fā)生EMT。此外,DDT處理肝癌細胞后,明顯抑制E-鈣黏著蛋白表達,并上調N-鈣黏著蛋白的表達[8]。因此,DDT可能影響CRC細胞EMT化。目前,關于DDT暴露對CRC癌細胞EMT的影響及分子機制未見報道。本研究旨在探究DDT暴露對人結直腸腺癌上皮細胞(DL Dexter-1,DLD1)EMT的影響及可能機制。
1.1 細胞、試劑和儀器
DLD1細胞(中國科學院上海分院細胞研究所),于37°C,5%的CO2細胞培養(yǎng)箱中,用含10%胎牛血清和1%青鏈霉素的RPMI1640培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)。DDT和二甲亞砜(DMSO)(美國Sigma公司),用DMSO溶解DDT,配置成100 mmol·L-1的儲備液。使用時用RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基稀釋至DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1;RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基和胎牛血清(美國Gibco公司);100×青、鏈霉素和胰蛋白酶(北京Solarbio公司);總RNA抽提試劑Trizol和反轉錄試劑盒(日本TaKaRa公司);熒光定量PCR試劑盒SGExcel FastSYBR Mixture(帶ROX)、熒光定量PCR引物、兔抗人STAT3和p-STAT3單克隆抗體(上海生工公司);HRP標記羊抗大鼠IgG二抗(H+L)和羊抗兔IgG二抗(H+L)(美國Invitrogen公司);STAT3抑制劑WP1066(美國Cayman公司),用DMSO溶解WP1066,配置成 100 mmol·L-1的儲備液,WP1066使用終濃度為5 μmol·L-1。CO2細胞培養(yǎng)箱(美國Thermo Forma公司);蛋白質電泳儀和電轉儀(美國Bio-Rad公司);倒置顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司)。
1.2 細胞處理及分組
將DLD1細胞按照實驗要求鋪板,分為正常對照組(加0.1%DMSO)、DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1組,抑制劑WP1066 5 μmol·L-1組以及DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1+WP1066 5 μmol·L-1組,作用48 h。
1.3 細胞形態(tài)觀察
DLD1細胞按每孔1×104細胞接種于24孔板中,次日待細胞貼壁后,分別用DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1處理48 h,倒置顯微鏡下觀察細胞形態(tài)變化并拍照。
1.4 實時熒光定量PCR檢測E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-鈣黏著蛋白、波形蛋白和鋅指轉錄因子Snail1的mRNA表達
將DLD1細胞按每孔1×105個細胞種于12孔板中,次日待細胞貼壁后,分別用DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1的處理48 h,收集細胞,提取總RNA,然后按照逆轉錄試劑盒說明書,將RNA逆轉錄合成DNA。按實時熒光定量PCR試劑盒說明進行PCR。目的基因mRNA表達用GAP?DH基因進行均一化處理?;虮磉_變化的計算采用倍增變化率,基因倍增變化率=2-ΔΔCt(ΔCt為目的基因和內參照基因Ct值的差值)。PCR反應引物如表1。
Tab.1 Primer sequences of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,Snail1,vimentin and GAPDH for real-time quantitative PCR
1.5 Western蛋白質印跡檢測蛋白表達
在60 mm培養(yǎng)皿中接種1×106DLD1細胞,用DDT 0.1,1.0和10.0 nmol·L-1處理48 h,然后收集細胞,加入裂解液裂解10 min,收集上清。蛋白濃度用BCA法進行定量。40 μg的蛋白質樣品于12%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳進行分離。電泳結束后,將分離的蛋白條帶轉至PVDF膜上,用含5%脫脂奶粉的TBST室溫下封閉1 h,1∶500一抗4°C過夜孵育,TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min。然后室溫孵育1∶2000二抗1 h,TBST洗膜3次,每次10 min。最后于暗室進行化學發(fā)光液顯像。使用Image J分析軟件對蛋白條帶進行積分吸光度分析,以目標蛋白條帶的積分吸光度值與對應的α-微管蛋白積分吸光度值的比值表示目標蛋白的相對表達水平。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學分析
用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計學分析軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,實驗結果用表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,P<0.05認為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 不同濃度DDT對大腸癌細胞DLD1細胞形態(tài)的影響
細胞形態(tài)觀察(圖1)結果顯示,正常對照組細胞大多呈圓形或者卵圓形,DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1處理組細胞,大多呈長梭形,細胞間隙明顯增寬,有的長出多個觸角。
Fig.1 Effect of clofenotane(p,p′dichlorodiphenyltrichlo?roethane,DDT)on morphological change of colorectal cancer DLD1 cells.DLD1 cells were treated with DDT for 48 h. Arrows show spindle cell and antenna of cells.
2.2 DDT對DLD1細胞上皮間充質轉化標志蛋白E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-鈣粘著蛋白、波形蛋白及鋅指轉錄因子Snail1 mRNA表達的影響
實時熒光定量PCR結果(圖2)顯示,與正常對照組相比,DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0和100.0 nmol·L-1處理組E-鈣黏著蛋白mRNA相對表達降低(P<0.01),分別為正常對照組的(67.2±8.8)%,(48.6± 3.8)%,(42.4±2.8)%,(71.6±8.3)%和(73.7± 6.4)%;DDT各處理組N-鈣黏著蛋白mRNA相對表達升高(P<0.01),分別為正常對照組的1.5±0.1,1.6±0.2,1.9±0.1,1.5±0.2和(1.4±0.1)倍;DDT各處理組波形蛋白mRNA相對表達升高(P<0.01),分別為正常對照組的1.2±0.1,1.3±0.1,1.5±0.2,1.3±0.2和(1.2±0.1)倍。DDT各處理組鋅指轉錄因子Snail1 mRNA相對表達顯著升高(P<0.01),分別為正常對照組的1.2±0.1,1.3±0.1,1.5±0.1,1.3±0.1和(1.2±0.1)倍。
Fig.2 Effect of DDT on mRNA expressions of E-cad?herin,N-cadherin,vimentin and Snail1 in DLD1 cells by real-time PCR.See Fig.1 for the cell treatment.,n=3.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group.
2.3 DDT對DLD1細胞STAT3和p-STAT3蛋白表達的影響
Western蛋白質印跡檢測結果(圖3A)顯示,與正常對照組相比,DDT 0.1,1.0和10.0 nmol·L-1處理組STAT3和p-STAT3蛋白水平升高(P<0.01),STAT3蛋白水平分別為正常對照組的1.3,2.1和1.3倍,p-STAT3分別為正常對照組的1.4,1.8和1.4倍。
2.4 STAT3抑制劑WP1066對DDT誘導DLD1細胞E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-鈣黏著蛋白、波形蛋白和鋅指轉錄因子Snail1mRNA表達的影響
實時熒光定量PCR結果(圖4)顯示,與DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組相比,DDT+WP1066組E-鈣黏著蛋白mRNA表達升高(P<0.01),是DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組的2.5±0.1倍;N-鈣粘著蛋白和波形蛋白mRNA表達降低(P<0.01),分別是DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組的(50.2±2.9)%和(61.6±6.1)%;鋅指轉錄因子Snail1 mRNA表達降低(P<0.01),為DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組的(56.3±0.9)%。
Fig.4 Effect of WP1066 on mRNA expression of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,vimentin and Snail1 in DDT-induced DLD1 cells.DLD1 cells were pre-incubated with WP1066(5 μmol·L-1)for 0.5 h and then treated withDDT 1.0 nmol·L-1for 48 h.,n=3.**P<0.01,compared with normal control(0)group;##P<0.01,compared with DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1alone treatment group.
2.5 STAT3抑制劑WP1066對DDT誘導DLD1細胞STAT3和p-STAT3蛋白表達的影響
Western蛋白質印跡檢測結果(圖5)顯示,與DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1處理組相比,DDT和WP1066(5 μmol·L-1)共處理組中的p-STAT3蛋白水平降低,為正常對照組的47.8%(P<0.01),STAT3蛋白水平無明顯變化,表明STAT3/Snail1信號通路被抑制。
Fig.5 Effect of WP1066 on protein expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3 in DDT-induced DLD1 cells by Western blotting.See Fig.4 for the cell treatment.B was the semi-quantitative result of A.,n=3.**P<0.01,compared with normal control(0)group;##P<0.01,compared with DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1alone treatment group.
本研究表明,DDT暴露能明顯改變大腸癌DLD1細胞的細胞形態(tài),顯著降低EMT標志蛋白E-鈣黏著蛋白表達水平,提高N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的表達水平,提示,DDT促進大腸癌DLD1細胞的EMT。此外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DDT暴露激活STAT3/ Snail1信號通路,而STAT3抑制劑WP1066處理明顯抑制DDT對大腸癌DLD1細胞EMT的影響。以上結果表明,DDT通過激活STAT3/Snail1信號通路改變EMT標志蛋白的表達進而促進大腸癌DLD1細胞EMT的發(fā)生。
EMT在腫瘤細胞的侵襲和轉移中起著關鍵作用[16-17]。E-鈣黏著蛋白的缺失和間充質蛋白E-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的過表達是腫瘤細胞發(fā)生EMT的標志。E-鈣黏著蛋白介導細胞-細胞間粘附,并保持完整的基底膜和細胞形態(tài)。E-鈣黏著蛋白表達缺失會導致細胞喪失上皮表型,降低細胞粘附,易于轉移。E-鈣黏著蛋白是一種主要的粘附分子并且促進細胞-細胞粘附。波形蛋白是一種保持細胞形態(tài)和完整細胞質的中間絲蛋白。E-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的過表達是與腫瘤細胞的侵襲和遷移能力密切相關[21-22]。本研究結果顯示,經(jīng)DDT處理后,大腸癌細胞DLD1細胞形態(tài)發(fā)生明顯改變,由原有的圓形或卵圓形向長梭形轉變,細胞間間隙明顯增寬,長出觸角。實時熒光定量PCR結果表明,上皮標志蛋白E-鈣黏著蛋白的mRNA表達顯著降低,而間充質蛋白N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的mRNA表達顯著升高,在DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1作用下,這幾種蛋白的變化最為明顯,這可能是由于DDT濃度過高會對細胞具有一定的毒性,而濃度過低時,對這些蛋白的影響未達到最顯著的效果[13-14]。上述結果表明,DDT暴露促進人大腸癌DLD1細胞EMT與其影響E-鈣黏著蛋白、N-黏粘著蛋白和波形蛋白的表達有關。
有研究表明,STAT3在腫瘤細胞EMT發(fā)生過程中起著關鍵作用[23]。當STAT3磷酸化后可與Snail等轉錄因子的啟動子上特異DNA序列結合而調節(jié)其表達。本研究結果表明,DDT暴露能上調STAT3和p-STAT3的蛋白表達,表明DDT暴露誘導STAT3的激活。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DDT暴露明顯上調Snail1的表達,揭示DDT可能通過STAT3上調Snail1。為了證明這一假設,本研究利用STAT3抑制劑WP1066抑制DDT誘導的STAT3激活。研究結果表明,與DDT處理組相比,DDT和WP1066共處理組中的p-STAT3蛋白表達明顯降低,而Snail1的表達也明顯下調。上述結果表明,DDT通過激活STAT3進而上調Snail1的表達。研究報道,Snail1能間接或直接抑制E-鈣黏著蛋白的表達,Snail1與Smad相互作用蛋白1競爭結合E-鈣黏著蛋白的啟動子E-Box系列(5′-CACCTG-3′),從而抑制E-鈣黏著蛋白的表達[24-25]。此外,Snail1能夠上調N-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白的表達[26]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),STAT3抑制劑WP1066與DDT共處理大腸癌DLD1細胞后,與DDT處理組相比,Snail1表達明顯下調的同時,E-鈣黏著蛋白表達升高,E-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白表達降低。由此提示,DDT通過激活STAT3/Snail1信號通路進而改變EMT化標志蛋白的表達。
綜上所述,DDT暴露通過激活STAT3/Snail1信號通路抑制E-鈣黏著蛋白表達并上調E-鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白表達,這些EMT標志蛋白的改變促進大腸癌DLD1細胞EMT的發(fā)生,這一過程可能是DDT暴露促進腸癌發(fā)展的關鍵機制之一。
[1]Aamir M,Khan S,Nawab J,Qamar Z,Khan A. Tissue distribution of HCH and DDT congeners and human health risk associated with consump?tion of fish collected from Kabul River,Pakistan[J].Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,2016,125:128-134.
[2]Ding H,Li XG,Liu H,Wang J,Shen WR,Sun YC,et al.Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin,China[J].J Environ Sci(China),2005,17(5):731-735.
[3]Quémerais B.Lemieux C.Lum KR.Concentra?tions and sources of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the St.Lawrence River(Canada)and its tributaries[J].Chemosphere,1994,29(3):591-610.
[4]An Q,Dong YH,Wang H,Wang X,Wang MN,Guo ZX.Organochlorine pesticide residues in culti?vated soils,in the south of Jiangsu,China[J]. Acta Pedol Sin(土壤學報),2004,41(3):414-419.
[5]Beard J,Australian Rural Health Research Collab?oration.DDT and human health[J].Sci Total Envi?ron,2006,355(1-3):78-89.
[6]Gupta PK. Pesticide exposure-indian scene[J]. Toxicology,2004,198(1-3):83-90.
[7]Song L,Zhao J,Jin X,Li Z,Newton IP,Liu W,et al.The organochlorine p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltri?chloroethane inducescolorectalcancergrowth through Wnt/β-catenin signaling[J].Toxicol Lett,2014,229(1):284-291.
[8]Jin X,Chen M,Song L,Li H,Li Z.The evalua?tion of p,p'-DDT exposure on cell adhesion of he?patocellularcarcinoma[J].Toxicology,2014,322:99-108.
[9]Gerber R,Smit NJ,Van Vuren JH,Nakayama SM,Yohannes YB,Ikenaka Y,et al.Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in an apex aquatic predator from a premier conservation area[J].Sci Total Environ,2016,550:522-533.
[10] Colosio C,Tiramani M,Maroni M.Neurobehavioral effects of pesticides:state of the art[J].Neurotoxi?cology,2003,24(4-5):577-591.
[11] Jaga K.Serum organochlorine pesticide levels in patients with colorectal cancer in Egypt[J].Arch Environ Health,1999,54(3):217-218.
[12] Soliman AS,Smith MA,Cooper SP,Ismail K,Khaled H,Ismail S,et al.Serum organochlorine pesticide levels in patients with colorectal cancer in Egypt[J].Arch Environ Health,1997,52(6):409-415.
[13]Liu JX,Zhao JY,Jin XT,Li ZY,Song L.Effect oflow concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichlo?roethane on proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma SW620 cells[J].Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol(中國藥理學與毒理學雜志),2015,29(2):227-233.
[14]Song L,Zhao J,Jin X,Li Z,Newton IP,Liu W,et al.The organochlorine p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltri?chloroethane inducescolorectalcancergrowth through Wnt/β-catenin signaling[J].Toxicol Lett,2014,229(1):284-291.
[15]Song L,Zhao MR,Liu JX,Li ZY,Xiao H,Liu WP. P,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane inhibits the apoptosisofcolorectaladenocarcinoma DLD1 cells through PI3K/AKT and Hedgehog/Gli1 signaling pathways[J].Toxicol Res,2015,4(5):1214-1224.
[16] Tsuji T,Ibaragi S,Hu GF.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell cooperativity in metastasis[J]. Cancer Res,2009,69(18):7135-7139.
[17]Thiery JP.Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2002,2(6):442-454.
[18]Zhao S,Venkatasubbarao K,Lazor JW,Sperry J,Jin C,Cao L,et al.Inhibition of STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation by Smad4 suppresses transforming growth factor beta-mediated invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer cells[J].Cancer Res,2008,68(11):4221-4228.
[19]Huang C,Yang G,Jiang T,Zhu G,Li H,Qiu Z. The effects and mechanisms of blockage of STAT3 signaling pathway on IL-6 inducing EMT in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro[J].Neoplasma,2011,58(5):396-405.
[20]Zucchini-Pascal N,Peyre L,de Sousa G,Rahmani R. Organochlorine pesticides induce epithelialto mesenchymal transition of human primary cultured hepatocytes[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2012,50(11):3963-3970.
[21]Rivat C,De Wever O,Bruyneel E,Mareel M,Gespach C,Attoub S.Disruption of STAT3 signaling leads to tumor cell invasion through alterations of homotypic cell-cell adhesion complexes[J].Onco?gene,2004,23(19):3317-3327.
[22]Iwamaru A,Szymanski S,Iwado E,Aoki H,Yokoyama T,F(xiàn)okt I,et al.A novel inhibitor of the STAT3 pathway induces apoptosis in malignant glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo[J].Onco?gene,2007,26(17):2435-2444.
[23]Masuda M,Wakasaki T,Suzui M,Toh S,Joe AK,Weinstein IB.Stat3 orchestrates tumor develop?ment and progression:the Achilles′heel of head and neck cancers?[J].Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2010,10(1):117-126.
[24]Wu Y,Zhou BP.New insights of epithelial-mesen?chymal transition in cancer metastasis[J].Acta Bio?chim Biophys Sin(Shanghai),2008,40(7):643-650.
[25]Cano A,Pérez-Moreno MA,Rodrigo I,Locascio A,Blanco MJ,del Barrio MG,et al.The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transi?tions by repressing E-cadherin expression[J].Nat Cell Biol,2000,2(2):76-83.
[26]Kaufhold S,Bonavida B.Central role of Snail1 in the regulation of EMT and resistance in cancer:a target for therapeutic intervention[J].J Exp Clin Cancer Res,2014,33:62.
Effect of clofenotane on epithelialmesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer DLD1 cells
DONG Ning-ning1,SONG Li1,LI Zhuo-yu1,XIAO Hong2
(1.Institute of Biotechnology,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China;2.The First Affiliated Hospital,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030006,China)
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of clofenotane(DDT)on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and the relevant molecular mechanism in human colorectal cancer cells.METHODS Human colorectal cancer cells DLD1 were treated with DDT 0.01,0.1,1.0,10.0 and 100.0 nmol·L-1for 48 h.Then,the morphology of DLD1 cells was observed.mRNA levels of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,vimentin and Snail1 were detected by real-time PCR.Protein expression of STAT3 signaling pathway of proteins STAT3 and p-STAT3 was detected by Western blotting.STAT3 inhibitor WP1006(5 μmol·L-1)was addedto determine its impact on DDT-induced alternation of STAT3/Snail1 signaling and EMT-related molecules. Protein expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3 was detected by Western blotting and mRNA levels of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,Vimentin and Snail1 were detected by real-time PCR.RESULTS DLD1 cell morphology was changed after exposure to DDT 0.01-100.0 nmol·L-1.Meanwhile,real-time PCR showed that the mRNA level of E-cadherin was significantly decreased compared with normal cell control (P<0.01),which was 42.4±2.8%of that in the normal control group.The mRNA levels of N-cadherin,Vimentin and Snail1 were significantly increased(P<0.01),which were 1.91±0.1,1.5±0.2 and 1.5±0.1 times that of the normal control group.DDT 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 nmol·L-1exposure induced up-regulation of STAT3 and p-STAT3 protein levels(P<0.01),which were 2.1 and 1.8 times that of the normal control group. The addition of STAT3 inhibitor WP1066(5 μmol·L-1)prevented STAT3 from phosphorylation as well as the up-regulation of Snail1(P<0.01),which was(56.3±0.9)%that of the DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1treat?ment group.Compared with DDT treatment alone,the mRNA levels of EMT-related molecules were remarkably reversed by WP1066(5 μmol·L-1)co-treatment,increasing E-cadherin but decreasing N-cadherin and vimentin in DLD1 cells(P<0.01),which were 50.2±2.9%and 61.6±6.1%of those in the DDT 1.0 nmol·L-1treatment group,respectively.CONCLUSION DDT alters the expressions of EMT-related molecules including E-cadherin,N-cadherin and vimentin via STAT3/Snail1 signaling,thus promoting the EMT process in human colorectal cancer cells.This progress may be closely related to DDT-induced colorectal cancer development.
clofenotane;colorectal cancer;epithelial-mesenehymal transition;singnal transducers and activators of transcription 3
SONG Li,E-mail:lsong@sxu.edu.cn,Tel:(0351)7017774
R996
A
1000-3002-(2017)02-0172-07
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.02.08
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21207084);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271516);Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(2014011027-5);University Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanxi Province(2016122);and Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (2016-115)
2016-09-06 接受日期:2017-01-24)
(本文編輯:賀云霞)
國家自然科學基金(21207084);國家自然科學基金(31271516);山西省自然科學基金(2014011027-5);高等學??萍紕?chuàng)新項目(2016122);山西省回國留學人員科研資助項目(2016-115)
董寧寧,女,碩士研究生,主要從事環(huán)境毒理學研究。
宋莉,E-mail:lsong@sxu.edu.cn,Tel:(0351)7017774