萬玉梅,朱計蓮,周軍麗
(南昌大學第一附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,南昌 330006)
常規(guī)護理措施對重型顱腦損傷患者顱內(nèi)壓的影響
萬玉梅,朱計蓮,周軍麗
(南昌大學第一附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,南昌 330006)
顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高是一種常見于顱腦損傷和腦血管性疾病的神經(jīng)外科臨床病理綜合征。在ICP監(jiān)測的護理中,應確保監(jiān)護裝置正常和ICP監(jiān)測的準確,隨時觀察并記錄病情和ICP數(shù)值。臨床上對于重型顱腦損傷的患者進行的一系列常規(guī)護理措施,諸如口腔護理、氣管內(nèi)吸痰術、患者體位的改變、拍背、聽覺刺激等能使患者保持呼吸道暢通,預防患者感染、發(fā)熱和顱內(nèi)再度出血。本文總結顱腦損傷患者的相關護理技術和細節(jié)對ICP的影響。
顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測; 常規(guī)護理; 顱腦損傷; 顱內(nèi)壓增高
重型顱腦損傷患者的主要死因之一是傷后顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)迅速升高,引起腦血流循環(huán)障礙,最終導致腦疝形成而繼發(fā)腦死亡。傷后通過對ICP的監(jiān)測和腦血流量的評估是防止重型顱腦外傷患者繼發(fā)腦損害的關鍵措施[1-3]。目前,臨床上針對這類病情危重患者所進行的一些相關護理措施可能引起患者ICP的增加,繼而導致更嚴重的后果。本文對口腔護理、氣管內(nèi)吸痰術、患者體位的改變和拍背、聽覺刺激等相關護理措施對ICP產(chǎn)生的影響以及對患者造成的后果作一綜述。
重型顱腦損傷的患者,特別是已行氣管插管或氣管切開的患者,口腔護理是必不可少的。近年來口腔護理措施已從疾病類型、護理頻率、持續(xù)時間上轉(zhuǎn)而更多的考慮其是否會引起患者ICP的增加。Szabo等[4]通過分析4項研究成果發(fā)現(xiàn)口腔護理會在一定程度上增加ICP而給患者帶來相關風險。然而,絕大多數(shù)研究[4-7]都把口腔護理作為重型顱腦損傷的常規(guī)護理,在這些研究中,口腔護理與ICP增加相關,但考慮到各項研究的樣本量較小,而且ICP的改變在口腔護理過程中監(jiān)測較為困難,精確度有待提高,并且在整個觀測過程中還有其他因素會干擾研究結果,如不同口腔護理操作、呼吸道的管理、皮膚護理、體位等因素的影響。目前比較大樣本的臨床試驗是由Prendergast等[5]在2009年完成的:收集了879例患者的臨床數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)口腔護理無一例患者出現(xiàn)ICP持續(xù)增加的現(xiàn)象,在操作后ICP會降到原先水平甚至更低,認為口腔護理在臨床護理工作中可以作為一項常規(guī)操作。另外,在一項隨機對照試驗[6]中,觀察者針對神經(jīng)外科ICU病房里的患者,比較使用手動和電動牙刷護理措施,并按照標準的口腔護理措施,每天2次,每次2 min進行口腔清洗,發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP會在開始護理的操作中升高1.7 mmHg(0.226 kPa),隨著護理結束ICP平均下降了2.1 mmHg(0.279 kPa);2組不同的護理方式患者的ICP變化差異無統(tǒng)計學意義?;究梢哉J為在口腔護理的過程中,患者ICP會有暫時性增加,并且ICP的短暫增加不會對患者的病情產(chǎn)生不良影響[7-8]。
氣管內(nèi)吸痰通常在已行氣管內(nèi)插管或氣管切開的患者中執(zhí)行的較多。早期研究[9-10]發(fā)現(xiàn)氣管內(nèi)吸痰會使患者的ICP平均增加2 mmHg(0.266 kPa),隨之平均動脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)和腦灌注壓(cerebral perfusion pressure,CPP)也相應增加,然而隨著ICP進一步升高,MAP和CPP并未隨之出現(xiàn)進一步改變。這表明吸痰與ICP增加沒有獨立的聯(lián)系,ICP增加可能是由于氣管刺激、咳嗽、缺氧等有關。Overend等[11-13]研究證實:在吸痰前患者可以存在短時間持續(xù)氧合過度,但要避免常規(guī)過度通氣。因此,對于氣管插管的患者,如呼吸道分泌物較多必須清理時,醫(yī)務工作者可執(zhí)行氣管內(nèi)吸痰;在給予吸痰前,建議給予患者短暫性氧合過度,但要避免過度通氣。ICP的增加與吸痰、氣道刺激和咳嗽有關,短暫的升高1~2 mmHg(0.133~0.266 kPa),可視為安全性操作。
每隔2 h翻身拍背是護理重型顱腦損傷患者的常規(guī)措施。拍背,盡管沒有翻身常見,但在護理過程中常與翻身相結合。這些護理措施能有效地防止皮膚褥瘡、鍛煉肺功能和減少因長期臥床的并發(fā)癥,但同樣會引起ICP增加。有研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)在給予患者翻身時,患者會出現(xiàn)暫時性的ICP增加,一般持續(xù)2~6 min。有研究[14-15]總結在翻身的1 min內(nèi)患者ICP沒有顯著性的改變(增加或者減少),但翻身5 min后患者的ICP會下降。此外,單中心、多中心臨床試驗及病案報道[16-19]均發(fā)現(xiàn)拍背時引起患者ICP的升高在一定范圍內(nèi)是安全的,有時拍背后患者的ICP會下降。
翻身拍背是一個非常重要的護理措施,用于防止患者出現(xiàn)褥瘡和減少長期臥床所致的墜積性肺炎等危害。這些措施會在一開始引起ICP輕微增加,隨后會降到原來水平??梢哉J為此項護理措施對于重癥顱腦損傷患者ICP影響不大,屬于安全操作[11]。
對于神經(jīng)外科的一些重型患者,聽覺刺激對促進和發(fā)現(xiàn)患者意識恢復有一定的幫助。臨床上,呼喊患者名字判斷其意識狀況是常規(guī)的護理措施。與此同時,護理人員會鼓勵家屬在床旁與患者交流以促進其康復[12,20]。有研究[21-24]顯示聽覺刺激有助于神經(jīng)功能障礙患者功能的恢復。針對聽覺刺激對ICP的影響,有研究[25]報道床旁有家屬或護理人員進行喚醒的聽覺刺激和沒有這項干預對ICP的改變無明顯差異。另一項研究[26]針對不同類型的聽覺刺激(分3組:戴耳塞、音樂刺激、病房的噪音刺激)對格拉斯哥評分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)<9的腦外傷患者的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同類型的聽覺刺激對患者ICP的改變差異統(tǒng)計學意義。聽覺刺激不會引起神經(jīng)功能損傷患者ICP的增加,被認為是一個安全的護理措施。聽覺刺激甚至有可能降低ICP水平,特別是家屬的聲音。
隨著現(xiàn)代化科學技術進步,ICP監(jiān)護儀常常被用于動態(tài)、早期監(jiān)測重型顱腦損傷患者,同時也越來越受到神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)護工作者的高度重視。ICP監(jiān)護儀的應用,使臨床上在實施ICP監(jiān)測的同時為患者提供一系列護理措施來強化治療,并能早期發(fā)現(xiàn)患者ICP變化情況。臨床上的一系列常規(guī)護理措施諸如口腔護理、氣管內(nèi)吸痰術、患者體位的改變和拍背、聽覺刺激等都會在一個安全的范圍內(nèi)對患者ICP產(chǎn)生影響,而且對患者心理和生理功能的恢復和改善預后起著舉足輕重的作用。
[1] Bhatia A,Gupta A K.Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit.I.Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow monitoring[J].Intensive Care Med,2007,33(7):1263-1271.
[2] Bhatia A,Gupta A K.Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit.Ⅱ.Cerebral oxygenation monitoring and microdialysis[J].Intensive Care Med,2007,33(8):1322-1328.
[3] Rao G S,Durga P.Changing trends in monitoring brain ischemia:from intracranial pressure to cerebral oximetry[J].Curr Opin Anaesthesiol,2011,24(5):487-494.
[4] Szabo C M.The effect of oral care on intracranial pressure:a review of the literature[J].J Neurosci Nurs,2011,43(5):E1-E9.
[5] Prendergast V,Hallberg I R,Jahnke H,et al.Oral health,ventilator-associated pneumonia,and intracranial pressure in intubated patients in a neuroscience intensive care unit[J].Am J Crit Care,2009,18(4):368-376.
[6] Prendergast V,Hagell P,Hallberg I R.Electric versus manual tooth brushing among neuroscience ICU patients:is it safe?[J].Neurocrit Care,2011,14(2):281-286.
[7] Smith C J,Horne M,McCracken G,et al.Development and feasibility testing of an oral hygiene intervention for stroke unit care[J].Gerodontology,2017,34(1):110-120.
[8] Smith M B,Thomson W M.'Not on the radar':dentists' perspectives on the oral health care of dependent older people[J].Gerodontology,2017,34(1):90-100.
[9] Brucia J,Rudy E.The effect of suction catheter insertion and tracheal stimulation in adults with severe brain injury[J].Heart Lung,1996,25(4):295-303.
[10] Crosby L J,Parsons L C.Cerebrovascular response of closed head-injured patients to a standardized endotracheal tube suctioning and manual hyperventilation procedure[J].J Neurosci Nurs,1992,24(1):40-49.
[11] Overend T J,Anderson C M,Brooks D,et al.Updating the evidence-base for suctioning adult patients:a systematicreview[J].Can Respir J,2009,16(3):e6-e17.
[12] Bruschettini M,Zappettini S,Moja L,et al.Frequency of endotracheal suctioning for the prevention of respiratorymorbidity in ventilated newborns[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2016,3:CD011493.
[13] Taylor J E,Hawley G,Flenady V,et al.Tracheal suctioning without disconnection in intubated ventilatedneonates[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2011(12):CD003065.
[14] Rising C J.The relationship of selected nursing activities to ICP[J].J Neurosci Nurs,1993,25(5):302-308.
[15] Allen D,Gillen E,Rixson L.The effectiveness of lntegrated care pathways for adults and children in health care settings:a systematic review[J].JBI Libr Syst Rev,2009,7(3):80-129.
[16] Olson D M,Mcnett M M,Lewis L S,et al.Effects of nursing interventions on intracranial pressure[J].Am J Crit Care,2013,22(5):431-438.
[17] Olson D M,Thoyre S M,Bennett S N,et al.Effect of mechanical chest percussion on intracranial pressure:a pilot study[J].Am J Crit Care,2009,18(4):330-335.
[18] Olson D M,Bader M K,Dennis C,et al.Multicenter pilot study:safety of automated chest percussion in patients at risk for intracranial hypertension[J].J Neurosci Nurs,2010,42(3):119-127.
[19] Olson D M,Thoyre S M,Turner D A,et al.Changes in intracranial pressure associated with chest physiotherapy[J].Neurocrit Care,2007,6(2):100-103.
[20] Jongerden I P,Rovers M M,Grypdonck M H,et al.Open and closed endotracheal suction systems in mechanically ventilated intensive care patients:a meta-analysis[J].Crit Care Med,2007,35(1):260-270.
[21] Favretto D O,Silveira R C,Canini S R,et al.Endotracheal suction in intubated critically ill adult patients undergoing mechanical ventilation:a systematic review[J].Rev Lat Am Enfermagem,2012,20(5):997-1007.
[22] McNett M M,Gianakis A.Nursing interventions for critically ill traumatic brain injury patients[J].J Neurosci Nurs,2010,42(2):71-77.
[23] Chaboyer W,Gillespie B,Foster M,et al.The impact of an ICU liaison nurse:a case study of ward nurses’ perceptions[J].J Clin Nurs,2005,14(6):766-775.
[24] Lombardi F,Taricco M,De Tanti A,et al.Sensory stimulation for brain injured individuals in coma or vegetative state[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2002(2):CD001427.
[25] Treloar D M,Nalli B J,Guin P,et al.The effect of familiar and unfamiliar voice treatments on intracranial pressure in head-injured patients[J].J Neurosci Nurs,1991,23(5):295-299.
[26] Schinner K M,Chisholm A H,Grap M J,et al.Effects of auditory stimuli on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury[J].J Neurosci Nurs,1995,27(6):348-354.
EffectofRoutineNursingProceduresonIntracranialPressureinPatientswithSevereCraniocerebralInjury
WANYu-mei,ZHUJi-lian,ZHOUJun-li
(DepartmentofNeurosurgery,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330006,China)
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common clinicopathological syndrome in craniocerebral injury and cerebrovascular disease.It is necessary to ensure that the monitoring device is normal and the ICP monitoring is accurate in ICP nursing care.In addition,illness condition and ICP values should be recorded at any time.A series of routine nursing measures,such as oral care,tracheal aspiration,position change,back-patting and auditory stimulation,have been used to keep airway open and to prevent infection,fever and intracranial rebleeding in patients with severe craniocerebral trauma.This paper summarizes the influences of nursing techniques and details on ICP in patients with craniocerebral injury.
intracranial pressure monitoring; conventional nursing; craniocerebral injury; increased intracranial pressure
2017-03-31
萬玉梅(1981—),女,本科,主管護師,主要從事神經(jīng)外科的護理研究。
R473.6
A
1009-8194(2017)09-0098-03
10.13764/j.cnki.lcsy.2017.09.038
(責任編輯:鐘榮梅)