王振江

名詞性從句是高考英語語法填空題和短文改錯題的重要考點，也是很多考生的失分點。究其原因，還是因為大家有時分不清從句的類型，無法正確選用連接詞。

一、名詞性從句的判定方法

在一篇語篇型語法填空中，若空格所在句子含有兩套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，這說明命題人是在考查從句。此時，考生首先需要使用括號劃出從句。劃括號時要從空格前面開始（因為空格要填引導(dǎo)從句的連詞）劃出整個從句。具體辦法是：如果空格在最前面，則括號劃到第二處謂語動詞前；如果空格在句中，則括號通常劃到句末。然后考生可以根據(jù)劃出的從句在整個句子中所處的位置和所作的成分判斷是哪一種從句。那么，名詞性從句在語篇中如何判斷呢？下面分別舉例說明（括號已經(jīng)劃出）。

【典例1】I truly believe （______ beauty comes from within）. （2015年北京卷）

解析：從句在謂語動詞believe后，所以考查的是賓語從句。從句中不缺少任何成分，只陳述了一個事實，因此應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)。

【典例2】Reading her biography， I was lost in admiration for （______Doris Lessing had achieved in literature）. （2015年陜西卷）

解析：從句在介詞for后，所以考查的是賓語從句。從句中謂語動詞had achieved缺少賓語，所以應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中作賓語。

【典例3】A ship in harbor is safe， but thats not （______ships are built for）. （2015年安徽卷）

解析：從句在系動詞is后，所以考查的是表語從句。表語從句中的介詞for后缺少賓語，故應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)，what與for連用，表示目的。

【典例4】The manager put forward a suggestion ______we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. （2016年天津卷）

解析：從句在名詞suggestion后，名詞后考查的可能是定語從句，也可能是同位語從句。根據(jù)句意可知，后面的從句是對suggestion的解釋說明，而不是修飾限制，故為同位語從句。而且從句成分和意思都是完整的，故用that引導(dǎo)。that不作成分，只起連接作用。

【典例5】（______we understand things） has a lot to do with what we feel. （2015年北京卷）

解析：從句在句首，且位于第二處謂語動詞has前，所以考查的是主語從句。從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)句意可知，主語從句中缺少方式狀語，因此填how。

二、名詞性從句連接詞的選用

利用加括號的辦法判斷出從句為名詞性從句后，可以依據(jù)“從句中缺什么成分補(bǔ)什么成分”的原則選用連接詞。

1. 使用連接代詞。

當(dāng)名詞性從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語時，使用連接代詞。常用的有what， who（m），whoever， which， whose等。what根據(jù)不同語境和所表示的意思可以靈活翻譯成“……的（話 、東西、地方、時候、樣子等）”；who具有疑問意義，意思是“誰”；whoever沒有疑問意義，意思是“……的任何人”，相當(dāng)于anybody who；which意思是“哪一個”；在句中作定語時用whose。

【典例1】If you swim in a river or lake， be sure to investigate ______ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.（2015年浙江卷）

解析：what。動詞investigate后面接的是賓語從句。分析賓語從句的成分可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，空格處所作的成分是主語。名詞性從句中缺少主語并且指物用what引導(dǎo)，此處意思是“……的東西”。

【典例2】How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on ______ he goes with， whether his friends or relatives.（2010年四川卷）

解析：who。介詞on后面接賓語從句，從句中介詞with后缺少賓語，應(yīng)填連接代詞。根據(jù)后面的“whether his friends or relatives”可知應(yīng)該表示和誰去，故填who。

2. 使用連接副詞。

當(dāng)名詞性從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)意思缺少狀語時，使用連接副詞。常用的有when， where， why和how，分別表示時間、地點、原因和方式。這些連接副詞既起連接作用，本身又作從句的狀語。

【典例1】We must find out ______ Karl is coming， so we can book a room for him.（2015年重慶卷）

解析：when。find out后面接賓語從句，從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)后面的“we can book a room for him”可知缺少時間狀語，故填when。

【典例2】You have to know ______ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.（2015年湖南卷）

解析：where。know后面接的是賓語從句，從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)后面句子的意思可知缺少地點狀語，故填where。

【典例3】The exhibition tells us ______ we should do something to stop air pollution.（2015年四川卷）

解析：why。tell是接雙賓語的動詞，因此此處應(yīng)填賓語從句的連接詞。從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)意思可知缺少原因狀語，故填why。

【典例4】—I wonder ______ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.（2015年福建卷）

—By working out every day.

解析：how。動詞wonder后接賓語從句。從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)答語中表示方式的介詞短語by的回答，可知填how。

3. 使用從屬連詞。

當(dāng)名詞性從句主干齊全，又不缺少狀語時，使用從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。從屬連詞有that， whether和if。當(dāng)從句中不缺少成分，陳述一件事實時，用that引導(dǎo)；當(dāng)從句中不缺少成分，有“是否”的含義時，用whether或if引導(dǎo)。whether與if在引導(dǎo)動詞后的賓語從句時，兩者一般可以互換，但在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時；引導(dǎo)表語從句時；引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語時；從句后有“or not”時；后接動詞不定式時。因此，在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句表示“是否”意思時，建議大家使用whether。

【典例1】It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. （2016年江蘇卷）

解析：that。本句中it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句。根據(jù)句意可知，后面的句子陳述的是一個事實，不缺少任何成分，故用that引導(dǎo)。

【典例2】The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ______ one can be entirely free from dust. （2016年北京卷）

解析：that。is后跟表語從句，表語從句中主干齊全，不缺少成分，陳述事實，因此用that引導(dǎo)。

【典例3】The little girl asked her father ______ she should go to the party or not.

解析：whether。ask后接雙賓語，因此空格處引導(dǎo)賓語從句。從句中主干齊全，根據(jù)句意可知，本空有“是否”的含義，且后面有or not，故填whether，不能使用if。

三、鞏固練習(xí)

（一）單句語法填空

1. As large numbers of Chinese flocked to Japan to pay thousands for toilet lids， it was a surprise to many people ______ the smart toilet lids on sale in Japan were actually made in China.

2. First-class players of football must have excellent ball control， but it is not just ______ they do with their feet that counts.

3. —Shall I go to the party if I dont have to dress up？

—Of course you can， actually， it doesnt matter ______ youre dressed.

4. ______well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

5. I dont doubt ______ he has the ability to deal with the situation， but ______ the problem can be solved quickly depends on his attitude.

6. A new shopping centre will be built in ______ the old fish market used to be.

7. —Have you told your parents about your decision？

—Not yet. I can hardly imagine ______ they will react.

8. Dont forget ______ it was that helped you out when you were in trouble.

9. Although he has become wealthy， Mr Wood remains ______ he used to be， modest and friendly.

10. The Peony Pavilion， a play written by Tang Xianzu， is______ many people regard as the most romantic story in Chinese literature.

11. A recent study， while showing a generally positive attitude towards the new industry， also suggests a widespread concern ______ it may be “running out of control”.

12. ______ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. 13. Do not let any failures discourage you， for you can never tell ______ close you may be to victory.

14. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said， “Thats ________ I was born.”

15. “Every time you eat a sweet， drink green tea.” This is ________ my mother used to tell me.

16. The best moment for the football star was ________ he scored the winning goal.

17. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

18. The how-to-book can be of help to ________ wants to do the job.

19. After six hours drive， they finally reached ______ they thought was the place they had been dreaming of.

20. It suddenly hit him ______ he had left his umbrella in the taxi on his way home.

21. —Was it ______ he said or all that he did ______ let you down， Joan？

—No， not really.

22. That art center is ______ used to be a factory， ______ millions of tractors were made.

23. My pen-friend， Peter， wrote to me， expressing the hope ______ he would come to Beijing to see the 2008 Olympic Games.

24. I still couldnt understand ______ the machine would work， so I asked him to explain it to me.

25. The police finally got to ______ was once an old temple ______ the villagers used as a school.

26. “You cant choose what life you will have，” said Tai Lihua， a deaf leading dancer， “but you can choose your attitude towards life.” And this is ______ I completely agree.

27. Actually， girls can be ______ they want to be just like boys， whether it is a pilot， an astronaut， or a general manager.

28. If you feel tired and sick of fatty foods， that is ______ you have to go to the hospital for a medical examination.

29. The award should be given to ______ makes great contributions to the film industry.

30. Jacob is always ready to offer a helping hand and thats ______ he has a good reputation.

31. —What impressed the interviewers most？

—______ he could speak three foreign languages so fluently.

32. His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _______ it is that he is trying to express.

33. I made a promise to myself _______ this year， my first year in high school， would be different.

34. The notice came around two in the afternoon _______ the meeting would be postponed.

35. As many as five courses are provided， and you are free to choose _______ suits you best.

36. The last time we had great fun was ______ we were visiting the Water Park.

37. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.

38. —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

—Is that _______ you had a few days off？

（二）語篇語法填空

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

I am going to tell you an unbelievable thing 1 happened in my restaurant today.

This afternoon a poorly?dressed gentleman came into my restaurant. Nobody knew 2 he was. We wondered 3 he was so hungry. We were surprised that he finished two orders of food in a very limited time. We doubted

4 the man was able to pay the bill. The gentleman asked 5 we would mind waiting for just a few minutes. Then we were shocked to see 6 he took out of an envelope — a million pound banknote.

I asked Mr Clements 7 it was genuine. Mr Clements said it was true because two of this amount had been issued by the Bank of England this year. He thought 8 the gentleman showed us couldnt be a fake.

9 a gentleman with a million pound note was in rags and ate in our small restaurant was a big puzzle to all the people there. I really couldnt describe 10 excited I was.