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        經(jīng)外周靜脈穿刺中心靜脈置管與其他中心靜脈置管相關(guān)性靜脈血栓的meta分析

        2017-02-16 09:35:04吳玉懷劉建偉劉建平楊耀鵬
        臨床薈萃 2017年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:監(jiān)護重癥血栓

        吳玉懷,劉建偉,劉建平,楊耀鵬

        (1.玉溪市人民醫(yī)院a.骨外二科;b.科教科;c.重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,云南玉溪653100;2.邯鄲市中醫(yī)院急診科,河北邯鄲056001)

        經(jīng)外周靜脈穿刺中心靜脈置管與其他中心靜脈置管相關(guān)性靜脈血栓的meta分析

        吳玉懷1a,劉建偉2,劉建平1b,楊耀鵬1c

        (1.玉溪市人民醫(yī)院a.骨外二科;b.科教科;c.重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,云南玉溪653100;2.邯鄲市中醫(yī)院急診科,河北邯鄲056001)

        目的通過系統(tǒng)分析比較經(jīng)外周靜脈穿刺中心靜脈置管(peripherally inserted central catheters,PICCs)和其他中心靜脈置管(centralvenous catheters,CVCs)相關(guān)性靜脈血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險。方法檢索PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫、Cochrane臨床試驗數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫(CBM)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫,查找PICCs和CVCs相關(guān)靜脈血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險的臨床對照研究。結(jié)果依納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共包含17個研究,6 299例患者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示:與CVCs相比,PICCs置管靜脈血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險升高(OR=2.785,95%CI=1.796~4.321,P<0.01),亞組分析提示惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險均明顯升高(惡性腫瘤:OR=3.049,95%CI=1.949~4.770,P<0.01;重癥監(jiān)護:OR=3.954,95%CI=2.181~7.168,P<0.01)。需治療人數(shù)(NNT)=-30,95%CI=-31.25~-27.78。漏斗圖及Egg檢驗未見明顯發(fā)表偏倚,敏感性分析顯示結(jié)果穩(wěn)定。結(jié)論PICCs高于CVCs相關(guān)性靜脈血栓的發(fā)生風(fēng)險,尤其對惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者,臨床應(yīng)加強PICCs使用者的血栓篩查。

        靜脈血栓形成;導(dǎo)管插入術(shù),中心靜脈;Meta分析

        20世紀(jì)80年代,經(jīng)外周靜脈穿刺中心靜脈置管(peripherally inserted central catheters,PICCs)在全球廣泛開展,由于其操作簡單、醫(yī)源性損傷小、留置時間長、減輕藥物外滲對外周血管刺激等優(yōu)勢,在長期腸外營養(yǎng)、液體復(fù)蘇、抗生素治療、化療、中心靜脈壓檢測等領(lǐng)域具有不可替代的作用[1-2]。近幾十年隨著PICCs護理小組的不斷推進,其使用數(shù)量不斷增長,然而相關(guān)并發(fā)癥也逐漸顯現(xiàn),尤其是PICCs相關(guān)性靜脈血栓導(dǎo)致患者病情惡化、醫(yī)療費用升高、終止治療、甚至死亡,因此PICCs安全性成為現(xiàn)今討論的熱點[3-6]。但是PICCs相關(guān)性靜脈血栓發(fā)生率在不同研究中從1%~38%不盡相同[7-9],鑒于現(xiàn)有研究爭議較大,本次通過檢索PICCs和其他中心靜脈置管(centralvenous catheters,CVCs)相關(guān)性靜脈血栓發(fā)生率的研究進行meta分析,希望為PICCs臨床使用提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。

        1資料與方法

        1.1 資料采集計算機檢索PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫、Cochrane臨床試驗數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫(CBM)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時限為自建庫至2016年7月。英文檢索詞包括:PICCs,CVCs,peripherally inserted central catheters,central venous catheters,venous thromboembolism;中文檢索詞包括:PICCs,CVCs、經(jīng)外周靜脈穿刺中心靜脈置管、中心靜脈置管、靜脈血栓,導(dǎo)管相關(guān)性血栓,由專業(yè)的醫(yī)學(xué)圖書情報人員制定檢索策略,同時手工檢索相關(guān)專業(yè)雜志并追溯納入文獻的參考文獻。

        1.2 文獻入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)①PICCs的相關(guān)研究;②CVCs作為對照組;③含靜脈血栓發(fā)生率;④總例數(shù)>50例。

        1.3 文獻質(zhì)量評價采用Newcastle-Ottawa量表對文獻進行評價,根據(jù)評分對文獻質(zhì)量分級:≥7分為高質(zhì)量文獻,<7分為低質(zhì)量文獻。

        1.4 數(shù)據(jù)提取由2位研究者獨立提取研究所需要的數(shù)據(jù),包括作者、發(fā)表時間、樣本量、研究方法、人群、血栓診斷方法、是否藥物預(yù)防血栓。將兩位研究者提取的數(shù)據(jù)進行核對,遇到意見不一致時,由第3位研究者參與共同討論是否將其納入,最后將討論無異議的文獻納入meta分析。

        1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法應(yīng)用Stata11軟件包進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,相對風(fēng)險采用比值比(OR)及95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI)表示,使用Q檢驗和I2進行異質(zhì)性檢驗,當(dāng)P≥0.1,I2≤50%時表示各研究間具有同質(zhì)性,選用固定效應(yīng)模型進行分析;當(dāng)P<0.1,I2>50%時表示各研究間有顯著的異質(zhì)性,選用隨機效應(yīng)模型分析,不同患者間進行亞組分析。并計算需治療人數(shù)(number needed to treat,NNT)。分別使用漏斗圖、Egg法、拉貝圖、加布雷斯特、敏感性分析等方法研究發(fā)表偏倚和異質(zhì)性。

        2 結(jié)果

        2.1 文獻篩選檢索共得到756篇文獻,對題目和文摘初篩后得到53篇高度相關(guān)文章。然后進行全文閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn):剔除雷同研究、綜述、無數(shù)據(jù)的38篇,剩余15篇。追蹤參考文獻發(fā)現(xiàn)2篇文章符合要求,最終納入文獻17篇,見圖1。

        圖1 納入17篇文獻的流程圖

        2.2 納入研究的臨床特征和質(zhì)量評價納入的17個研究共6 299例患者:惡性腫瘤的研究10個,重癥監(jiān)護的研究4個,其他研究3個;前瞻性隊列研究8個,回顧性隊列研究5個,隊列研究2個,隨機對照研究2個;血栓性預(yù)防性用藥8個,未用藥2個,未報告是否用藥7個;靜脈血栓主要使用多普勒超聲、靜脈造影、CT掃描輔助檢查進行判斷;Newcastle-Ottawa量表評分均為高質(zhì)量文獻。見表1。

        表1 文獻特征及質(zhì)量評價

        2.3 PICCs與CVCs靜脈血發(fā)生率栓比較共納入6 299例患者,其中PICCs組3 504例,血栓發(fā)生率5.82%,CVCs組2 795例,血栓發(fā)生率2.4%,PICCs相關(guān)性靜脈血栓發(fā)生率高于CVCs組。meta分析顯示:納入的文獻總體異質(zhì)性分析中(P=0.138,I2= 27.8%),選用固定效應(yīng)模型進行分析,PICCs增加靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(OR=2.785,95%CI=1.796~4.321,P<0.01)。進行亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn):惡性腫瘤患者使用PICCs后靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(OR=3.049,95%CI=1.949~4.770,P<0.01),重癥監(jiān)護患者使用PICCs后靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(OR=3.954,95%CI=2.181~7.168,P<0.01),其他使用PICCs后靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(OR= 1.614,95%CI=0.751~3.466,P=0.220),惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者靜脈血栓風(fēng)險差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,其他差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(圖2)。避免PICCs相關(guān)靜脈血栓的NNT=-30,95%CI=-31.25~-27.78,也就是每增加30個CVCs可減少1例靜脈血栓。

        圖2 森林圖

        2.4 發(fā)表偏倚及異質(zhì)性分析漏斗圖分布基本對稱、Egger回歸截距的置信區(qū)間包含0(P=0.140) (圖3),認(rèn)為納入的研究無發(fā)表偏倚。

        圖3 漏斗圖

        2.5 敏感性分析剔除單個研究后,合并OR值可信區(qū)間不含1,表示結(jié)果較穩(wěn)健;加布雷斯特圖顯示各研究異質(zhì)性較小,見圖4、5。

        圖4 加布雷斯特圖

        圖5 敏感性分析Meta-analysisi estimates,given named study is omitted:提出每個單獨研究后Meta分析的效應(yīng)值;Lower CI Limit:可信區(qū)間下線;Estimate:估計值;Up CI Limit:可信區(qū)間上線

        3 討論

        靜脈血栓在普通患者中發(fā)生率雖然很低,但由于PICCs和CVCs患者可導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)壁損傷、血流速度減緩、且置管屬于異物,因此血栓發(fā)生率明顯提高[27]。合并結(jié)果顯示:PICCs和CVCs靜脈血栓發(fā)生率分別為5.82%和2.40%,PICCs增加靜脈血栓風(fēng)險OR=2.785,其中惡性腫瘤患者OR=3.049,重癥監(jiān)護患者OR=3.954,因此,PICCs患者應(yīng)加強靜脈血栓篩查,尤其惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者。研究結(jié)果與Saber等[5]結(jié)果相似,但他們針對癌癥患者導(dǎo)管相關(guān)的血栓,我們針對PICCs相關(guān)血栓進行,且納入更多新的研究。

        PICCs相關(guān)靜脈血栓風(fēng)險升高的原因可能為:①大量研究顯示中心靜脈置入血管直徑與血栓風(fēng)險呈反比,PICCs經(jīng)由外周血管植入,其直徑相對小,導(dǎo)致血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險升高[28-29];②置入裝置較長,易損傷內(nèi)膜,因此頻繁的機械性損傷和裝置長期存留提高血栓的發(fā)生風(fēng)險[30-31];③置管位置也是血栓的危險因素,有文獻提示右側(cè)血管內(nèi)膜更易發(fā)生機械性損傷[32-33];④與上肢相比,經(jīng)頸靜脈行PICCs管有低血栓發(fā)生率,可能是因上肢頻繁運動造成內(nèi)膜損傷,從而提高血栓風(fēng)險的理論[28];⑤惡性腫瘤患者由于體內(nèi)腫瘤細(xì)胞破壞機體凝血抗凝纖溶系統(tǒng)平衡,使機體處于“血栓前狀態(tài)”,易發(fā)血栓[34-35];⑥惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者基礎(chǔ)疾病多、免疫低下、易發(fā)感染,而感染又再次提高血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險[36-37]。

        納入的文獻經(jīng)Begg和Egger檢驗未見發(fā)表偏倚,敏感性分析剔除單個研究后OR值的可信區(qū)間不含1,因此可以認(rèn)為我們研究結(jié)果很穩(wěn)健。本次結(jié)論認(rèn)為PICCs提高靜脈血栓的發(fā)生風(fēng)險,但是值得指出的是納入的文獻大多是惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者。本次研究全面系統(tǒng)的回顧了PICCs與CVCs相關(guān)的對照研究,納入了最新發(fā)表的研究,另外,納入的文獻質(zhì)量較高,因此分析結(jié)果可信度較高。

        本研究也含有meta分析固有的一些局限性:①納入的文獻基本都是隊列研究,隨機對照較少;②研究中患者差異較大,進行亞組分析,但亞組中研究例數(shù)變少;③研究中有些進行了靜脈血栓預(yù)防,有些未進行預(yù)防;④靜脈血栓確診方法部分研究不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),存在漏診;⑤文獻均為己在國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的,并未收集灰色文獻。因此今后仍需要更多大樣本、隨機、前瞻性、隊列研究,闡明兩者間關(guān)系,提供更好的臨床循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。

        總之,我們通過合并PICCs和CVCs相關(guān)靜脈血栓發(fā)生的研究,結(jié)果顯示:PICCs置管會增加患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險,尤其對于惡性腫瘤和重癥監(jiān)護患者,應(yīng)該引起高度重視。

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        Peripherally inserted central catheters and centralvenous catheters related vein thrombosis:a meta-analysis

        Wu Yuhuai1a,Liu Jianwei2,Liu Jianping1b,Yang Yaopeng1c

        1a.Department of Orthopedic Surgery;1b.Department of Science and Education; 1c.Department of Intensive Medicine,Yuxi People's Hospital,Yuxi 653100,China; 2.Department of Emergency,Handan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Handan 056001,China Corresponding author:Liu Jianping,Email:270160748@qq.com

        ObjectiveTo systematically compare the risk of peripherally inserted central catheters(PICCs)and centralvenous catheters(CVCs)related vein thrombosis.MethodsThe PubMed,the Cochrane Library,CNKI,CBM and Wan fang databases were searched to find literatures evaluating PICCs and CVCs related vein thrombosis.ResultsA total of 17 studies with 6 299 participants were finally included in the meta-analysis.The pooled odd risk for PICCs related vein thrombosis was 2.785(95%CI=1.796-4.321,P<0.01).The pooled odd risk for malignant tumor and intensive care were 3.049(95%CI=1.949-4.770,P<0.01)and 3.954(95%CI=2.181-7.168,P<0.01),respectively.NNT=-30,95%CI=-31.25-27.78.There were no publication bias,and the outcome was stable by the sensitivity analysis.ConclusionPICCs increased the morbidity of vein thrombosis,especially for malignant tumor and intensive care,so PICCs related vein thrombosis needs more attention in clinic.

        venous thrombosis;catheterization,central venous;meta-analysis

        R543

        A

        1004-583X(2017)02-0167-05

        10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2017.02.012

        2016-10-17編輯:姜恒麗張衛(wèi)國

        信作者:劉建平,Email:270160748@qq.com

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