s

The World of a Tiny Insect(《微蟲世界》)is a late nineteenth century Chinese autobiography that contains a lengthy recollection of the author's traumatic childhood experience during the Taiping Rebellion．Apart from a short excerpt printed in the 1950smainland China，itexists only inmanuscript form．Drawing on work in the fields of literary studies and psychology，this essay argues that TheWorld of a Tiny Insect is an exemplary piece of trauma writing not just because of the grisly violence depicted therein but also because of its unusual structure，which mimics the workings of traumatic memory．The essay concludes with a discussion of the distortion of cultural memory in textual transmission that results in further violence and trauma．

The Sanctification of Xuanzang during the Tang Dynasty

Liu Shufen(p．1)

This paper explores the sanctification of the renowned Buddhist monk Xuanzang(600-664)during the Tang Dynasty．While Xuanzang is best known in works of literature as the pilgrim who journeyed to the West in search of Buddhist scriptures(which he later translated after returning to China)，he has been worshipped as a deity in Japan since the Kamakura era(1185-1333)，the result of sanctification processes then beginning in the Tang-Song era．Based on a wide range of sources，including the Biography of the Tripi t aka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty(《恩慈寺三藏法師傳》)，this paper analyzes hagiographical accounts of Xuanzang's life and posthumousmiracles，imperial patronage of temples in his honor and the bestowal of honorific titles，the growth of cults dedicated to Xuanzang and the Deity of Deep Sands，and the promotion of scriptures and fasting rituals in his name．Processes of sanctification that took place during the Song and Kamakura eras will be treated in future articles．

A Study on Em peror Jingzong's Daoist M aster Liu Congzheng

LeiWen(p．59)

Liu Congzheng was the Daoist master of Emperor Jingzong and was given the title“Master of the Ascent to Mystery”．We knew very little about him even if he became the leader of Daoism in the wholeempire at that time．This article outlined Liu's life and his Daoist lineage based on the Stele of Liu Congzheng(《劉從政碑》)and some newly-discovered epitaphs．Liu's life was mainly between the two capitals of the Tang．His disciples were distributed in Guanzhong region and some famous Daoist temples in Luoyang like Shengzhen Monastery(聖真觀)and Xuanyuan Monastery(玄元觀)．By careful analysis，we are convinced that Liu came from a branch of Shangqing tradition which inherited from Liu Daohe，who was a good friend of Pan Shizheng in the Mount Song．The Stele of Liu Congzheng emphasized that Liu's lineage can be traced back to Yang Xi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty，which showed his identity and the confidence to his Daoist lineage．

Inquiry into Siege W arfare from the Late Tang to the Five Dynasties Period，w ith a Discussion of the W inning Factors of Later Tang Conquest of Later Liang

Guan Qiyun(p．89)

The frequent outbreak of siege warfare fostered a marked development of siege craft from the late Tang to the Five Dynasties period．By the system of professional mercenary armies，involvement of massive manpower and material mobilization and the indecisive nature of siege warfare implied huge logistical and therefore financial burdens on the belligerent powers．Thus，the content of wars became not only about the attack and defense of cities，but also how to provision campaigning armies and to destroy enemies'logistics．For the military conflicts between Jin and Later Liang，the superiority of cavalry was traditionally viewed as the critical factor of the Jin conquest of Later Liang．However，it grossly underestimated thedominance of siege warfare between Jin and Later Liang along the Yellow River during final stages．

An All-round Research on a Clerical Phenomenon Called Huanuo with the Help of Bamboo and W ooden Slips Unearthed from Changsha of the Han and W u Dynasties

Wang Su(p．121)

In the practice of administrative proceedings between the Han and Tang dynasties，the senior officials usually gave their permission on a certain affairby adding a special signature(called huanuo，adding the signature nuo to express approval)in official documents．This phenomenon had been recorded in literature handed down，while，rarely seen in unearthed literature．For this sake，the signature existed in Zoumalou and Dongpailou bamboo and wooden slips of the Eastern Han Dynasty had aroused heated debates．Fortunately，a clear signature nuo(amount to permission)or a simplified version appears in the Eastern Han slips discovered from Wuyi Square recently，which shall bring an end to former arguments．This paper gives a brief overview of the research history on huanuo，discusses the character evolution of the signature nuo and its symbolization process．

A Study on the Signatures，Checking M arks and Sketched Symbols in theWu Slips Unearthed from Zoumalou

Ling Wenchao(p．137)

Some examples of the signatures，checking marks and sketched symbols in theWu Slips unearthed from Zoumalou are studied from thestructure of the registers．The signature“Qi”(祁)in some registers of cloth entered and received at the treasury should be the autograph of Qi(祁)，who was the assistant of the Linxiang marquis state magistrate，and the signature“Cheng Bian Guan”(丞弁關)in some entered and received registers at the treasury should be the allograph of staff member．Both autograph“Qi”and allograph“Cheng Bian Guan”were authoritative and effective．The checking mark“蟚”in some registers of cash paymentof householdsof the three grades should be the official comment written by the Linxiang marquis state magistrate“Guan Jun”(管君)or a staffmember after checking the registers．The checking mark“蟚”meant that has been checked and correct．The“red paint mark”(red long lines)in the registers of various types cash received，spent and remaining should be the sketched symbol which was used to check the account transfer．The role of this sketched symbol was the same as the checking mark“zhong”(中)，which meant consistentand correct．

Determ ination on the Nature of Cao Seen from O fficial Docum ents in Zoum alou Slips:Re-evaluating on W u Slips'Affiliated Institutions

Xu Chang(p．179)

Great progress has been made in the study of the history during Han-Jin periods by the excavation of Zoumalou slips in the city Changsha，however，some fundamental problems relating to this batch of materials has not been solved yet．First and foremost，which administrative institute manufactured these documents and concealed them afterwards?This article attempts to answer the above inquiries with the newly published Wu official documents．By using a variety of research methods such as textual analysis and classification，integration on name of grass-roots officials in document，the author discovered that Cao(Secretarial Departments)，the administrative institution seen most commonly in Wu slips，belonged to the marquis state Linxiang(equivalent to a county)．What's more，all the documents unearthed from Zoumalou were produced in the administrative operation of the marquis state．This new discovery not only ends the previous arguments on the nature of Zoumalou slips，but also sets a work example for the collection and research on other bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from the downtown of Changsha city．

The Restoration and Studies on the“Surrender Case of Rice Embezzlement by Zhu Biao”in the Bamboo Slips of the W u K ingdom Unearthed from Zoum alou

Chen Rongjie(p．219)

Volume7 of the Bamboo Slips of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Unearthed from Zoumalou in Changsha contains 60 inscribed bamboo slipswhich are related to the surrender case of rice embezzlement by Zhu Biao．Based on these slips，this thesis conducts preliminary research on this case from the aspects of exploitation location diagram，the content，shape and structure of the slips and so on，and also compares this case with that of rice embezzlement by Xu Di．Through these researches，this thesis finds that this case is more complex，involves more areas and has worse consequences than that one．Starting from certain time and space environment，this thesis discusses the significance of Wu's surrender slips in the research on voluntary surrender system and re-exams the role of Lv Yi，the examiner of Sun Wu in the course of history．

On Lost Articles of the Hongfan Wuxing Zhuanlun of Liu Xiang

Cheng Sudong(p．261)

The Hongfan Wuxing Zhuanlun(《洪範五行傳論》)of Liu Xiang was an important work in the history of Confucian classics，which gave us great help to know how the Confucian scholars in Han Dynasty cognized the calamities．Unfortunately，this work was lost no later than the Five Dynasties，which brought us some limit to understand the thoughts of the Five Elements in Han Dynasty．However，there were still some lost articles conserved in the historical records and Genus-books of the middle ancient times，which could help us to rebuild the structure of the work．This paper investigated the lost articles of the different books，and focused on the differences between the same lost articles conserved in differentbooks．The paper believes that these differences were not only caused by the version change，but also caused by the different purposes and functions of the different books．

On Chifu Fu in the Han Dynasty

Liu Liyun(p．315)

Emperor Liu Xiu is regarded to be serious about Chenwei(讖緯) and to gain his orthodoxy by Chifu Fu(《赤伏符》)．Also according to the charm，he assigned Wang Liang as Dasikong(大司空)．Most researches on this important charm Chifu Fu discussed the origin and background but lacked the analysis of the text itself，which could be very fundamental to understanding the charm．The paper is to interpret the text andmeanings of Chifu Fu in a context of intellectual history of the Western Han Dynasty．It argues that the concepts of“Long Dou Ye”(龍鬥野)and“Diwang Gansheng Shuo”(帝王感生説)wereinfluenced by Jingshi Yizhuan(《京氏易傳》);and“Si Qi Zhi Ji”(四七之際)reflected the mixture of image-numerology and Five Elements;in addition，“Wangliang Zhuwei Zuoxuanwu”(王良主衛(wèi)作玄武)was a narrative fact in Zuozhuan(《左傳》)which developed into an astrological theory，and was finally combined with Five Elements and Sixiang(四象)．Through the textual analysis，the paper supposes Chifu Fu might emerge at the time when Wang She suggested Liu Xin to rebel againstWang Mang．

On“Tangqiu”in Tsinghua Bamboo Manuscripts and Its Relationship w ith Bo before Shang Tang Conquered Ge State

Wei Dong(p．333)

Shang Tang's residence has always been an important issue in the study of Xia and Shang dynasties．Tsinghua bamboo manuscripts record:“Shang Tang resided in Tangqiu．”It is unprecedented and provides new information for the study of Shang Tang's residence．Tangqiu should be located in the center area of Zhanghe type of Xiaqiyuan Culture and be near the west of Youshenshi(有莘氏)．Tangqiu is Gengqiu in Tsinghua bamboo manuscripts Xinian(《繫年》)whereWeishu Feng(衛(wèi)叔封)was enfeoffed．Tangqiu's position could not be beyond the area of Hebi and Anyang which are both in the north of Henan province．Bo is also known as“Bozhong”，and it's not only a town name，but also a regional name．“Bozhong Yi”in Tsinghua bamboo manuscripts Yingao(《尹誥》)can be described as“Bozhong Zhi Yi”，which means cities centered in Bo within the core ruling region of the Shang nationality．The Bo before Tang conquering Ge state was located in the area of three cities in the north of Henan province and was close to Tangqiu．Bo and Tangqiu both belonged to“Bozhong Yi”．Before Xia Dynasty perished，Tang resided in Tangqiu first，and then moved to Bo．Research on the position of Tangqiu and its relationship with Bo before Shang Tang conquered Ge，can help to enhance the understanding of the eight migration problems of Shang nationality．

Wounds through Which to Speak: Memory and Trauma in TheWorld of a Tiny Insect

Tian Xiaofei(p．355)