梁忠民卜慧++劉和昌++胡義明酈于杰
摘要:干旱重現(xiàn)期大小是用于評價干旱事件嚴重程度的重要指標。干旱重現(xiàn)期的計算涉及給定閾值下干旱過程劃分(識別)、樣本系列分布函數(shù)擬合等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),其中干旱閾值的確定是前提。提出以干旱事件的最長調(diào)查期為約束條件確定干旱閾值的思路,即根據(jù)樣本計算的干旱事件最大重現(xiàn)期不應超過最長調(diào)查期,以此為據(jù)確定干旱閾值并從樣本序列中識別干旱事件。同時,針對因干旱歷時樣本經(jīng)驗點據(jù)“平臺式”過度集中而導致的頻率曲線適線困難問題,建議采用基于游程理論的游程長度分布函數(shù)估計干旱歷時概率分布。以青海民和縣1932年-2010年的月降雨資料為例,對上述方法進行了應用研究,結(jié)合Copula函數(shù)計算了干旱事件的重現(xiàn)期。
關(guān)鍵詞:干旱重現(xiàn)期;干旱閾值;干旱歷時;干旱烈度;Copula函數(shù)
中圖分類號:P333文獻標志碼:A文章編號:
16721683(2016)06000105
Return period calculation of drought events
LIANG Zhongmin1,2,BU Hui1,LIU Hechang3,HU YiMing1,LI Yujie1
(1.Collge of Hydrology and Water Resources,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China;2.National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety,Nanjing 210098,China;3.Technical Advisory Center of Pearl River Water Resources Commission of the Ministryof Water Resources,Guangzhou 440100,China)
Abstract:[JP]The concept of return period is commonly used to evaluate the severity of drought events.The calculation of the return period for a given drought contains drought recognition and selection of distribution function and so on,which relies on the determination of drought threshold.This paper proposed to use the maximum survey period of historical drought as a reference to determine the drought threshold,in other words,the resulting return period based on frequency analysis should not exceed the maximum survey period of historical drought.Besides,considering that the drought duration samples tend to concentrate on several values and lead to the platformconcentrated phenomenon of empirical points,the distribution function of run length was suggested to fit the drought duration samples.The monthly precipitation series of Minhe County in Qinghai province covering the period from 1932 to 2010 was used to demonstrate the proposed method,where the Copula function was employed to build a bivariate joint distribution of drought duration and drought severity to compute the return period of drought event.[JP]
Key words:return period of drought;drought threshold level;drought duration;drought intensity;copula function
干旱是我國的主要自然災害。干旱事件包括干旱持續(xù)時間(干旱歷時)、干旱強度大小(干旱烈度)、干旱影響范圍(受旱面積)等特征,對一場干旱的嚴重程度可以采用干旱重現(xiàn)期這一綜合性指標進行度量[13],其中,利用Copula函數(shù)構(gòu)建干旱歷時、烈度、面積等干旱特征變量的多維聯(lián)合分布函數(shù),進而計算干旱事件的重現(xiàn)期,是目前該領(lǐng)域的最新研究進展[48]。
估計干旱事件的多維聯(lián)合分布需要確定干旱特征變量樣本系列,其前提是對歷史干旱事件進行識別,即對研究的水文變量(如降雨、徑流等)時間序列,根據(jù)指定的某一閾值,從歷史時間序列中篩選出哪些是干旱事件,進而構(gòu)建干旱特征(歷時、烈度、面積等)樣本系列,以供頻率分析之用。因此,如何正確地確定干旱閾值是干旱事件識別及干旱重現(xiàn)期計算合理性的關(guān)鍵。但在現(xiàn)有的研究與應用中,對干旱閾值的選用缺乏統(tǒng)一標準,額外增加了干旱事件識別及重現(xiàn)期計算的不確定性。為此,本文借鑒水文頻率分析中樣本重現(xiàn)期調(diào)查分析的概念,提出以干旱事件最長調(diào)查期為約束條件,通過試算確定干旱閾值的方法。即,類似于洪水調(diào)查及重現(xiàn)期的確定,先進行歷史干旱調(diào)查并確定其樣本系列的最長重現(xiàn)期;假定一個干旱閾值,按此閾值劃分干旱事件、確定干旱特征,再根據(jù)干旱特征的樣本進行干旱重現(xiàn)期計算,使得計算得到的干旱事件的最大重現(xiàn)期與調(diào)查的干旱重現(xiàn)期一致,否則,重新假設干旱閾值。根據(jù)青海民和縣的長系列降水資料進行示例研究,其中,針對以月(旬)為時間尺度進行干旱識別及重現(xiàn)期計算時,干旱歷時樣本經(jīng)驗點據(jù)呈“平臺式”集中而導致的頻率曲線適線困難,建議采用基于游程理論的游程長度分布函數(shù)[9]對干旱歷時樣本進行擬合,以提高分布函數(shù)估計的可靠性,再與干旱烈度分布函數(shù)一起構(gòu)建copula聯(lián)合分布函數(shù)并估計干旱事件重現(xiàn)期。
4結(jié)論
(1)針對干旱事件重現(xiàn)期計算過程中干旱閾值(截取水平)的選取問題,本文提出以干旱事件調(diào)查期為約束條件來確定干旱閾值的觀點,即根據(jù)樣本計算的干旱事件最大重現(xiàn)期不應超過樣本系列的調(diào)查期,以此確定干旱閾值并從樣本時序資料中劃分干旱過程。
(2)針對由于干旱歷時樣本點據(jù)“平臺式”的過度集中而導致的頻率曲線適線困難問題,建議采用基于游程理論的游程長度分布函數(shù)公式估計干旱歷時的概率分布函數(shù)。
(3)以青海民和縣月降水資料為據(jù),提供了本文方法的應用示例。
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