陳燕君 周祎 徐琦 黃冬冰 方群
·臨床研究論著·
雙絨毛膜雙胎之一未足月胎膜早破的非常規(guī)治療:選擇性減胎
陳燕君 周祎 徐琦 黃冬冰 方群
目的 探討選擇性減胎治療雙絨毛膜雙胎( DCDA )之一未足月胎膜早破(pPROM)的妊娠結局及預后。方法 回顧性分析8例DCDA之一pPROM行選擇性減胎治療的臨床資料。分析胎膜早破孕周、減胎孕周、減胎距離胎膜早破時間間隔及妊娠結局。以“feticide and prom and twin”為檢索詞,在PubMed數據庫檢索相關文獻并分析妊娠結局。結果 8例DCDA之一pPROM行選擇性減胎孕婦為孕19(13~27)周,減胎距離胎膜早破時間為19(2~42)d;胎膜早破胎在近宮底位置3例,在近宮頸位置5例;足月剖宮產3例,減胎術后至撰稿日晚期妊娠繼續(xù)妊娠中3例,減胎術后宮內感染引產2例。在PubMed共檢索到8篇相關文獻。8篇文獻加上我院8例共有35例DCDA之一pPROM,其中20例行選擇性減胎治療,15例予期待治療。結論 選擇性減胎術是處理非感染DCDA之一pPROM的一種可行方法,可改善保留胎預后。
未足月胎膜早破;雙絨毛膜雙胎妊娠;選擇性減胎
未足月胎膜早破(pPROM)是指在妊娠37周前胎膜發(fā)生破裂,若pPROM發(fā)生在妊娠26周前,胎兒孕周較小,流產、早產、新生兒敗血癥、窒息、圍生期死亡等發(fā)生幾率相對升高[1]。根據2016年美國婦產科醫(yī)師學會(ACOG)胎膜早破指南(指南),胎膜早破的處理取決于孕齡和對早產相關風險評估以及期待過程中可能發(fā)生的宮內感染、胎盤早剝和臍帶意外的相對風險評估結果[2]。單胎孕24周前胎膜早破可選擇期待治療或引產,孕24~33+6周胎膜早破選擇期待治療,34周后終止妊娠[3]。然而,指南中并沒有涉及雙絨毛膜雙胎(DCDA)之一pPROM的處理原則。pPROM單胎發(fā)生率約為3%~4.5%,而雙胎pPROM發(fā)生率高達11%,且雙胎pPROM發(fā)生孕周較單胎早,預后較差[4-6]。隨著輔助生殖技術的發(fā)展,雙胎妊娠的發(fā)生率逐漸增加,DCDA之一pPROM也越來越常見。DCDA 之一pPROM若采用期待治療,雙胎發(fā)生感染、流產、新生兒死亡,產婦發(fā)生敗血癥的風險增加;若終止妊娠,胎兒孕周小,各器官功能仍未發(fā)育成熟,新生兒死亡的幾率也非常高。目前國內外對DCDA之一pPROM的治療常規(guī)仍存在爭議,有國外學者報道采用選擇性減胎術能提高保留胎的生存率[7-9]。而國內尚無采用選擇性減胎術處理DCDA之一pPROM的報道。為此,本研究分析了2012年1月至2016年4月我院收治的8例DCDA之一pPROM行選擇性減胎病例資料,以期為DCDA之一pPROM的臨床處理提供指導。
一、研究對象
2012年1月至2016年4月在中山大學附屬第一醫(yī)院收治的8例DCDA之一pPROM行選擇性胎兒心臟內注射氯化鉀減胎(選擇性減胎)治療的病例,均在孕7~13+6周行B超確診為DCDA。全部孕婦及家屬均簽署選擇性氯化鉀減胎術知情同意書。
二、分析方法
分析胎膜早破孕周、減胎孕周、減胎距離胎膜早破時間間隔、孕婦減胎前后白細胞數、孕婦減胎前后CRP、孕婦減胎前后血小板、宮頸分泌物培養(yǎng)、有無宮內感染與妊娠結局。以“feticide and prom and twin”為檢索詞,在PubMed數據庫檢索相關文獻,分析DCDA之一pPROM的妊娠結局。
三、統計學處理
采用描述性統計,計量資料以中位數(最小值~最大值)表示,計數資料以百分比表示。
一、8例DCDA之一pPROM胎膜早破的臨床特點分析
8例DCDA之一pPROM胎膜早破孕19(13~27)周,減胎距離胎膜早破時間為19(2~42)d。病例1、3、8的胎膜早破胎在近子宮底位置,余5例的胎膜早破胎在近子宮頸位置。病例1、3、5分別在妊娠39、37、38周時剖宮產一健康新生兒,出生體質量分別為3 300、2 900、2 800 g, 新生兒阿普加評分均為10分;病例6、7、8繼續(xù)妊娠中,至撰稿日為止,分別妊娠37、33、28周,無妊娠并發(fā)癥;病例2、4減胎術后因體溫升高,白細胞、CRP、降鈣素原上升,診斷為宮內感染予引產,該2例pPROM胎均在近子宮頸位置。詳見表1、表2。
二、DCDA之一pPROM的妊娠結局分析
以“feticide and prom and twin”為檢索詞,在PubMed數據庫檢索相關文獻,共檢索到45條文獻,其中3條為DCDA之一pPROM,再檢索這3篇文獻的參考文獻及引用文獻,有5篇為DCDA之一pPROM,共檢索到8篇相關文獻。8篇文獻加上我院8例共有35例DCDA之一pPROM,其中20例行選擇性減胎治療,15例予期待治療,妊娠結局詳見表2~4。
根據指南,在孕34周前發(fā)生的pPROM孕婦在無母胎禁忌證情況下應當給予期待治療,建議聯合紅霉素和氨芐青霉素或口服阿莫西林7 d一療程治療以減少母胎感染及早產相關并發(fā)癥。妊娠32周前發(fā)生的pPROM并有早產風險的孕婦應靜脈使用硫酸鎂作為胎兒神經保護劑。在孕24周(甚至早至23周)至34周前有早產風險的孕婦推薦使用單療程的糖皮質激素促進胎肺成熟。然而指南中并未涉及DCDA之一pPROM的臨床處理原則。
表1 8例DCDA之一pPROM減胎情況及妊娠結局
表2 選擇性減胎文獻總結(20例DCDA之一pPROM)
表3 期待治療文獻總結(15例DCDA之一pPROM)
表4 35例DCDA之一pPROM妊娠結局
a14例平均分娩孕周
pPROM的發(fā)生率為3.0%~4.5%,而雙胎pPROM發(fā)生率高達11%,且雙胎pPROM發(fā)生孕周較單胎早。pPROM發(fā)生孕周越早,胎兒及新生兒預后越差[4-6]。2015年Wong等[10]對23例孕26周前發(fā)生pPROM的雙胎妊娠孕婦采用期待治療,最終獲得活嬰的只有43%,但其中僅17%沒有嚴重并發(fā)癥。根據2004年Kristensen等發(fā)表的一篇報道,發(fā)現與雙胎無胎膜早破的新生兒相比較,雙胎合并pPROM 宮內死亡風險率為1.88, 7 d內新生兒死亡風險率為3.45, 8~28 d內新生兒死亡風險率為3.26, 均高于同期雙胎妊娠未發(fā)生pPROM 者, 且雙胎妊娠中6%的宮內死胎、15%的7 d內新生兒死亡和16%的8~28 d內新生兒死亡與胎膜早破相關[11]。
DCDA之一pPROM臨床處理棘手,關乎雙胎情況和孕婦身心健康,治療方案需綜合考慮母胎具體情況,進行個體化治療。期待療法能夠相對延長妊娠孕周,提高胎兒生存率,但有報道提出期待療法并不能改善新生兒的不良結局[12-13]。選擇性減胎術減去胎膜早破胎后能終止陰道流液,減少宮內感染幾率,增加繼續(xù)妊娠及分娩健康新生兒成功率。
選擇性減胎是指選擇性減去胎膜早破胎,因此也稱為治療性減胎。妊娠早期確定為DCDA可用心內注射選擇性減胎術,在無減胎禁忌證下應盡早進行減胎,可減少宮內感染發(fā)生率,增加減胎成功率。
選擇性減胎治療DCDA之一pPROM在國外目前僅有少量文獻報道,在國內尚無相關文獻報道??偨Y現有文章報道的12例DCDA之一pPROM采用選擇性減胎治療,加上本院8例病例,共有20例DCDA之一pPROM采用選擇性減胎治療,胎膜早破孕周為13~27周,成功17例(17/20),其中14例分娩孕周為36.9(33~40)周,其余3例未分娩,孕周均超過28周;另3例因宮內感染流產或引產,其胎膜早破胎宮內位置均為近子宮頸。另相關文獻報道DCDA之一pPROM采用期待治療15例,胎膜早破孕周為13~20周,共13例存活新生兒(13/30),分娩孕周為30(25~38)周;另17例死亡,胎膜早破胎宮內位置均為近子宮頸。從上述文獻報道我們可以得出,DCDA之一pPROM在無宮內感染征象下盡早行選擇性減胎可以延長保留胎的分娩孕周,改善保留胎預后,且胎膜早破胎在近宮頸位置時易并發(fā)宮內感染致治療失敗。
因此,當DCDA之一pPROM時,應及早予預防感染治療,在沒有宮內感染征象時及時給予減胎治療,以改善妊娠結局。對于胎膜早破胎在近宮頸位置時易發(fā)生宮內感染,應提高警惕,加強監(jiān)護。若出現宮內感染時應及早終止妊娠。
雖然現有報道的采用選擇性減胎術治療DCDA之一pPROM的例數并不多,但我們可以總結出在無宮內感染及母胎綜合情況允許下,及時行選擇性減胎治療能增加保留胎的存活率,改善妊娠結局。然而仍需要更多病例、數據以綜合評估選擇性減胎術治療雙胎之一pPROM的可行性。
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(本文編輯:林燕薇)
Selective feticide in dichorionicdiamniotictwin pregnancy with preterm premature rupture of membrane in one sac
ChenYanjun,ZhouYi,XuQi,HuangDongbing,FangQun.
DeparmentofGynaecologyandObstetrics,theFirstAffilicatedHospitalofSunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou510080,China
,ZhouYi,E-mail:zhouyifm@163.com
Objective To evaluate the perinatal outcome and prognosis of selective feticide in dichorionicdiamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancy with preterm premature rupture of membrane (pPROM) in one sac. Methods Clinical data of 8 DCDA women with pPROM in one sac undergoing selective feticide were retrospectively analyzed. The gestational week at PPROM, gestational week at selective feticide, time interval between PPROM and selective feticide and pregnant outcome were analyzed. Literature review was performed from PubMed database using the keywords of “feticide and prom and twin” to analyze the pregnant outcomes. Results The mean gestational age at pPROM was 19 weeks (range from 13 to 27 weeks), and the mean time interval between pPROM to selective feticide was 19 days (range from 2 to 42 days). pPROM was noted proximal to the fundus of the uterus in 3 cases and adjacent to the neck of the uterus in 5. Three patients had full-term delivery via cesarean section. Three cases were ongoing pregnant from selective feticide until the day of manuscript drafting. Two patients received abortion due to intrauterine infection after selective feticide. Forty five articles were retrieved from PubMed database and only 3 reported DCDA women with pPROM in one sac. Another 5 relevant articles were identified from the references of the 3 articles above. In total, 8 relevant articles (27 DCDA cases complicated with PPROM in one sac) were finally retrieved. Among a total of 35 DCDA cases complicated with pPROM in one sac, 20 patients underwent selective feticide and 15 received expectant management. Conclusion Selective feticide is a viable approach for non-infectious DCDA cases complicated with pPROM in one sac and improves the unfavorable pregnancy outcome of the unaffected fetus.
Preterm premature rupture of membrane; Dichorionicdiamniotictwin pregnancy; Selective feticide
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.12.008
510080 廣州,中山大學附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產科
,周祎,E-mail: zhouyifm@163.com
2016-09-25)