徐曉平, 席貽龍, 張 明, 夏強(qiáng)強(qiáng)

(1.安徽工程大學(xué) 建筑工程學(xué)院，安徽 蕪湖 241000； 2.安徽師范大學(xué) a.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，b.安徽省皖江城市帶退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)與重建協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心，安徽 蕪湖 241000)

水體重金屬污染對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)毒性影響的研究進(jìn)展

徐曉平1,2a, 席貽龍2b, 張 明1, 夏強(qiáng)強(qiáng)1

(1.安徽工程大學(xué) 建筑工程學(xué)院，安徽 蕪湖 241000； 2.安徽師范大學(xué) a.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，b.安徽省皖江城市帶退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)與重建協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心，安徽 蕪湖 241000)

輪蟲(chóng)是水體一類重要的浮游生物，因其具有分布廣泛、繁殖迅速、世代時(shí)間短以及對(duì)環(huán)境污染物敏感等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在水生態(tài)毒理學(xué)研究和水環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)中日益受到研究者的青睞.人們開(kāi)展了大量關(guān)于重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)毒性影響的研究工作，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：不同重金屬對(duì)同一種輪蟲(chóng)的毒性存在很大差異，不同種類的輪蟲(chóng)對(duì)同一重金屬的抵抗力不一樣.同時(shí)，多種生態(tài)因子(如溫度、藻密度和暴露時(shí)間等)影響重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性.重金屬還影響輪蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)熱休克蛋白的表達(dá).今后應(yīng)著重從重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染、低劑量毒性效應(yīng)、指標(biāo)優(yōu)化和野外水體調(diào)查等方面開(kāi)展相關(guān)研究.

重金屬污染；輪蟲(chóng)；毒性

目前，我國(guó)水體重金屬污染情況仍然十分嚴(yán)重，不斷威脅著生態(tài)環(huán)境和人們的健康.國(guó)家環(huán)保部公布的《2015年上半年全國(guó)環(huán)境質(zhì)量狀況》指出，全國(guó)有8個(gè)地表水國(guó)控?cái)嗝?點(diǎn)位)共出現(xiàn)18次重金屬超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象.近年來(lái)，重金屬污染事件也是頻頻發(fā)生，僅2010—2013年媒體披露的重大重金屬水污染事件就多達(dá)10余次，如安徽懷寧“血鉛”事件、云南曲靖鉻污染和廣西龍江鎘污染等等.水環(huán)境重金屬污染不僅造成重大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡，還嚴(yán)重危害著包括輪蟲(chóng)在內(nèi)的各種水生生物的生存[1].

1 輪蟲(chóng)及其生活史特征

輪蟲(chóng)(Rotifera)為廣泛分布于各類水體中的一類小(微)型動(dòng)物，是浮游動(dòng)物四大類群之一，其體長(zhǎng)一般在100～1 000 μm之間，最小的僅有40 μm左右，最大的可達(dá)4 mm.輪蟲(chóng)典型的特征是：(1)具有纖毛的頭冠，纖毛擺動(dòng)時(shí)形似車輪，故稱為輪蟲(chóng)；(2)具有特化的咀嚼囊和角質(zhì)化的咀嚼器；(3)具有原腎管排泄系統(tǒng)(圖1).目前，全世界發(fā)現(xiàn)的輪蟲(chóng)大約有2 200多種，分屬于單巢綱(Monogononta)、蛭態(tài)綱(Bdelloidea)和尾盤綱(Seisonidea).輪蟲(chóng)分布廣泛，大多數(shù)種類在世界范圍內(nèi)都有分布，如淡水萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(Brachionuscalyciflorus)(圖1)和海水褶皺臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(B.plicatilis).輪蟲(chóng)(單巢目)完整的生殖周期由孤雌生殖周期(Parthenogenetic Cycle)和有性生殖周期(Sexual Cycle)兩部分組成[2](圖2)，其生殖周期中主要的雌體類型包括非混交雌體(Amictic Females)和混交雌體(Mictic Females)，并依靠形成休眠卵(Resting Egg)度過(guò)不良外界環(huán)境.

圖1 萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)形態(tài)構(gòu)造

圖2 單巢目輪蟲(chóng)生殖周期模式圖

2 輪蟲(chóng)作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

雖然輪蟲(chóng)的個(gè)體在所有后生動(dòng)物中為最小，但其繁殖速率卻是最快，它們能夠迅速占領(lǐng)環(huán)境中的空生態(tài)位，并將初級(jí)生產(chǎn)量(藻類和細(xì)菌等)轉(zhuǎn)化成次級(jí)消費(fèi)者(昆蟲(chóng)、甲殼動(dòng)物和魚(yú)類幼體)可利用的形式，其轉(zhuǎn)換效率極高，以至于總浮游生物現(xiàn)存量的30%由其產(chǎn)生.輪蟲(chóng)在淡水水體生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)功能、能量傳遞及物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換上具有重要意義[3]，也正是因?yàn)槿绱?，由于水體污染導(dǎo)致輪蟲(chóng)種群的變動(dòng)也勢(shì)必會(huì)影響整個(gè)水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡，所以，暴露于不同污染物下輪蟲(chóng)各生物學(xué)參數(shù)的變化引起人們?cè)絹?lái)越多的關(guān)注[2,4-5].

Breitholtz等[6]列出了在環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中適合用作生態(tài)毒理測(cè)試模式生物的10項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如低成本、便于操作、生態(tài)關(guān)聯(lián)、重復(fù)穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)和敏感性高等.表1所列為輪蟲(chóng)適合開(kāi)展毒理學(xué)研究的生物學(xué)特征，這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)使得輪蟲(chóng)一直以來(lái)都被視作檢測(cè)環(huán)境毒物對(duì)生物體影響的模式動(dòng)物[2].美國(guó)材料與試驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì)(ASTM)將萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(Brachionuscalyciflorus)和褶皺臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(B.plicatilis)分別作為淡水和海水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)試生物[7].經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)將輪蟲(chóng)視作無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中進(jìn)行環(huán)境毒性測(cè)試最有前途的分類群[8].

表1 輪蟲(chóng)適合開(kāi)展毒理學(xué)研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

3 輪蟲(chóng)-重金屬毒理學(xué)研究概況

早在20世紀(jì)70年代初，人們已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用輪蟲(chóng)(Philodinaroseola和P.acuticornis)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)重金屬對(duì)水體的污染[9-10].之后，相關(guān)研究呈現(xiàn)迅猛增長(zhǎng)之勢(shì)[2,4-5]，總體來(lái)看，主要有以下幾點(diǎn)共識(shí)：

第一，不同重金屬對(duì)同一種輪蟲(chóng)的毒性存在很大差異.張才學(xué)等[11]的研究結(jié)果表明，銅、鋅、鎘、鉛對(duì)壺狀臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(B.urceolaris)的24 h半數(shù)致死濃度(LC50)分別為0.083、4.27、7.60、23.44 mg/L，壺狀臂尾輪蟲(chóng)對(duì)銅的敏感性最大，對(duì)鉛的敏感性最小.基于LC50的差異比較，紅臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(B.rubens)對(duì)鉛的敏感性要比鎘要高24倍[12].銅等5種金屬對(duì)無(wú)甲腔輪蟲(chóng)(Lecaneinermis)的毒性大小依次是銅>鋁>鐵>鋅>錫>錳[13].

第二，不同種類的輪蟲(chóng)對(duì)同一重金屬的抵抗力不一樣.Pérez-Legaspi和Rico-Martínez[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)鎘和鉛對(duì)于3種腔輪蟲(chóng)(L.hamata，L.luna和L.quadridentata)的LC50值要比對(duì)萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)的LC50值要低；鎘和鉻對(duì)萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)的24 h的LC50值分別是0.18和17.4 mg/L，而對(duì)十指臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(B.patulus)則分別0.095和9.2 mg/L，相差近1倍[15].鋅對(duì)紅臂尾輪蟲(chóng)和裂痕龜紋輪蟲(chóng)(Anuraeopsisfissa)的LC50值也相差近1倍，分別是0.554和0.315 mg/L[16].Arias-Almeida和Rico-Martínez[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)，相對(duì)于臂尾屬和腔輪屬的輪蟲(chóng)而言，大肚須足輪蟲(chóng)(Euchlanisdilatata)對(duì)鎘、鉛和汞的毒性都更加敏感.

第三，重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的慢性毒性隨著重金屬濃度的上升而增加[16,18-21].如許丹丹等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著濃度的上升，鎘分別顯著降低了角突臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(B.angularis)的種群內(nèi)稟增長(zhǎng)率和曲腿龜甲輪蟲(chóng)(Keratellavalga)的世代時(shí)間和生命期望等.

第四，各種生態(tài)因子影響重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性.隨著食物濃度的上升，重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的負(fù)面影響在降低[22-27]；高溫和低溫均增加了重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性[27-29]；暴露時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)增大了銅和鎘對(duì)萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)種群的負(fù)面影響[30].

第五，重金屬影響輪蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)抗逆蛋白等的表達(dá).不同濃度的鉻、銅、鎳、鉛、鋅等均能誘導(dǎo)提高十指平甲輪蟲(chóng)(Plationuspatulus)熱休克蛋白(sp60)的表達(dá)量近兩倍，而低濃度的砷卻使得輪蟲(chóng)sp60的表達(dá)量降低了近兩倍，揭示了不同種類的污染物對(duì)誘導(dǎo)十指平甲輪蟲(chóng)sp60表達(dá)存在很大差異；同時(shí)，sp60的誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)依賴于金屬的濃度和暴露的時(shí)間[31].暴露銅(0.125、0.25、0.5和1 mg/L)和鎘(31、63、125、250和500 mg/L)24 h后，輪蟲(chóng)(B.koreanus)熱休克蛋白(sp90α-1和sp70)mRNA水平均顯著上調(diào)[32].

4 問(wèn)題及研究展望

雖然，人們對(duì)重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)此類重要浮游動(dòng)物的毒性影響有了一定的認(rèn)識(shí)，積累了大量有意義的毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)，但是還存在以下主要問(wèn)題：

首先，由于水體污染極少是由單一污染物造成的，而目前的研究則多是集中在單一重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性影響，重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性影響(特別是慢性毒性影響)國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道相對(duì)較少[27,33-35]，因此，這方面的研究工作還有待加強(qiáng).一方面，重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染由于其效應(yīng)十分復(fù)雜，一直是生態(tài)毒理研究領(lǐng)域中的難點(diǎn)，目前被廣泛使用的評(píng)價(jià)混合物毒性的濃度加和模型(concentration addition model，CA)和效應(yīng)加和模型(response addition model，IA)是否在輪蟲(chóng)毒理學(xué)中也普遍適用還有待進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn).另一方面，研究表明，重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染效應(yīng)與復(fù)合物的污染物種類、污染物的濃度、暴露時(shí)間、機(jī)體生理狀態(tài)以及所處環(huán)境的各種理化性質(zhì)等諸多因素相關(guān)[36-37]，所以，開(kāi)展重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的復(fù)合污染毒性研究還需要充分考慮上述因素對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的影響，這樣，實(shí)驗(yàn)所得的數(shù)據(jù)才更加具有實(shí)際推廣意義.此外，已有的重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染研究主要集中于二元聯(lián)合對(duì)某種生物種類的急性毒性研究，三元及以上聯(lián)合作用以及復(fù)合污染的慢性毒性效應(yīng)研究開(kāi)展得很少[38-39]，因此，這方面的研究還有待加強(qiáng).

其次，水體中重金屬多是以低劑量狀態(tài)存在的，一般是納克級(jí)別，重點(diǎn)污染區(qū)域可能會(huì)達(dá)到微克或者毫克級(jí)別，但遺憾的是，長(zhǎng)期低劑量重金屬暴露對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性影響一直沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視，只是在一些研究中被偶爾提及，沒(méi)有形成專門的研究.如Sarma等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)輪蟲(chóng)(L.quadridentata)暴露于系列銅濃度(0.31～5 μg/L)中，輪蟲(chóng)種群增長(zhǎng)與銅濃度之間呈現(xiàn)一種雙相劑量-反應(yīng)曲線，即低濃度刺激和高濃度抑制.相似的作用結(jié)果也發(fā)現(xiàn)在萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)暴露在低濃度的鋅中[41].近年來(lái)，污染物的低劑量興奮效應(yīng)(Hormesis)已成為毒理學(xué)研究的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)，這種現(xiàn)象在低劑量重金屬對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性影響中是否也普遍存在亟需研究證明，特別是當(dāng)重金屬濃度未可見(jiàn)不良效應(yīng)濃度(non observed adverse effect level,NOAEL)以下時(shí)其對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的毒性作用的研究亟待加強(qiáng).

再次，實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和終點(diǎn)的篩選還有待進(jìn)一步的優(yōu)化，一些公認(rèn)的優(yōu)良指標(biāo)如熱休克蛋白(HSP)家族、金屬硫蛋白(MT)等還較少見(jiàn)到用于評(píng)價(jià)重金屬聯(lián)合毒性效應(yīng)，因此，開(kāi)展暴露于重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染中輪蟲(chóng)熱休克蛋白、金屬硫蛋白的表達(dá)和DNA損傷等情況的研究將有助于揭示重金屬?gòu)?fù)合污染對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)的作用的分子機(jī)理.

最后，野外調(diào)查研究亟待開(kāi)展.自然水體輪蟲(chóng)的多樣性是水域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的重要評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)之一，其種類組成和生物量的變化能及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地反映水域生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣[42-43]，然而，目前有關(guān)水體重金屬污染與輪蟲(chóng)群落結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng)之間的關(guān)系還未見(jiàn)報(bào)道.

實(shí)踐中，人們?yōu)榱吮苊庵亟饘俚任廴緦?duì)重要水生物種的危害制定了一系列水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)以及污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，然而，這些基于單一重金屬毒性制定的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)和排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很可能由于長(zhǎng)期低劑量慢性以及復(fù)合污染效應(yīng)等的存在而不足以保護(hù)輪蟲(chóng)等重要水生生物的安全[44].因此，開(kāi)展從室內(nèi)到室外、從分子到野外群落水平、從短期急性到長(zhǎng)期低劑量慢性、從單一到復(fù)合污染的毒性研究將會(huì)有助于全面揭示水體重金屬污染對(duì)輪蟲(chóng)毒性影響的作用規(guī)律，為正確評(píng)價(jià)重金屬污染的生態(tài)效應(yīng)提供科學(xué)的參考.

[1] 王宏鑌,束文圣,藍(lán)崇鈺.重金屬污染生態(tài)學(xué)研究現(xiàn)狀與展望[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2005,25(3):596-605.

[2] DAHMS H U,HAGIWARA A,LEE J S.Ecotoxicology,ecophysiology,and mechanistic studies with rotifers [J].Aquatic Toxicology,2011,101(1):1-12.

[3] WALLACE R L,SNELL T W.Phylum rotifera[M]∥THORP JH;COVICH AP,(Eds).EcologyandclassificationofNorthAmericanfreshwaterinvertebrates.San Diego：Academic Press,CA,2001:195-254.

[4] SNELL T W,JANSSEN C R.Rotifers in ecotoxicology:a review [J].Hydrobiologia,1995,313/314:231-247.

[5] SNELL T W,JOAQUIM-JUSTO C.Workshop on rotifers in ecotoxicology [J].Hydrobiologia,2007,593:227-232.

[6] BREITHOLTZ M,RUDEN C,HANSSON C O,et al.Ten challenges for improved exotoxicological testing in environmental risk assessment [J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2006,63:324-335.

[7] ASTM.Standard guide for acute toxicity tests with the rotiferBrachionus[M].Annual book of ASTM standards ,E1440.Philadelphia,PA,USA:American Society for Testing and Material,1991:1104.

[8] OECD.Detailed review paper on aquatic arthropods in life-cycle toxicity tests with an emphasis on developmental,reproductive and endocrine disruptive effects [R].OECD series on testing and assessment,No.55,ENV/JM/MONO(2006) 22.Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,2006.

[9] SCHAEFER E D,PIPES W O.Temperature and the toxicity of chromate and arsenate to the rotiferPhilodinaroseola[J].Water Research,1973,7(12):1781-1790.

[10]BUIKEMA A L,CAIRNS J,SULLIVAN G W.Evaluation ofPhilodinaacuticornis(Rotifera) as a bioassay organism for heavy metals [J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1974,10:648-661.

[11]張才學(xué),鄭文凱,林玉鳳,等.4種重金屬離子及其混合液對(duì)壺狀臂尾輪蟲(chóng)的急性毒性試驗(yàn)[J].湛江海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005,25(1):56-59.

[12]SARMA S S S,NúňEZ-CRUZ H F,NANDINI S.Effects on the population dynamics ofBrachionusrubens(Rotifera) caused by mercury and cadmium administered through medium and algal foodChlorellavulgaris[J].Acta Zoologica Sinica,2005,51(1):46-52.

[13]KLIMEK B,FIALKOWSKA E,KOCERBA-SOROKA W,et al.The toxicity of selected trace metals toLecaneinermisrotifers isolated from activated sludge [J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2013,91(3):330-333.

[14]PéREZ-LEGASPI I A,RICO-MARTíNEZ R.Acute toxicity tests on three species of the genusLecane(Rotifera:Monogononta) [J].Hydrobiologia,2001,446(1):375-381.

[15]SARMA S S S,MARTíNEZ-JERóNIMO F,RAMíREZ-PéREZ T,et al.Effect of cadmium and chromium toxicity on the demography and population growth ofBrachionuscalyciflorusandBrachionuspatulus(Rotifera) [J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,2006,41(4):543-558.

[16]SARMA S S S,AZUARA-GARCíA R,NANDINI S.Combined effects of zinc and algal food on the competition between planktonic rotifers,AnuraeopsisfissaandBrachionusrubens(Rotifera) [J].Aquatic Ecology,2007,41(4):631-638.

[17]ARIAS-ALMEIDA J C,RICO-MARTíNEZ R.Toxicity of cadmium,lead,mercury and methyl parathion onEuchlanisdilatataEhrenberg 1832(Rotifera:Monogononta) [J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011,87(2):138-142.

[18]GROSELL M,GERDES R M,BRIX K V.Chronic toxicity of lead to three freshwater invertebrates -Brachionuscalyciflorus,Chironomustentans,andLymnaeastagnalis[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(1):97-104.

[19]HERNáNDEZ-FLORES S,RICO-MARTíNEZ R.Study of the effects of Pb and Hg toxicity using a chronic toxicity reproductive 5-day test with the freshwater rotifer Lecane quadridentata [J].Environmental Toxicology,2006,21(5):533-540.

[20]ARULVASU C,PADMINI K,PRABU P,et al.Evaluation of cadmium toxicity on the population growth ofBrachionusplicatilis(O.F.Müller) [J].Indian Journal of Science and Technology,2010,3(1):90-93.

[21]許丹丹,席貽龍,馬杰,等. Cd2+對(duì)角突臂尾輪蟲(chóng)和曲腿龜甲輪蟲(chóng)的急性毒性和生命表統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)參數(shù)的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2011,31(17):4874-4880.

[22]LUNA-ANDRADE A,AGUILAR-DURAN R,NANDINI S,et al.Combined effects of copper and microalgal(Tetraselmissuecica) concentrations on the population growth ofBrachionusplicatilisMüller(Rotifera) [J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2002,141:143-153.

[23]RAMíREZ-PéREZ T,SARMA S S S,NANDINI S.Effects of mercury on the life table demography of the rotiferBrachionuscalyciflorusPallas(Rotifera) [J].Ecotoxicology,2004,13:535-544.

[24]AZUARA-GARCíA R,SARMA S S S,NANDINI S.The combined effects of zinc and alga on the life table demography ofAnuraeopsisfissaandBrachionusrubens(Rotifera) [J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,2006,41(4):559-572.

[25]RAMIREZ PEREZ T,SARMA S S S.Combined effects of heavy metal(Hg) concentration and algal(Chlorellavulgaris) food density on the population growth ofBrachionuscalyciflorus(Rotifera:Brachionidae) [J].Journal of Environmental Biology,2008,29(2):139-142.

[26]石娟,席貽龍,楊琳璐,等.不同藻密度下Cd2+濃度對(duì)萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)生命表統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)參數(shù)的影響[J].應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2010,21(6):1614-1620.

[27]徐曉平，席貽龍，黃林.Zn2+和Cd2+對(duì)萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)種群增長(zhǎng)的單一和聯(lián)合毒性效應(yīng)[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)研究,2016,29(3):368-375.

[28]GAMA-FLORES J L,SARMA,S S S,NANDINI S.Interaction among copper toxicity,temperature and salinity on the population dynamics ofBrachionusrotundiformis(Rotifera) [J].Hydrobiologia，2005,546:559-568.

[29]趙清清,席貽龍,李志超,等.不同藻密度下Zn2+濃度對(duì)萼花臂尾輪蟲(chóng)實(shí)驗(yàn)種群增長(zhǎng)參數(shù)的影響[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2015,35(12):4026-4033.

[30]GAMA-FLORES J L,CASTELLANOS-PAEZ M E,SARMA S S S,et al.Effect of pulsed exposure to heavy metals(copper and cadmium) on some population variables ofBrachionuscalyciflorusPallas(Rotifera:Brachionidae:Monogononta) [J].Hydrobiologia,2007,593(1):201-208.

[31]RIOS-ARANA J V,GARDEA-TORRESDEY J L,WEBB R,et al.Heat shock protein 60(HSP60) response ofPlationuspatulus(Rotifera:Monogononta) to combined exposures of arsenic and heavy metals [J].Hydrobiologia,2005,546(1):577-585.

[32]JUNG M Y,LEE Y M.Expression profiles of heat shock protein gene families in the monogonont rotiferBrachionuskoreanus-exposed to copper and cadmium [J].Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences,2012,4(4):235-242.

[33]RíOS-ARANA J V,WALSH E J,ORTIZ M.Interaction effects of multi-metal solutions(As,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn) on life history traits in the rotiferPlationuspatulus[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,2007,42(10):1473-1481.

[34]XU X P,XI Y L,HUANG L,et al.The life table demographic response of freshwater rotiferBrachionuscalyciflorusto multi-metal(Cu,Zn,Cd,Cr,and Mn) mixture interaction [J].Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology,2014,93:165-170.

[35]XU X P,XI Y L,HUANG L,et al.Effects of Multi-metal(Cu,Zn,Cd,Cr,and Mn) Mixtures on the Reproduction of Freshwater RotiferBrachionuscalyciflorus[J].Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology,2015,95(6):714-720.

[36]NORWOOD W P,BORGMANN U,DIXON DG,et al.Effects of metal mixtures on aquatic biota:A review of observations and methods [J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003,9(4):795-811.

[37]HOLMSTRUP M,BINDESBΦL A M,OOSTINGH G J,et al.Interactions between effects of environmental chemicals and natural stressors:a review [J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(18):3746-3762.

[38]唐柱云,陸光華.重金屬聯(lián)合毒性作用研究進(jìn)展[J].環(huán)境科技,2006,19(1):87-89.

[39]ALTENBURGER R,BACKHAUS T,BOEDEKER W,et al.Simplifying complexity:mixture toxicity assessment in the last 20 years [J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2013,32(8):1685-1687.

[40]SARMA S S S,CORRAL-JáCQUEZ F I,NANDINI S,et al.Population level indicators of stress:Effects of two heavy metals(copper and mercury) on the growth ofLecanequadridentata(Ehrenberg,1830)(Rotifera:Lecanidae) [J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A,Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,2010,45(1):32-36.

[41]DE SCHAMPHELAERE K A C,JANSSEN C R.Cross-phylum extrapolation of theDaphniamagnachronic biotic ligand model for zinc to the snail Lymnaea stagnalis and the rotiferBrachionuscalyciflorus[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(22):5414-5422.

[42]溫新利,席貽龍,張雷,等.蕪湖市鏡湖輪蟲(chóng)群落結(jié)構(gòu)分析及水質(zhì)的生態(tài)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)[J].水生生物學(xué)報(bào),2006,30(2):152-158.

[43]都雪,王齊東,張超文,等.洪澤湖輪蟲(chóng)群落結(jié)構(gòu)及其與環(huán)境因子的關(guān)系[J].湖泊科學(xué),2014,26(2):269-276.

[44]COOPER N L,BIDWELL J R,KUMAR A.Toxicity of copper,lead,and zinc mixtures toCeriodaphniadubiaand Daphnia carinata [J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2009,72(5):1523-1528.

[責(zé)任編輯 馬云彤]

Progress in Research on the Effects ofHeavy Metal Pollution on Toxicity of Rotifer

XU Xiao-ping1,2a, XI Yi-long2b, ZHANG Ming1, XIA Qiang-qiang1

(1.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China;2.a. College of Life Sciences, b.Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China)

Rotifers are one of the important groups of zooplankton in freshwater ecosystem, and favored by researchers in aquatic toxicology and environmental monitoring because of their small size, short generation time, rapid reproduction rate, and sensitive to environmental pollutants. There are a number of studies on the toxic effects of heavy metals on the rotifer, the results showed that there is a big difference among the various heavy metals toxicity to the same kind of rotifer, and the resistance of different species of rotifer to the same kind of heavy metal are different. Furthermore, the toxicity of heavy metal to rotifer influenced by many kinds of ecological factors, including temperature, algal density, and exposure time, etc. The expression of heat shock proteins in rotifer also can be affected by the heavy metals. In the future, it should focus on the research of compound pollution of heavy metals, low dose toxicity effect, index optimization and field water survey, etc.

heavy metal pollution; rotifer; toxicity

1008-5564(2016)06-0074-06

2016-09-06

安徽省高等學(xué)校自然科學(xué)研究重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(KJ2016A063)；安徽工程大學(xué)青年科研基金項(xiàng)目(2015YQ01)；安徽省大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目(201510363245)

徐曉平(1979—)，男，安徽當(dāng)涂人，安徽工程大學(xué)建筑工程學(xué)院講師，安徽師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院博士，主要從事水污染控制與檢測(cè)研究.

X171.5

A