R2P and the Security Council's Resolutions on Coercive Intervention:Com?parative Analysis of Libya and Syria

Li Li

Abstract:One viewpoint claims that in the Libyan crisis,the Security Council resolution 1973 is the touchtone of the Responsibility to Protect(R2P)and the first attempt made to translate R2P from words to practice.It is found that the pillar 1 of R2P,Chapter VII of the UN Charter and PoC could be the justifications for the resolution 1973 based on a careful analysis of the resolution's text. However,the pillar 3 of R2P was not mentioned in the resolution.The Syrian crisis has once again proved that R2P pillar 3 cannot be implemented in earnest. From the perspectives of humanitarian catastrophe,the spillover effects and civilian protection,the Syrian crisis is much more severe compared to the Libyan crisis.But during the long process of the civil war,the Security Council could not adopt a resolution like that of 1973.A comparison of the cases shows that R2P alone cannot make the Security Council to decide on coercive interventions. Whether the Security Council can reach a consensus or not depends on the positions taken by the five permanent members.In the cases of Libya and Syria, the attitude of China and Russia is particularly critical.The two countries responded to the crises based on a series of factors.These include humanitarian concern,Libyan/Syrian internal conflict situation,national interest,regional organizations'positioning and concern about practical action of certain Western countries.

responsibility to protect;Security Council resolution 1973;Libyan crisis;Syrian crisis;China;Russia

About the authoress:Li Li,School of International and Public Affairs,Fudan University.

Temporary Protection and Its Application in Refugee Crisis in Europe:Past to Future

Wu Wenyang

Abstract:As a flexible and pragmatic means of affording protection during the mass influxes of refugees,temporary protection gained popularity in Europe in the 1990s.However,the application of temporary protection could easily fall below the standards of international refugee law and international human rights law.To solve this problem and to harmonize the protection standards,EU adopted a Council Directive on temporary protection in 2001.The cumbersome activation procedure of the Directive and its inadequate level of protection of rights make them less popular to the Member States.As a result,the Directive has never been activated.Temporary protection does fill certain gaps in the extant interna?tional laws,but it seems that EU states have lost their interests in this for?malized regime and the chances of the Directive being implemented in the future are slim.

Key words:temporary protection;European refugee crisis;international refugee protection

About the Author:Wu Wenyang,Department of Law,Graduate School,CASS.

Bottom Line Game:the Sino-American Crisis Management of the Vietnam War during Its Escalated Period of 1964～1966

Fan Jiarui,Zhai Kun

Abstract:The interest conflicts between China and southeast Asian countries in South China Sea are getting more serious in recent time,with its implied game between China and the United States being more subtle.From another perspective, in the period of the mid-1964 to the early 1966,the changes of relationshipbetween China and the United States in the Vietnam War are illustrative in terms of providing a model solution in this regard.This paper analyzes the participants, the strategy and order as well as the earnings in the process of crisis management within the theoretical framework of game theory.The paper argues that,to prevent war from being escalated,states should express their own bottom line and adjust recognition of the others'safety through effective communicative interaction.In fact,national interests are anchored in the essential sorting of their respective security line.The bottom line is the key to the success of crisis management.

Key words:the Vietnam War;China-America relationship;game crisis manage?ment;bottom line

About the authors:Fan Jiarui,Association of Southeast Asia Studies,Peking University;Zhai Kun,Department of International Relations,Peking University.

Opportunities and Challenges of China-Indonesia Marine Economic Coope?ration with the“21st Century Maritime Silk Road”Strategy

Yu Zhenyan

Abstract:The 21st century is the century of the ocean.With the gradual depletion of land resources,the oceans have become the second human living spaces.At the same time,the development of marine economy has become attractive for more and more countries.As a country of the“mainland ocean type”,China has achieved immensely in its sustained and rapid development of economy, especially in marine economy.The country has formulated a series of marine developmental plans.As the strategic partner of China,Indonesia possesses abundant marine resources,with its marine economy playing an important role in its overall economy.Both China and Indonesia always attach importance to their cooperation of marine economy,and have achieved plenty.As Indonesia is thehub of the Maritime Silk Road,China's strategy and Indonesia's maritime power strategy will provide new opportunities in the bilateral marine economic coopera?tion,since the two countries'strategic visions are tallying highly.The paper,in passing,mentions about some challenges in the process of the cooperation that must be overcome.

Key words:marine economic cooperation;opportunities;challenges;path selec?tion

About the author:Yu Zhenyan,Department of International Relations,Central China Normal University.

Analysis of Small States'Security Strategies and Their Effects

Chen Xiang

Abstract:In the structure of international relations,survival and security are main goals of states,especially for small states.It is common for small states to adopt different strategies and policies to their best interest,including power balancing,staying neutral,joining collective security and formulating international norms,in order to maintain their own security and sovereignty.However,in the structure,whose basic principles are of power politics with domination by powerful nations,all these strategies and policies are not supposed to guarantee survival and security for small states.

Key words:small state;self-help;balance of power;neutrality;collective security;international norm

About the author:Chen Xiang,Department of International Relations,Central China Normal University.