羅鴻宇 華 琦 朱瑋瑋 侯海霞 劉榮坤
(1. 首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院老年病(綜合)科,北京 100053;2. 首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院心臟科,北京 100053)
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· 心血管疾病的病理生理機制 ·
不同負荷室性期前收縮患者心臟結構及左心室?guī)缀螛嬓偷谋容^分析
羅鴻宇1華 琦2*朱瑋瑋2侯海霞2劉榮坤2
(1. 首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院老年病(綜合)科,北京 100053;2. 首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院心臟科,北京 100053)
目的 探討不同負荷室性期前收縮(premature ventricular contractions, PVCs)對患者心臟結構、功能的影響及其與心臟幾何構型的相關性。方法 回顧性分析PVCs患者142例,根據PVCs負荷將其分為以下3組:低負荷組(n=54):PVCs負荷<10%;中負荷組(n=55):PVCs負荷為10%~20%;高負荷組(n=33):PVCs負荷>20%;分析PVCs負荷與患者心功能參數、左心室構型構成比率的關系,并通過Logistic回歸分析對左心室肥厚的危險因素進行分析。結果 與高負荷組比較,低負荷組、中負荷組左心房內徑(left atrial diameter, LAD)、左心室流出道徑(left ventricular outflow tract, LVOT)、左心室舒張末期內徑(left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole, LVIDD)、左心室舒張末期容積(left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDV)、左心室心肌質量(left ventricular myocardial mass, LVM)、左心室心肌質量指數(left ventricular myocardial mass index, LVMI)明顯降低,左室射血分數(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)升高,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);PVCs負荷與右心室流出道徑(right ventricular outflow tract, RVOT)、LAD、LVOT、LVIDD、LVEDV、每搏心輸出量(stroke volume, SV)、LVMI呈正相關(P<0.05),與LVEF呈負相關(P<0.05);隨PVCs負荷增加,左心室正常構型比例下降,離心性肥厚比例增加,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。年齡、高血壓、PVCs負荷為發(fā)生左心室肥厚的危險因素。結論 PVCs患者期前收縮負荷與心臟結構及功能顯著相關,隨期前收縮負荷增加,左心室肥厚程度加重、收縮功能減低、離心性肥厚比例增加;對于高齡、合并高血壓及PVCs負荷過重的患者,應早期監(jiān)測心功能,并及早對PVCs予以干預。
室性期前收縮;期前收縮負荷;左心室功能;左心室結構
室性期前收縮(premature ventricular contractions,PVCs)在高血壓、冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(以下簡稱冠心病)、心臟瓣膜病、心肌病、心肌炎、心力衰竭等多種器質性心臟病中有很高的發(fā)生率,也廣泛見于心臟結構及功能正常者中,是臨床中極為常見的心律失常。反復發(fā)生的PVCs可引起患者多種不適癥狀,如心悸、胸痛等,且在器質性心臟病患者中,PVCs的出現常預示著猝死風險的提高[1],因此,臨床工作中應對PVCs加以關注。
近年來國內外多項研究[2-6]證實,頻發(fā)PVCs可伴有可逆性心肌病變[2]或左心室功能減低[3],但現階段很難分辨二者因果關系[4],因此,很多研究[3-6]將這種現象稱為“PVCs相關的左室功能障礙”。左心室功能障礙與心室重構密切相關,心室重構是機體在多種因素共同作用下,心室結構發(fā)生的改變,Ganau等[5]結合左心室心肌質量指數(left ventricular myocardial mass index, LVMI)及室壁相對厚度(relative wall thickness, RWT)將左室重構分為正常重構、向心性重構、向心性肥厚、離心性肥厚4種類型,并認為不同構型與血流動力學指標及預后密切相關。左心室心肌質量(left ventricular myocardial mass, LVM)及LVMI是判斷左心室重構和左心室肥厚程度的重要指標,同時也是評定左心室功能的重要指標。很多研究[1,6-8]已證實PVCs可引起心臟結構及功能的可逆性變化,但是對PVCs負荷與LVMI及左心室?guī)缀螛嬓偷年P系研究較少。因此,本研究通過對不同負荷PVCs患者心臟結構及功能進行比較分析,探討其相關性,為早期干預PVCs提供臨床指導和建議。
1.1 研究對象
入選2013年1月至2014年8月在首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院心臟中心門診就診的全部室性期前收縮患者共142例,其中,男性68例,女性74例,平均年齡(56.94±13.11)歲,PVCs的診斷標準符合《2015年ACC/AHA/ESC室性心律失常治療和心臟性猝死預防指南》[9]中室性心律失常診斷標準;伴或不伴有心悸、胸痛、先兆暈厥、暈厥等癥狀,心電圖檢查可見:①期前出現的QRS-T波前無P波或無相關P波;②期前出現的QRS形態(tài)寬大畸形,時限通常>0.12 s,T波方向多與主波方向相反;③往往為完全性代償間歇,即期前收縮前后的兩個竇性P波間距等于正常PP間距的2倍;且滿足PVCs頻次>3 000次/24 h。排除標準:急性冠狀動脈綜合征、腦血管意外;未控制的甲狀腺功能亢進、甲狀腺功能減退;緩慢性心律失常(包括病態(tài)竇房結綜合征、Ⅱ度以上房室傳導阻滯);嚴重心功能不全(慢性心力衰竭,左室射血分數(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)≤35%),心源性休克者;藥物、電解質或酸堿平衡紊亂等因素引起的心律失常;入選前服用抗心律失常及影響自主神經藥物,未超過藥物5個半衰期;嚴重的肝、腎功能不全;各系統腫瘤、長期服用免疫抑制劑;預計存活期<6個月以及臨床資料不全、拒絕參加研究者。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 臨床資料收集
所有入選患者均行常規(guī)12導聯心電圖、24 h動態(tài)心電圖檢查及心臟多普勒超聲檢查。通過24 h動態(tài)心電圖獲取QRS波總數、最小心率、最大心率、平均心率、PVCs頻數及最長R-R間期等參數。通過心臟多普勒超聲獲取患者右心室流出道徑(right ventricular outflow tract, RVOT)、左心房內徑(left atrial diameter, LAD)、左心室流出道徑(left ventricular outflow tract, LVOT)、右心室舒張末內徑(right ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole,RVIDD)、室間隔厚度(interventricular septum thick, IVST)、左心室舒張末期內徑(left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole, LVIDD)、左心室后壁厚度(left ventricular posterior wall thickness, LVPWT)、LVEF、左心室舒張末期容積(left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDV)、心輸出量(cardiac output, CO)、每搏心輸出量(stroke volume, SV);根據檢查結果,計算LVM、LVMI、RWT等參數。
1.2.2 PVCs負荷、LVM、LVMI等相關指標的計算方法
PVCs負荷=(24 h PVCs總頻次/總心率)×100%;體表面積(body surface area, BSA)(m2)=0.006 1×身高(cm)+0.012 8×體質量(kg)-0.152 9;體質量指數(body mass index, BMI)(kg / m2)=體質量 (kg)/ [身高(m)]2;LVM(g)=1.04[(IVST +LVPWT+LVIDD)3-LVIDD3]-13.6(Devereux公式[10]);其中,IVST,LVPWT,LVIDD的單位為cm;LVMI(g/m2)=LVM/BSA;RWT=2×(LVPWT/LVIDD)。
1.2.3 心室構型的判定
LVMI以男性>124 g/m2,女性>110 g/m2為肥厚標準;RWT以>0.45為增大標準。根據Ganau等[5]分類法將左心室構型分為如下4種類型:(1)正常重構:LVMI與RWT均正常;(2)向心性重構:LVMI正常,RWT增大;(3)向心性肥厚:LVMI與RWT均增大;(4)離心性肥厚:LVMI增大,RWT正常。
1.3 分組方法
有研究[7]指出,期前收縮負荷達到10%即可引起可逆性心肌病變,故根據入選患者PVCs負荷將其分為以下3組:低負荷組(n=54):PVCs負荷<10%;中負荷組(n=55):PVCs負荷為10%~20%;高負荷組(n=33):PVCs負荷>20%。
1.4 統計學方法
2.1 不同負荷PVCs患者臨床基線資料比較
3組患者年齡、性別、BMI、合并疾病、24 h動態(tài)心電圖 QRS波總數、最小心率、最大心率、平均心率,最長R-R間期比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05,表1)。
2.2 不同負荷PVCs患者心功能參數的比較
3組患者RVIDD、IVST、LVPWT、CO比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。與高負荷組比較,低負荷組RVOT、SV降低(P<0.05),低負荷組、中負荷組LVEF升高(P<0.05),LAD、LVOT、LVIDD、LVEDV、LVM、LVMI明顯降低(P<0.01)(表2)。
2.3 PVCs負荷與相關指標的相關性分析
PVCs負荷與RVOT、LAD、LVOT、LVIDD、LVEDV、SV、LVMI呈正相關(P<0.01),隨著PVCs負荷的增加,RVOT、LAD、LVOT、LVIDD、LVEDV、SV、LVMI逐漸增加。PVCs負荷與LVEF呈負相關(P<0.01),隨著PVCs負荷的增加,LVEF逐漸下降(表3)。
表1 不同期前收縮負荷3組患者臨床基線資料比較
VariableAge/aMale/%BMI/(kg·m-2)Hypertension/%Diabetesmellitus/%Coronaryheartdisease/%GroupⅠ(burden<10%,n=54)57.20±12.9523(42.6)24.00±3.2626(51.9) 9(16.7)5(9.3)GroupⅡ(burden10%-20%,n=55)57.82±13.4930(54.5)25.20±3.1325(45.5) 9(16.4)11(20.0)GroupⅢ(burden>20%,n=33)55.03±12.9115(45.5)24.67±4.2613(39.4) 5(15.2) 6(18.2)P0.6190.4360.1970.5180.9820.267VariableQRSamountMinimalHR/min-1MaximalHR/min-1MeanHR/min-1LongestR?Rinterval/sGroupⅠ(burden<10%,n=54)102161.30±11646.8549.89±7.59118.30±25.1773.35±8.101.60±0.30GroupⅡ(burden10%-20%,n=55)100698.93±13734.8349.31±8.87116.53±17.5073.07±7.491.65±0.30GroupⅢ(burden>20%,n=33)100129.76±13963.9150.25±7.76112.91±20.1374.38±8.421.64±0.24P0.7440.8620.5260.7540.616
PVCs:premature ventricular contractions; BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate.
表2 不同期前收縮負荷3組患者心功能參數的比較
VariableRVOT/mmLAD/mmLVOT/mmRVIDD/mmIVST/mmLVIDD/mmLVPWT/mmGroupⅠ(burden<10%,n=54)30.99±2.94?34.41±4.31??29.44±3.51??16.78±1.669.85±1.3448.15±4.77??9.76±1.12GroupⅡ(burden10%-20%,n=55)31.81±3.6336.84±5.1230.04±3.1816.68±1.659.92±1.5951.16±6.719.87±1.32GroupⅢ(burden>20%,n=33)32.76±2.8038.09±5.6431.42±2.6717.30±2.2010.12±1.2452.91±6.9110.18±1.01P0.0430.0020.0220.2680.6850.0010.264VariableLVEF/%LVEDV/mLCO/(L·m-1)SV/mLLVM/gLVMI/(g·m-2)GroupⅠ(burden<10%,n=54)65.74±6.43?109.72±25.12??5.09±1.4471.78±16.56?198.32±59.26??116.29±30.50??GroupⅡ(burden10%-20%,n=55)64.96±5.74?127.62±39.275.59±1.7882.56±22.68225.14±82.64127.70±48.31GroupⅢ(burden>20%,n=33)62.21±6.91136.52±45.145.63±1.9083.06±24.10245.79±74.88142.30±43.92P0.0380.0020.2170.0120.0110.019
*P<0.05,**P<0.01vsGroup Ⅲ; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; RVIDD: right ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole; IVST: interventricular septum thick; LVIDD: left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole; LVPWT: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; CO: cardiac output; SV: stroke volume; LVM: left ventricular myocardial mass; LVMI: left ventricular myocardial mass index.
表3 PVCs負荷與相關指標的相關性分析
Tab.3 Result of correlation analysis
VariablerPRVOT0.2530.002LAD0.2550.002LVOT0.2480.003LVIDD0.3450.000LVEF-0.2180.009LVEDV0.3300.000SV0.2520.002LVMI0.2840.001
PVCs:premature ventricular contractions; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; LVIDD: left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; SV: stroke volume; LVMI: left ventricular myocardial mass index.
2.4 不同負荷3組患者左心室構型的比較
142例患者中,左心室構型正常者55例,占38.7%;向心性重構7例,占4.9%;向心性肥厚11例,占7.7%,離心性肥厚69例,占48.6%。3組患者
左心室構型構成比不同,隨PVCs負荷增加,左心室正常構型比例下降,離心性肥厚比例增加,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。組間分割后,進行χ2檢驗,以校正檢驗水準α=0.016為差異有統計學意義,高負荷組左心室正常構型比例明顯低于低負荷組(P<0.016),中負荷組、高負荷組左心室離心性肥厚比例明顯高于低負荷組(P<0.016,表4)。
2.5 左心室肥厚的Logistic回歸分析結果
采用二分類Logistic回歸分析左心室肥厚的危險因素。當進入水準為0.05,剔除水準為0.10時,年齡、高血壓、QTCB、PVCs負荷選入方差,回歸系數(B)為正值,危險度(OR)>1,提示年齡、高血壓、PVCs負荷為發(fā)生左心室肥厚的危險因素(表5)。
PVCs為心室內異位起搏點發(fā)出的過早沖動所引起的異常心臟搏動。現有研究[11-15]認為,PVCs的負
表4 不同期前收縮負荷3組患者左心室構型的比較
Tab.4 Comparison of the left ventricular structure in the 3 groupsn(%)
*P<0.016vsGroup Ⅰ.
表5 影響左心室肥厚因素的Logistic回歸分析
Tab.5 Results of Logistic regression
VariableBS.E.WaldPOR95.0%CIforExp(B)LowerUpperAge0.0500.0178.7470.0031.0511.0171.086Hypertension0.8830.4224.3800.0362.4191.0585.532PVCsburden0.1060.03012.7140.0001.1121.0491.179Constant-5.5711.33117.5210.0010.004--
PVCs:premature ventricular contractions.
荷、QRS波時限、起源部位、QT間期長度、聯律間期,PVCs患者的病程長短、BMI以及插入性PVCs、多形PVCs等都可能與PVCs引起的心肌病變相關。在上述各種因素中,由于PVCs的臨床癥狀有很大的變異性,從無癥狀,輕微心悸不適,到PVCs觸發(fā)惡性室性心律失常致暈厥或黑蒙,表現繁多,難以進行分析,而PVCs負荷被認為是患者遠期發(fā)生左室功能障礙的決定因素之一[3,13],因此本研究以PVCs負荷為切入點,對142例不同負荷PVCs患者的心臟結構及功能進行分析比較,發(fā)現在PVCs病程早期,隨著PVCs負荷的增加,患者的RVOT、LAD、LVOT、LVIDD、LVEDV、SV、LVM、LVMI出現逐漸增加趨勢,LVEF出現逐漸下降趨勢,且差異具有統計學意義(P<0.05),這與目前國內外的大部分研究[16]相一致。
目前對于PVCs引起心肌病變及左室功能障礙發(fā)病機制的解釋尚無統一的答案:正常心室功能依賴于心室肌的同步激活和協調運動,當PVCs發(fā)生時,電激動起源異??梢鹦氖壹〉臒o效機械收縮[13]及心室內、心室間的不同步收縮,降低心臟收縮效率,減少有效心輸出量,同時增加心肌耗氧,引起心肌缺血、心功能障礙[3],LVEF減低。隨著心肌耗氧量的增加,心肌細胞能量的供應發(fā)生相對不足,可使局部心肌細胞凋亡、壞死;而心肌細胞的減少,再次加重了心臟收縮效率和收縮能力的下降,降低了正常的收縮泵功能;為了適應心臟的正常做功,心肌在多種病理生理因素的作用下,逐漸發(fā)生代償性重構,表現為心室壁不對稱增厚、心肌血流改變,局部心肌蛋白表達[17],最終出現LVM、LVMI增加,左心室肥厚。
本研究發(fā)現,隨著PVCs負荷的增多,患者出現離心性肥厚比例顯著增加。根據目前研究結果,考慮離心性肥厚的發(fā)生與心室長期高容量負荷有關。PVCs發(fā)生時,其前的竇性搏動舒張期充盈時間縮短,心室充盈不足,導致心肌收縮能力較前下降,心臟做功較前減少。為保證正常的心排血量和心臟做功,心臟對SV進行調節(jié)。PVCs發(fā)生后,其后伴有的長的代償間歇使心臟的舒張時間明顯延長,充盈量增加[18],引起心肌的生理性延長。根據Frank-Starling定律,心肌的收縮張力增大,SV增加,且隨著PVCs負荷的增加,呈逐漸升高趨勢。而心肌長期的超負荷工作使心肌細胞從結構上發(fā)生改變,最終導致心室腔擴大。此外頻發(fā)的PVCs使心室壁出現代償性不均勻增厚、心腔容積增大,并導致心肌微循環(huán)受損,為了與容量負荷相平衡,左心室逐漸生成新的肌小節(jié),并隨著病情進展而出現LVEDV的代償性擴大,長此以往,最終發(fā)生心肌的離心性肥厚。以往研究認為,左心室?guī)缀螛嬓偷淖兓c預后密切相關[19],左室肥厚是預后較差的左室?guī)缀螛嬓椭?,而向心性肥厚和離心性肥厚患者更易發(fā)生復雜心律失常,且其心血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更高,預后更差[20]。這也提示臨床醫(yī)生應對合并心室重構的PVCs患者更加予以重視。
現有研究[21]證明,室性心律失常的發(fā)生與左心室肥厚程度有很大相關性。左心室肥厚能夠顯著增加心血管事件的發(fā)生概率,同時,增加心肌缺血、急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭、惡性心律失常以及心源性猝死的發(fā)生,因此,左心室肥厚可以作為心血管事件以及全因死亡的有效預測因子[22]。本研究對性別、年齡、BMI、高血壓史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、吸煙史、QRS總數,早搏負荷等可能影LVMI的相關因素進行Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現,年齡、高血壓、PVCs負荷為發(fā)生左心室肥厚的危險因素,因此,在臨床處理PVCs患者的診療過程中,對于高齡、伴有高血壓的頻發(fā)PVCs患者,應予以早期干預,以延緩其心室重構的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
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編輯 慕 萌
Comparative analysis of heart structure and left ventricular geometric pattern in patients with different premature ventricular contractions burden
Luo Hongyu1, Hua Qi2*, Zhu Weiwei2, Hou Haixia2, Liu Rongkun2
(1.DepartmentofGeriatricMedicine,XuanwuHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China; 2.DepartmentofCardiology,XuanwuHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China)
Objective To observe the influence of different premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) burden on patients’ heart structure and function, and its relevance to the left ventricular geometric pattern. Methods Totally 142 patients with PVCs were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients were divided into 3 groups by the burden of PVCs: the lower burden group (<10%,n=54), the medium burden group (10%-20%,n=55), the higher burden group (>20%,n=33). The difference and correlation between the heart structure, heart function and left ventricular geometric pattern in the 3 groups were analyzed; and the Logistic regression analyses were used to find out the risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy. Results Compared with the higher burden group, the left atrial diameter(LAD), left ventricular outflow tract(LVOT), left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole(LVIDD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular myocardial(LVM) mass and left ventricular myocardial mass index(LVMI) in the lower and medium groups were decreased, the LVEF in the lower and medium groups was increased (P<0.05). The PVCs burden was positively correlated with RVOT, LVOT, LVIDD, LVEDV, SV, LVM (P<0.05,); and was negatively correlated with LVEF (P<0.05,). With the increase of PVCs burden, the ratio of left ventricle normal geometry was decreased, and the ratio of eccentric hypertrophy geometry was increased. In a binary Logistic regression analysis, age, hypertension and PVCs burden were the risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with PVCs. Conclusion The PVCs burden was closely related to the heart structure of the patients with PVCs. With the increase of PVCs burden, the left ventricular hypertrophy was aggravated gradually, the left ventricular systolic function was decreased, and the ratio of eccentric hypertrophy geometry was increased significantly. For patients with older age, hypertension and a heavy load of PVCs burden, doctors should monitor the cardiac function on early stage, and start the clinical intervention in time.
premature ventricular contractions; contraction burden; left ventricular function; left ventricular structure
國家高技術研究發(fā)展計劃(863計劃)資助項目(2012AA02A516)。 This study was supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA02A516).
時間:2016-12-14 20∶19
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20161214.2019.024.html
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2016.06.005]
R 541.7
2016-10-03)
*Corresponding author, E-mail:huaqi5371@medmail.com.cn