龔磊++陳慈明

不少同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)名詞性從句時(shí)，因?yàn)榉植磺鍂hat在從句中的用法和含義，以及不能區(qū)分what與其他連接詞的區(qū)別，導(dǎo)致在練習(xí)和考試當(dāng)中頻頻丟分。以下就what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句的用法以及易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn)做一個(gè)分析。

what在名詞性從句中的含義和用法

what在名詞性從句當(dāng)中可以充當(dāng)主語、表語和賓語，根據(jù)不同的語境有以下幾種不同的含義：

1. 表示“……的東西或事情”。（what= the thing that）

Theyve done what they can to help her. 他們已經(jīng)盡力幫助了她。

He saves what he earns. 他賺多少，積蓄多少。

例1 （2015·浙江卷） If you swim in a river or lake， be sure to investigate ________ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.

解析 what。句意為：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的狀況。經(jīng)常會有巖石或樹枝隱藏在水中。________ is below the water surface為賓語從句，作動詞investigate的賓語，從句中缺少主語且表示“事物”，故答案為what。

2. 表示“……的人或的樣子”。

He is no longer what he was. 他已經(jīng)不是以前的那個(gè)樣子。

He is what is generally called a traitor. 他就是人們通常所說的叛徒。

Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ 是誰把弗雷德培養(yǎng)成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子的？

例2 （2014·山東卷） It is difficult for us to imagine ________ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.

解析 what。句意為：我們很難想象古代奴隸們的生活是什么樣子的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知在該空引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中介詞like后面缺少賓語，且設(shè)空處表示“事物”，所以填what。

3. 表示“……的數(shù)量或數(shù)目”。（what=the amount that）

Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我們現(xiàn)在的收入是10年前的兩倍。

The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 現(xiàn)在我校學(xué)生的數(shù)量是解放前的10倍。

4. 表示“……的時(shí)間”。（what=the time that）

After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎過了幾個(gè)小時(shí)他才苦笑著出來。

The young girl was too frightened to speak， standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩嚇得不敢說話，在那兒站了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。

5. 表示“……的地方”。（what=the place that）

This is what they call Salt Lake City. 這就是他們稱為鹽湖城的地方。

In 1492， Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年哥倫布到達(dá)了現(xiàn)在所稱的美洲大陸。

易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn)分析

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1、what和that的誤用

例3 （2016·上海卷） Eventually， I decided to follow her and _______ happened truly amazed me.

解析 what。句意為：發(fā)生的事情真讓我很驚訝。設(shè)空處無提示詞，分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)可知，從句中缺少主語，且指代的是物，可判斷答案what。本句中連接代詞what引導(dǎo)主語從句what happened并在句中做主語。

例4 （2016·天津卷） The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

A. whether B. that

C. which D. what

解析 B。句意為：經(jīng)理提出一個(gè)建議，我們應(yīng)該有個(gè)助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位語從句說明suggestion的內(nèi)容，而且同位語從句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引導(dǎo)，that不作成分，只是起著連接的作用。

例5 （單句改錯(cuò)） He was interested in that he had seen at the exhibition.

解析 that→what。介詞in后的賓語從句中缺少賓語，應(yīng)用what。

點(diǎn)撥 that不作任何句子成分，只起連接作用；what可作主語、賓語、表語、定語，既充當(dāng)從句的一個(gè)成分，又引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句，意為“什么”“……的人”“……的地方”“……的樣子”。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2、what和which的誤用

which是一個(gè)連接代詞，在名詞性從句中一般充當(dāng)主語，賓語或定語，意思是“哪一個(gè)”。

I dont know what you want to choose. 我不知道你想選擇什么。

I dont know which one you want to choose from the three jobs. 我不知道你想選三個(gè)工作中的哪一個(gè)。

例6 —Why did you go to the wrong class， Mr. Wang？

—Well， I forget _______ I was supposed to go to.

A. which the room B. which room

C. what the room D. what room

解析 B。句意為：我忘記我應(yīng)該去哪一個(gè)房間。其中which在賓語從句中充當(dāng)room的定語。

例7 （單句改錯(cuò)） I wanted to know what school it was that you went to in the city.

解析 what→which。句意為：我想知道你究竟上的是這個(gè)城市的哪所學(xué)校。which引導(dǎo)賓語從句， 修飾后面的school，有限定詞的作用，含有疑問意義。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3、what與how 的誤用

how在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語，表示方式方法，相當(dāng)于the way in which，可翻譯為“怎樣、怎么”，如：I still remember how I left my hometown for the first time. 而what則在從句當(dāng)中可以充當(dāng)主語、表語和賓語。

例8 （2016·全國卷） The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.

解析 how→what。句意為：同學(xué)們和我在談?wù)撌罴倨陂g做什么?！疤厥庖蓡栐~+to do”在本句中作為短語talk about的賓語，其中what還要作為動詞do的邏輯賓語。

例9 （單句改錯(cuò)） I dont know how we can do with the present situation.

解析 how→what。what和do with構(gòu)成搭配，而how則deal with構(gòu)成搭配。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4、what與whatever的混用

what單獨(dú)使用，只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，即主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句等，意思是“什么（事、情況、內(nèi)容等）”； whatever既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意思是“無論/不管什么（事、情況、內(nèi)容等）”。

Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是對的。（=Anything that she did was right.）

What she did was right. 她做的事情是對的。（= The thing that she did was right.）

例10 （單句改錯(cuò)） What happens， it will never change my Chinese heart.

解析 What→Whatever. 此處為讓步狀語從句，whatever happens相當(dāng)于no matter what happens。

易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)5、it， as與what引導(dǎo)的三種句型的轉(zhuǎn)換

首先請同學(xué)們翻譯以下這句話：

眾所周知，上周舉行的聚會是一個(gè)巨大的成功。

1. What is well known to us all is that the party held last week was a great success.

2. Its well known to us all that the party held last week was a great success.

3. As is well known to us all， the party held last week was a great success.

該句子的三種翻譯中，第一種是用what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，第二句是用it做形式主語引導(dǎo)的主語從句，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句；第三句是用as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。盡管意思一樣，句式卻各不相同。

例11 （2016·江蘇卷） It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.

A. why B. what

C. as D. that

解析 D。句意為：對于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能事實(shí)。it是形式主語，真正的主語是連接詞that做引導(dǎo)的主語從句，連接詞that在本句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞而已，不能省略。連接副詞why要在句中做狀語，連接詞what通常在句中做主語、賓語或表語等；as通常不引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。

例12 ________ is known to us all is that the 2022 Winter Olympics will be held in Beijing.

解析 What。句意為：眾所周知，2022年冬奧會將在北京舉行。________ is known to us all是主語從句，從句中缺少主語，指物，故用what引導(dǎo)主語從句。

點(diǎn)撥 解決這類問題，應(yīng)首先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，搞清楚究竟屬于哪一種句型，再確定應(yīng)該使用的詞語。此外，還應(yīng)特別注意在短文改錯(cuò)當(dāng)中，可能對這幾種句式進(jìn)行混淆。

總而言之，要解答what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句這類題目中的易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn)，關(guān)鍵在于分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu)，知道引導(dǎo)詞的使用習(xí)慣。通過判斷引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所做的成分，來選擇正確的引導(dǎo)詞。最后，請同學(xué)們完成以下幾道單句改錯(cuò)，看看問題都出在哪里：

1. That is whatever other teachers say.

2. He was interested in that he had seen at the exhibition.

3. Education is that remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school.

4. Nowadays parents tend to do everything for their children and thats what they help them.

5. It is unbelievable what she should make such a mistake.

6. In our life， we often regret what we did and which we couldnt do.

7. Finally， we can predict that may happen in the future and be prepared.

8. I didnt know what one to buy because these books were all useful to me.

9. The problem is what the “Play” doesnt work at all.

參考答案

1. whatever→what 2. that→what

3. that→what 4. what→how

5. what→that 6. which→what

7. what→that 8. what→which

9. what→that