亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Investment in ASEAN Requires Close Attention to Development Situation

        2016-12-15 01:33:31ByLiHaoLiuZhichao
        China Report Asean 2016年11期

        By Li Hao, Liu Zhichao

        Investment in ASEAN Requires Close Attention to Development Situation

        By Li Hao, Liu Zhichao

        Workers busy on the assembly line of a factory set up by TCL, a Chinese household appliances manufacturer, in Dong Nai, Vietnam.

        With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, ASEAN is expected to be the hottest investment destination for Chinese enterprises. However, as an emerging market, ASEAN still poses lots of risks and challenges for foreign investors. Therefore, Chinese investors who are preparing to enter the ASEAN market need to conduct a comprehensive market survey. Apart from the political and economic environment, social and technical environments also need to be taken into consideration.

        The diversity of ASEAN countries lies not only in the political system and economic development, but is also reflected in the following aspects:

        Firstly, education serves as an essential foundation and pillar for economic and social development. ASEAN governments have increasingly thought highly of education. Governments of ASEAN countries spend increasing amounts on public education. For example, in 2011, Malaysia and the Philippines increased public education spending by 21 percent. In 2014, Singapore and Brunei increased their public education spending to 20 percent and 10 percent of government expenditures, respectively.

        According to statistics, adult literacy rates in ASEAN countries have increased in recent years. By the year 2013, Singapore, Brunei and Myanmar had seen their adult literacy rates climb above 95 percent, and in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam the rates are nearing 95

        percent. Cambodia and Laos enjoy comparatively low literacy rates at approximately 80 percent. Adult literacy improvement is a significant embodiment of quality of life. With literacy rates improving, the skill of laborers is also rising.

        onsumer p

        are not only affected by their own choices, but also by social factors. The level of consumers’ incomes in one country acts like a gauge of consumption level. Countries like Singapore generate high per-capita incomes. Singaporeans have a tendency to purchase high-tech and reliable products. Under the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, service and tech-oriented enterprises may consider making an investment in these countries.

        However, in countries such as Laos and Cambodia with low per-capita income, residents are likely to prioritize their basic necessities of life including clothing, food, housing and transportation. Those who deal with petty commodities, industrial products as well as household appliances are given top priority to make investments. Besides, consumers have developed a comparatively regular spending preference for necessities, which cannot be altered in a short time.

        Thirdly, the impact of religious culture and ethnicity on people’s social lives is evident across societies. For example, a majority of people from Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos are Buddhists, accounting for about 90 percent of the total population. The Philippines, however, is dominated by Catholicism. Therefore, when engaging in direct investment in these countries, enterprises should fully respect diversified cultures, therefore avoiding unnecessary disputes and conflicts due to cultural differences. Enterprises should pay attention to the cultural factors that influence the preferences of an ethnic group, which will help them avoid delays in investment projects.

        Fourthly, foreign enterprises should pay attention to the real technological capability of the ASEAN countries that they intend to invest into. The majority of ASEAN countries lag behind in national scientific and technological development and have weak capacity for independent innovation. However, compared to the past, huge progress has been made. According to the ratio of expenditures on research and development compared to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Singapore has maintained a ratio above 2 percent of GDP in recent years, while Malaysia’s research and development is growing at a steady pace, from 0.79 percent of GDP in 2008 to 1.13 percent in 2012.

        Singapore and Malaysia have seen the percentage of high-tech exports increased, soaring to an average of about 45 percent in 2013. In Thailand and Vietnam, about 20 percent of exports are high-tech products. However, in Brunei, Indonesia and Cambodia, the high-tech export percentage is still below 20 percent. Therefore, ASEAN countries still share a large gap in technological advancement. When Chinese enterprises engage in cross-border trade and export, they should regard the overall development of the region as a prerequisite to keeping a rational eye on trade opportunity.

        Chinese investors who are preparing to enter the ASEAN market need to conduct a comprehensive market survey.

        LAdituelt,r 2a0c0y7 -R20a13tes in ASEAN Countries

        About the authors:

        Li Hao is the Executive Deputy Director of the Maritime Silk Road Center at Guangxi University.

        Liu Zhichao, Master of Law, works for the Party School of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Committee of CPC.

        亚洲 欧美 偷自乱 图片| 国产一区二区欧美丝袜| 日本女优一区二区在线免费观看| 日本中文字幕乱码中文乱码| 特级做a爰片毛片免费看| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久| 囯产精品无码一区二区三区| av成人资源在线观看| 最新露脸自拍视频在线观看| 亚洲午夜精品a片久久www慈禧| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 毛片色片av色在线观看| 在线视频观看国产色网| 国产特级毛片aaaaaaa高清| 亚洲成人观看| 中文字幕一区二区在线看| 一本到在线观看视频| 97久久精品午夜一区二区| 欧美黑人xxxx性高清版| 亚洲本色精品一区二区久久| 男人扒开添女人下部免费视频| 少妇极品熟妇人妻无码| 国产丝袜高跟美腿一区在线| 久久国产精品亚洲va麻豆| 欧洲熟妇色xxxx欧美老妇多毛| 精品无码AⅤ片| 亚洲一区二区三区精彩视频| 亚洲av色欲色欲www| 国产精品天天狠天天看| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区| 我要看免费久久99片黄色| 亚洲精品无码久久久久牙蜜区| 人妻精品丝袜一区二区无码AV| 在线视频精品少白免费观看| 美女内射毛片在线看免费人动物| 无码熟熟妇丰满人妻啪啪| 久久国产精品亚洲婷婷片| 久久久人妻一区二区三区蜜桃d | 日韩内射美女片在线观看网站| 中文字幕乱码人妻一区二区三区| 国产成人一区二区三区影院免费|