楊 艷 董 莘* 敖國(guó)昆 吳 寧 劉杰愛(ài) 許國(guó)宇 韓順霞 常海峰
3.0T磁共振T1反轉(zhuǎn)角對(duì)釓塞酸二鈉增強(qiáng)MR肝膽特異期肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度影響的研究
楊 艷①董 莘①*敖國(guó)昆①吳 寧①劉杰愛(ài)①許國(guó)宇①韓順霞①常海峰①
目的:通過(guò)比較不同反轉(zhuǎn)角(FA)在釓塞酸二鈉(Gd-EOB-DTPA)增強(qiáng)MR肝膽特異期時(shí)肝實(shí)質(zhì)與豎脊肌對(duì)比度,確定合理肝膽特異期延遲時(shí)間及掃描序列參數(shù)。方法:對(duì)15例肝臟結(jié)節(jié)性病變患者在Gd-EOB-DTPA磁共振肝膽造影術(shù)(MRC)中肝膽特異期注藥后5 min、10 min、15 min和20 min分別行FA值為9o、25o、30o和35o的掃描成像。測(cè)量FA值的每組圖像肝實(shí)質(zhì)、豎脊肌對(duì)比噪聲比(CNR);并對(duì)圖像的偽影、均勻度、對(duì)比度以及整體質(zhì)量行雙盲主觀評(píng)分,采用兩獨(dú)立樣本比較FA 25o15 min與FA 9o20 min的肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR。結(jié)果:同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)下FA值為9o、25o、30o和35o時(shí),肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR有顯著差異(F=17.76,P<0.05);主觀評(píng)分結(jié)果偽影和均勻度均無(wú)差異(x2=20.87,x2=29.63;P>0.05);肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR和圖像整體質(zhì)量有差異(x2=46.76,x2=43.23;P<0.05)。FA值為25o注藥后15 min與FA值為9o注藥后20 min的肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR之間無(wú)差異(t=1.89,P>0.05)。結(jié)論:在3.0T Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC肝膽特異期時(shí),加大FA值能有效地提高肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,注藥后15 min采用FA值25o可縮短肝膽特異期延遲時(shí)間。
磁共振成像;反轉(zhuǎn)角;釓塞酸二鈉;肝膽特異期;信號(hào)強(qiáng)度
[First-author’s address] Department of Radiology, The 309thHospital of PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
目前,由于磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)采用多參數(shù)、多序列、多方位成像以及其良好的組織間對(duì)比,在發(fā)現(xiàn)和診斷肝臟病變的能力被認(rèn)為超過(guò)CT影像,而在磁共振膽管造影術(shù)(magnetic resonence chaolangiography,MRC)中肝細(xì)胞特異性造影劑釓塞酸二鈉(gadoxetic acid disodium,Gd-EOB-DTPA)的臨床應(yīng)用更進(jìn)一步提高了診斷能力,作為肝細(xì)胞特異性造影劑Gd-EOBDTPA越來(lái)越被臨床重視[1-2]。
隨著高場(chǎng)磁共振儀臨床使用的普及,圖像質(zhì)量在很大程度上得到了提高,疾病的診斷效率和準(zhǔn)確率也大幅度提高。3.0T磁共振較1.5T磁共振相比主磁場(chǎng)的強(qiáng)度增加了1倍,信噪比(signal noise ratio,SNR)提高了1倍[3]。然而,隨著主磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度和物質(zhì)縱向弛豫的增加,物質(zhì)之間的T1信號(hào)差會(huì)減小,反映在圖像上組織間的對(duì)比度有所下降[4]。組織間對(duì)比度是與掃描時(shí)的反轉(zhuǎn)角(flip angle,F(xiàn)A)大小密切相關(guān),調(diào)整FA值的大小可以改變組織間對(duì)比度。因此,本研究探討MRI不同F(xiàn)A值在3.0T Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC增強(qiáng)MR中對(duì)肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的影響,從而提高肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,并通過(guò)比較肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度來(lái)確定肝膽特異期最佳延遲時(shí)間。
1.1一般資料
選取2016年2-6月解放軍第309醫(yī)院臨床診斷或其他檢查擬診肝臟結(jié)節(jié)性病變需進(jìn)一步行Gd-EOBDTPA增強(qiáng)MRI檢查明確診斷的15例患者,其中男性8例,女性7例;年齡25~60歲,中位年齡45歲。15例患者中8例有肝炎病史;4例有乙肝肝硬化病史,肝功能均為Child-Pugh評(píng)分A級(jí);3例有原發(fā)腫瘤病史。所有患者均知情并簽署知情同意書(shū),并得到醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批通過(guò)。
1.2納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):臨床診斷或其他檢查擬診肝臟結(jié)節(jié)性病變患者。
(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①幽閉恐懼癥及不能耐受長(zhǎng)時(shí)間制動(dòng)的患者;②不能良好配合呼吸的患者。
1.3儀器與對(duì)比劑
采用Magnetom Skyra 3.0T MRI(西門子公司,德國(guó)),線圈:Body 18腹部專用線圈,掃描序列為T1加權(quán)三維容積內(nèi)插體部檢查(volume interpolated body examination,VIBE)序列增強(qiáng)掃描。造影劑Gd-EOB-DTPA,商品名普美顯(拜耳公司,德國(guó))。
1.4檢測(cè)方法
(1)掃描參數(shù)。脈沖序列重復(fù)時(shí)間(time repetition,TR)4.06 ms;回波時(shí)間(time echo,TE)1.89 ms;矩陣 154×320;視野(field of view,F(xiàn)OV)380 mm×380 mm;層厚1.2 mm。
(2)掃描方位。腹部橫斷位;分別設(shè)置4個(gè)FA值,即9o、25o、30o和35o。同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)下不同的4個(gè)FA值對(duì)應(yīng)層面相同,將同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的4個(gè)不同F(xiàn)A值下所得到圖像分為4組。
1.5圖像分析與評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
(1)各組圖像分別進(jìn)行主、客觀評(píng)價(jià)??陀^評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)將所有圖像上傳至西門子工作站Sygo WWMP,分別在第2肝門層面、第2肝門層面向上第5層面、第2肝門層面向下第5層面測(cè)量肝實(shí)質(zhì)、右側(cè)豎脊肌信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,在肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度測(cè)量時(shí)盡量避開(kāi)Glisson系統(tǒng)走行區(qū),結(jié)果取3個(gè)層面的平均值。噪聲選取相應(yīng)層面四周空氣信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SD)。感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)面積的大?。?.3 cm2。
(2)肝實(shí)質(zhì)、同側(cè)腰大肌的SNR與對(duì)比噪聲比(contrast noise ratio,CNR)的計(jì)算為公式1:
式中SIl、SIe分別為肝實(shí)質(zhì)、右側(cè)豎脊肌的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,SDnoise為相應(yīng)層面四周空氣信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。
(3)圖像主觀評(píng)分由2位資深的副主任醫(yī)師從偽影、均勻度、肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌對(duì)比度以及圖像整體質(zhì)量4方面按照5分法影像質(zhì)量評(píng)估法進(jìn)行雙盲主觀評(píng)分。根據(jù)評(píng)分結(jié)果,比較FA值為25o,15 min與FA值為9o,20 min的掃描肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR有無(wú)差異。
1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,圖像的客觀指標(biāo)分析采用單變量方差分析(ANOVA),主觀指標(biāo)采用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗(yàn),組間進(jìn)行LSD兩兩比較;計(jì)數(shù)資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(-x±s)表示,主觀評(píng)分采用秩和檢驗(yàn),并進(jìn)行一致性Kappa分析;FA值為25o,15 min與FA值為9o,20 min的肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR采用兩獨(dú)立樣本比較的t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用x2檢驗(yàn)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1客觀評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
(1)在掃描時(shí)間為5 min、10 min、15 min和20 min的同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)下4組FA值肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR之間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=11.98,F(xiàn)=5.73,F(xiàn)=17.76,F(xiàn)=9.68;P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
(2)LSD兩兩比較不同F(xiàn)A值肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌組間無(wú)明顯差異。
(3)在同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的4個(gè)不同F(xiàn)A值下所得到的4組圖像中,隨著FA值增加,肝組織-豎脊肌CNR增加;圖像FA值為25o、30o和35o顯示肝組織-豎脊肌CNR差異不明顯(如圖1所示)。
2.2主觀評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
圖像主觀評(píng)分2名觀察者之間一致性的Kappa值為0.89。在15 min掃描的同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)下,不同F(xiàn)A值的圖像偽影、均勻度比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=20.87,x2=29.63;P>0.05);而肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌對(duì)比度、圖像整體質(zhì)量比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=46.76,x2=43.23;P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表1 15例患者不同時(shí)間段和不同F(xiàn)A值肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR的比較
表1 15例患者不同時(shí)間段和不同F(xiàn)A值肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR的比較
注藥后(min)FA值F值P值9o25o30o35o5 98.75±6.34152.09±5.63158.26±9.47163.66±7.3911.98<0.05 10 110.75±7.96170.93±8.02172.31±10.19170.45±9.765.73<0.05 15 150.33±9.06204.93±6.99210.76±11.87219.98±8.3117.76<0.05 20 209.88±7.67249.09±9.65256.43±14.11265.30±9.069.68<0.05
圖1 同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)不同F(xiàn)A值所得圖像(15 min)
表2 注藥后15 min掃描不同F(xiàn)A值圖像主觀評(píng)分的比較(x-±s)
2.3肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR比較
在FA值為25o注藥后15min掃描與FA值為9o注藥后20 min掃描的肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR值分別為210.76±11.87和209.88±7.67,兩者比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.89,P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
表3 FA值25o, 15 min與FA值9o, 20 min掃描的肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR比較(x-±s)
肝細(xì)胞特異性釓螯合物MRI對(duì)比劑不僅具有非特異性細(xì)胞外對(duì)比劑的性質(zhì),還具有肝細(xì)胞特異性對(duì)比劑的特性,在合理的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)被用于肝細(xì)胞特異性顯像,是其他肝細(xì)胞特異性造影劑,如釓貝葡胺不具備的特征[5-6]。靜脈注射后,這種以釓為基礎(chǔ)的造影劑最初分布進(jìn)入血管和組織間隙,類似于其他細(xì)胞外造影劑[7-9]。正常功能的肝細(xì)胞隨著Gd-EOB-DTPA首次通過(guò)肝臟開(kāi)始攝取,肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度隨之增高。隨著Gd-EOB-DTPA持續(xù)攝取,肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)強(qiáng)度漸進(jìn)性增高;肝臟選擇性攝取(肝細(xì)胞期)時(shí)提供病變特異性的影像表現(xiàn),獲得高質(zhì)量、有特異性表現(xiàn)的肝臟影像。有文獻(xiàn)顯示對(duì)于無(wú)肝硬化的患者,在注射Gd-EOB-DTPA后10 min,肝細(xì)胞特異期(肝實(shí)質(zhì)期)掃描可以實(shí)施;對(duì)于肝硬化或膽紅素升高的患者,20 min后的肝細(xì)胞特異期采集可能更合適[10]。
FA值作為MRI中重要的參數(shù)之一,對(duì)圖像質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣起了重要的作用,尤其是在目前臨床廣泛應(yīng)用的高場(chǎng)磁共振儀中。所謂FA是指自旋回波或梯度回波成像時(shí),某一體素中質(zhì)子總磁矩受到射頻脈沖激發(fā)后發(fā)生旋進(jìn)角度加大的角度增加值[11]。理論上講,3.0T較1.5T磁共振組織T1時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)15%~22%,T1WI圖像對(duì)比度大幅下降,具體到本研究,則表現(xiàn)為肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR下降[12]。此外,Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC增強(qiáng)肝細(xì)胞肝膽特異期所采用的序列為T1加權(quán)的3D-VIBE,該序列要點(diǎn)是使用快速小角度激發(fā)、超短TR時(shí)間、極短的TE,故縱向磁化矢量恢復(fù)不完全。因此,想得到高組織對(duì)比度的圖像,F(xiàn)A的選擇至關(guān)重要。
由于肝臟的T1值小于豎脊肌的T1值,根據(jù)長(zhǎng)T1組織選用低FA值,短T1組織選用高FA值這一理論,故選擇高反轉(zhuǎn)角度,這樣既增加了肝組織的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,又降低了豎脊肌的信號(hào)強(qiáng)度,從而增加二者之間的對(duì)比度[13]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)下,F(xiàn)A值為9o肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR明顯低于其他組別,表明在一定范圍內(nèi)提高FA值可以增加Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC肝膽特異期肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR,而FA值為25o、30o及35o之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,原因可能為角度間隔過(guò)小。在此情況下,本研究將選擇25o作為Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC肝膽特異期肝實(shí)質(zhì)成像的理想FA值。此外,加大偏轉(zhuǎn)角要考慮的重要因素是射頻輻射量,通常使用特殊比吸收率(specific absorption rate,SAR)表示,在高磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的3.0T,基準(zhǔn)SAR比1.5T翻兩倍,SAR增加有重大的影響,MRI掃描應(yīng)遵守SAR限度[14-15]。研究表明,F(xiàn)A值的增大可不同程度增加SAR,尤其是體格高大的患者,從而延長(zhǎng)掃描時(shí)間,而本研究也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn),故不采用FA值為30o和35o作為理想角度[16]。
主觀評(píng)分結(jié)果顯示,偽影、均勻度均無(wú)明顯差別,而肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR差別明顯,受此影響圖像整體質(zhì)量差別亦明顯。此外,根據(jù)客觀比較結(jié)果,本研究對(duì)FA值為25o,15min與FA值為9o,20min掃描的肝實(shí)質(zhì)-豎脊肌CNR進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)二者無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,因此,在工作中可以選擇FA值大角度來(lái)取代臨床一直采用的小角度,不僅縮短了掃描時(shí)間為患者提供便利,同時(shí)達(dá)到診斷要求。
本研究尚存在不足,比如將每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)、每個(gè)不同F(xiàn)A值的序列全部掃描完所用時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),受試者不可避免的運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影將影響研究結(jié)果;后處理過(guò)程中周邊噪聲易受呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)的干擾,這將影響研究結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,因此需要多點(diǎn)、多方位進(jìn)行測(cè)量,取平均值,從而最大可能降低研究結(jié)果誤差。
在3.0T Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC肝膽特異期成像時(shí),選擇FA值為25o可增加肝臟-豎脊肌CNR,注藥后15 min采用FA值為25o時(shí)可縮短肝膽特異期延遲時(shí)間。
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The research on the effects of flip angle to signal intensity of the liver parenchyma in liver specific period of Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC
YANG Yan, DONG Xin, AO Guo-kun, et al// China Medical Equipment,2016,13(11):39-42.
Objective: To study the effects of flip angle (FA) to signal intensity of the liver parenchyma in liver specific period of Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC, and to determine reasonable delay time of liver specific period and scan sequence parameters. Methods: 15 cases of patients took CT scan with FA value 9 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees in liver specific period of Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC after 5min,10min,15min and 20min. The resulting image of each FA value sum up as a group. The liver parenchyma, the erector spinae and the background signal intensity of each group were measured respectively. And the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of liver parenchyma, erector spinae about each group were calculated and analyzed by One-Way ANOVA among different groups. The subjective parameters including image artifacts, image uniformity, contrast ratio and whole image quality were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis H test. According to the subjective evaluation results, we compared the CNR of liver parenchyma-erector spinae at 15min FA(25degrees) and 20min FA(9 degrees) which were calculated and analyzed by t test. There was significant difference (P<0.05). Results: For flip angle 9 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees, the SNR of liver parenchyma-erector were 150.33±9.06, 204.93±6.99, 210.76±11.87 and 219.98±8.31. There was significant difference (F=17.76, P=0.03). The subjective scores of image artifacts were 4.90±0.31, 4.70±0.56, 4.80±0.73 and 4.80±0.69 (x2=20.87, P=0.07). The image uniformity were 4.70±0.89, 4.60±0.41, 4.80±0.93 and 4.60±0.38(x2=29.63, P=0.06). The liver parenchyma-erector spinae contrast were 1.30±0.35, 2.60±0.44, 4.10±0.38 and 4.90±0.90 (x2=46.76, P=0.03). The whole image quality were 1.80±0.90, 2.40±0.94, 4.90±0.29 and 5.00±0.00(x2=43.23, P=0.02). Conclusion: Increased FA can effectively improve the liver parenchyma signal intensity. After 15 min’s injection, the 25 degree can shorten the delay time of the liver and gallbladder specific period.
Magnetic resonance imaging; Flip angle; Gadoxetic acid disodium; Specific period of liver and gallbladder; Signal intensity
楊艷,女,(1974- ),碩士,副主任醫(yī)師。解放軍第309醫(yī)院放射科,從事MRI診斷工作。
1672-8270(2016)11-0039-04
R445.2
A
10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2016.11.012
①解放軍第309醫(yī)院放射科 北京 100091
13050036888@163.com
2016-07-06