秦娟秀, 馬硝惟, 戴穎欣, 王亞楠, 劉 倩, 李 敏
·論著·
炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌感染的分子流行特征
秦娟秀, 馬硝惟, 戴穎欣, 王亞楠, 劉 倩, 李 敏
目的 初步研究上海仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌的分子流行特征,為炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌感染的監(jiān)控提供證據(jù)。方法 對(duì)2014年6月-2015年6月的222份炎癥性腸病腹瀉患者糞便標(biāo)本進(jìn)行艱難梭菌毒素檢測(cè)和厭氧培養(yǎng)。采用多位點(diǎn)序列分型(MLST)進(jìn)行分型,傳統(tǒng)PCR方法檢測(cè)其毒素基因,瓊脂稀釋法檢測(cè)艱難梭菌體外藥物敏感性,同時(shí)對(duì)炎癥性腸病患者所在病房進(jìn)行環(huán)境中艱難梭菌檢測(cè)。結(jié)果 222份糞便標(biāo)本中艱難梭菌的檢出率為13.5 %(30/222),克羅恩病和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者中艱難梭菌檢出率為15.7 %(22/140)和9.8 %(8/82),病房環(huán)境共檢出4株艱難梭菌。MLST分型22株艱難梭菌為14種ST型,主要型別為ST54型。PCR檢測(cè)毒素基因顯示TcdA+TcdB+菌株為主(72.7 %,16/22),未檢出二元毒素。22株艱難梭菌對(duì)氯霉素、四環(huán)素、氨芐西林、甲硝唑、萬(wàn)古霉素和美羅培南均敏感,對(duì)克林霉素耐藥率較高,為63.6 %,8株對(duì)莫西沙星耐藥。結(jié)論 炎癥性腸病腹瀉患者中艱難梭菌毒素基因以TcdA+TcdB+型為主,菌株克隆以ST54型為主,該型菌株在病房環(huán)境中也有檢出。應(yīng)當(dāng)密切監(jiān)測(cè)炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌的感染毒素基因。
艱難梭菌; 炎癥性腸?。?藥敏試驗(yàn); 多位點(diǎn)序列分型; 毒力基因
艱難梭菌是革蘭陽(yáng)性有芽孢的厭氧菌,艱難梭菌毒素A和B是導(dǎo)致腸道炎癥和組織病變的主要致病因子。艱難梭菌引起的感染可從輕微腹瀉發(fā)展至假膜性腸炎甚至死亡。僅在美國(guó),2009年艱難梭菌感染比2002年增長(zhǎng)了237 %,每年因艱難梭菌感染治療的支付大約1.2~3億美元[1]。
炎癥性腸病是病因尚不十分清楚的慢性非特異性腸道炎癥性疾病,包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎和克羅恩病。在中國(guó)地區(qū),WANG等[2]將1989-2003年每5年劃分為一個(gè)階段,最后一個(gè)5年較第一個(gè)5年炎癥性腸病的發(fā)病率增加了8.5倍。多篇文獻(xiàn)證明炎癥性腸病患者是艱難梭菌的易感人群,炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌感染的發(fā)病率較非炎癥性腸病患者高且呈上升趨勢(shì)[3-7]。因此探究炎癥性腸病中艱難梭菌感染傳播情況,尤其是分子流行特征,可以更好地為炎癥性腸病患者艱難梭菌的感染監(jiān)控提供參考。
1.1材料
1.1.1菌株來(lái)源 收集2014年6月-2015年6月的炎癥性腸病腹瀉患者糞便標(biāo)本222份進(jìn)行艱難梭菌篩查。腹瀉的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:每天大便次數(shù)≥3次,糞便性狀異常,癥狀連續(xù)3 d,排除灌腸和瀉藥的使用。炎癥性腸病的分類依據(jù)國(guó)際疾病分類第9版(ICD-9 555,556)[8],診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考文獻(xiàn)[9]。本研究以患者出院診斷來(lái)確定疾病的分類,并依據(jù)患者的住院號(hào)進(jìn)行查詢統(tǒng)計(jì)患者年齡、性別、疾病等相關(guān)臨床信息,并收集環(huán)境標(biāo)本檢測(cè)艱難梭菌。
1.1.2培養(yǎng)基和抗菌藥物 艱難梭菌的選擇性培養(yǎng)基為CDIF(法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司),Brucella瓊脂培養(yǎng)基為美國(guó)BD公司生產(chǎn),抗菌藥物包括氯霉素、四環(huán)素、氨芐西林、莫西沙星、甲硝唑、萬(wàn)古霉素、克林霉素和美羅培南,來(lái)自美國(guó)Sigma公司。
1.1.3主要儀器與試劑 mini VIDAS儀器,法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司;PCR擴(kuò)增儀,新加坡公司;基質(zhì)輔助激光解析電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜分析(MALDI TOF MS),德國(guó)BrukerDaltonik公司;PCR試劑盒和細(xì)菌基因組提取試劑盒,中國(guó)天根有限公司;毒素檢測(cè)CDAB試劑盒,法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司;DNA Marker,日本TaKaRa公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1艱難梭菌的檢測(cè) 對(duì)糞便標(biāo)本同時(shí)進(jìn)行VIDAS熒光酶聯(lián)免疫技術(shù)檢測(cè)A/B毒素,并將標(biāo)本接種到CDIF進(jìn)行選擇性厭氧培養(yǎng)48 h??梢删浣臃N到Brucella血平皿(添加劑為5 mg/L血紅素,1 mg/L維生素 K)進(jìn)行純分,采用MALDI-TOF MS對(duì)疑似菌株進(jìn)行鑒定并同時(shí)保存菌株。環(huán)境中的艱難梭菌檢測(cè),用無(wú)菌棉簽蘸取無(wú)菌生理鹽水采集醫(yī)務(wù)人員、患者、看護(hù)人員和運(yùn)輸人員的手以及病房的物品表面、廁所、門把手和地面標(biāo)本,接種在CDIF平皿厭氧培養(yǎng)48 h,后續(xù)步驟同糞便標(biāo)本中艱難梭菌的檢測(cè)。
1.2.2核糖體分型(PCR ribotype)和多位點(diǎn)序列分型(MLST) PCR核糖體分型參照文獻(xiàn)[10]方法進(jìn)行。所得分型圖譜以英文字母A、B、C、D等順序進(jìn)行分型。MLST參考網(wǎng)站http://pubmlst. org/cdiffi cile/,設(shè)計(jì)7對(duì)管家基因(adk,atpA,dxr, glyA, recA, sodA, tpi)設(shè)計(jì)引物(引物序列見表1),進(jìn)行PCR檢測(cè)。PCR產(chǎn)物送上海鉑尚有限公司進(jìn)行雙向測(cè)序,測(cè)序結(jié)果在該網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行比對(duì)[11]。并將7對(duì)管家基因拼接,利用MEGA.4建樹,進(jìn)行進(jìn)化分析。
1.2.3毒素基因的檢測(cè) 對(duì)tcdA和tcdB基因進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,對(duì)毒素雙陰性菌株利用Lok1/Lok3進(jìn)行非產(chǎn)毒株的確認(rèn)。引物序列見表1。同時(shí)檢測(cè)二元毒素(ctdA和ctdB)。PCR擴(kuò)增tcdA和tcdB基因的負(fù)調(diào)控基因tcdC并測(cè)序,檢測(cè)是否有18 bp的缺失。
1.2.4藥敏試驗(yàn) 參照CLSI推薦的瓊脂稀釋法測(cè)定8種藥物的MIC[12]。將菌懸液調(diào)到107CFU/ mL,并取1 μL接種到Brucella血平皿(添加劑為5 mg/L血紅素,1 mg/L維生素 K)。藥敏試驗(yàn)結(jié)果參照CLSI 2015年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判讀。藥物折點(diǎn)為:氯霉素≥32 mg/L; 氨芐西林≥2 mg/L;四環(huán)素≥16 mg/L;甲硝唑≥32 mg/L;莫西沙星≥8 mg/L;美羅培南≥16 mg/L;克林霉素≥8 mg/L。參照歐洲藥物敏感性委員會(huì)(European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ,EUCAST)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),萬(wàn)古霉素的折點(diǎn)為≥2 mg/L.(clinicalbreak points-bacteria v6.0, http://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints/)
2.1艱難梭菌檢測(cè)
收集糞便標(biāo)本222份,其中克羅恩病患者140份,潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者82份;環(huán)境標(biāo)本100份。糞便中艱難梭菌檢出率為13.5 % (30/222)(艱難梭菌毒素檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性或培養(yǎng)出毒素陽(yáng)性菌株),其中A/B毒素檢測(cè)方法檢出率為8.1 %(18/222),培養(yǎng)艱難梭菌22株,檢出率為9.9 %(22/222)??肆_恩病患者中艱難梭菌檢出率為15.7 %(22/140),潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者中檢出率為9.8 %(8/82)。培養(yǎng)方法比毒素檢測(cè)方法檢出率高,聯(lián)合兩種方法能提高艱難梭菌檢出率。克羅恩病患者中艱難梭菌檢出率較潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者高。環(huán)境中共檢測(cè)出4株艱難梭菌,均來(lái)自病房廁所。
表1 艱難梭菌MLST、核糖體分型和毒素檢測(cè)的相關(guān)引物Table 1 Primers used for MLST, PCR ribotyping and detection of toxin genes
2.2基因分型
MLST結(jié)果顯示:檢出14種ST型,主要菌株為ST54型(5株),其次為ST2(2株)、ST35(2株)、 ST39 (2株)、ST98(2株)、ST37(1株)、ST139 (1株)、ST81(1株)、ST8 (1株)、ST14 (1株)、ST3(1株)、ST55(1株)、ST102(1株)和ST99(1株)。5株ST54菌株,均來(lái)自潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者。在克羅恩病患者中艱難梭菌的ST型比較分散(圖1)。環(huán)境中4株艱難梭菌,ST型為ST54、ST35、ST185和ST81。1株ST185未在患者中檢出,其余3株均在患者中有檢出。進(jìn)化樹顯示:將菌株分為2部分:MLST Clade1和MLST Clade 4。核糖體分型將艱難梭菌分成7種型別(A、B、C、D、E、F和G)。其中核糖體A型包括ST2、ST3、ST14、ST185和ST102;B型對(duì)應(yīng)ST98;C型對(duì)應(yīng)ST8、ST55和ST99;D型對(duì)應(yīng)ST35和ST135;E對(duì)應(yīng)ST54;F對(duì)應(yīng)ST81和ST37;G對(duì)應(yīng)ST39。
圖1 炎癥性腸病患者和病房環(huán)境中感染艱難梭菌的進(jìn)化分析Figure 1 Evolution of the Clostridium diffi cile strains isolated from patients with infl ammatory bowel disease and their environment
2.3毒素基因檢測(cè)
檢出的22株艱難梭菌中:TcdA+TcdB+型菌株16株(72.7 %),TcdA-TcdB+菌株4株(18.2 %)和TcdA-TcdB-菌株2株(9.1 %)。潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者中8株艱難梭菌均為TcdA+TcdB+菌株;克羅恩病患者中14株艱難梭菌TcdA+TcdB+菌株8株(57.1 %),TcdA-TcdB+菌株4株(28.6 %),TcdATcdB-菌株2株(14.3 %)。TcdA+TcdB+的菌株以ST54/核糖體E為主,TcdA-TcdB+的菌株包括2株ST81和1株ST37,核糖體為F型。TcdA-TcdB-菌株2株則均為ST39/核糖體G型。所有菌株均未檢出二元毒素,也未檢出TcdC基因18 bp的缺失。
2.4藥敏試驗(yàn)
炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌對(duì)克林霉素的耐藥率較高,為63.6 %(14/22),8株艱難梭菌對(duì)莫西沙星耐藥。所有菌株對(duì)氯霉素、四環(huán)素、氨芐西林、甲硝唑、萬(wàn)古霉素和美羅培南6種藥物均敏感。結(jié)果見表2。
近年來(lái),艱難梭菌的感染率和嚴(yán)重程度均呈不斷上升趨勢(shì),炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌的感染率也呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì)。多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道炎癥性腸病是艱難梭菌感染的危險(xiǎn)因素,BOSSUYT等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)炎癥性腸病患者與非炎癥性腸病患者相比,艱難梭菌的感染率高出3.75倍。KIM等[14]報(bào)道炎癥性腸病患者多采用激素和免疫抑制劑治療,腸道生理和解剖結(jié)構(gòu)改變,明顯增加了艱難梭菌感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
不同方法學(xué)對(duì)艱難梭菌的檢出率不同,本次調(diào)查中我們采取了2種方法,VIDAS熒光酶聯(lián)免疫技術(shù)檢測(cè)A/B毒素和CDIF培養(yǎng)基選擇性培養(yǎng)。后者的檢出率較前者高(9.9 %對(duì) 8.1 %),聯(lián)合兩種方法可提高艱難梭菌的檢出率(13.5 %),VIDAS檢測(cè)毒素操作簡(jiǎn)單,結(jié)果較快,但靈敏度較低;培養(yǎng)方法操作較為復(fù)雜,培養(yǎng)后還需進(jìn)行PCR鑒定毒素基因,周期較長(zhǎng),但該方法可用于艱難梭菌的分子特征研究。
表2 炎癥性腸病患者感染的艱難梭菌藥敏結(jié)果Table 2 Antibiotic resistance patterns in 22 C.diffi cile clinical isolates from patients with infl ammatory bowel disease(mg/L)
不同地區(qū),不同病種患者艱難梭菌的感染率不同。近年來(lái),國(guó)外報(bào)道炎癥性腸病患者中的艱難梭菌感染發(fā)病率為1 %~28 %[3-6],來(lái)自美國(guó)、歐洲、日本和印度等國(guó)家文獻(xiàn)證明潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者相比克羅恩病患者更易患艱難梭菌感染[15-17]。國(guó)內(nèi)僅李婷等[7]2013年報(bào)道的感染率為28.6 %(8/28);荀津等[18]報(bào)道2011年感染率為10.71 %(6/56),克羅恩病患者艱難梭菌感染的發(fā)病率較潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者高。我院炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌的發(fā)病率為13.5 %,與國(guó)內(nèi)外相比處于中間水平,克羅恩病患者的發(fā)病率高于潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者(15.7 %對(duì)9.8 %),與荀津等報(bào)道的結(jié)果相符。相比于李婷等的28例樣本,本組炎癥性腸病的患者較多(222例),且克羅恩病患者比潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者多,這可能是與其結(jié)果不同的原因。
不同地區(qū)艱難梭菌的流行克隆也不同。在美國(guó)和部分歐洲國(guó)家以RT027型艱難梭菌為主[19-20],在亞洲如日本、韓國(guó)、中國(guó)等,則以RT017為主[21]。RT027型艱難梭菌在中國(guó)少有報(bào)道[22]。本研究艱難梭菌主要流行菌株為ST54,且環(huán)境中也檢測(cè)到ST54。ST54占國(guó)內(nèi)孕婦感染艱難梭菌第二位[23],該型菌株在智利、日本、印度等地均有檢出[24],也在斯洛文尼亞的5種動(dòng)物(豬、狗、貓等)糞便中檢出[25],說(shuō)明該型菌株在世界廣泛分布。
在病房廁所中檢測(cè)出4株艱難梭菌,3株同時(shí)在炎癥性腸病患者糞便中檢出,僅有1株ST185未在患者中檢出。主要流行菌株為ST54。艱難梭菌的傳播途徑為糞-口傳播,且孢子是艱難梭菌長(zhǎng)期存在于環(huán)境中并造成傳播的重要因素。在病房廁所中檢出,提示艱難梭菌通過(guò)糞便排出體外并以孢子形式存在環(huán)境中。雖然尚無(wú)法判斷患者-環(huán)境-患者具體傳播途徑,但應(yīng)該及時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)病房環(huán)境中的艱難梭菌,深入系統(tǒng)的研究,從而預(yù)防艱難梭菌的傳播。本次調(diào)查只選取了炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌感染的腹瀉病例,很難區(qū)分腹瀉是艱難梭菌感染還是患者本身炎癥性腸病活動(dòng)引起,很多感染的炎性指標(biāo)(白細(xì)胞、C反應(yīng)蛋白等)在炎癥性腸病活動(dòng)期也會(huì)升高。因此需尋求區(qū)分兩者的生物標(biāo)志物從而為臨床治療提供理論依據(jù)。
總之,本院炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌感染發(fā)病率較高,以TcdA+TcdB+型的產(chǎn)毒菌株為主。流行的克隆菌株以ST54為主,其他型別散在分布。應(yīng)及時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)炎癥性腸病患者中艱難梭菌的感染。
[1] RUPNIK M, WILOX MH, GERDING DN. Clostridium diffi cile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis [J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2009 (7):526-536.
[2] WANG YF, OUYANG Q, HU RW. Progression of infl ammatory bowel disease in China[J]. J Dig Dis, 2010, 11(2):76-82.
[3] TRIFAN A, STANCIU C, STOICA O, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: a review[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(33):11736-11742.
[4] RICCIARDI R, OGILVIE JW JR, ROBERTS PL, et al. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2009, 52(1): 40-45.
[5] NGUYEN GC, KAPLAN GG, HARRIS ML, et al. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103(6): 1443-1450.
[6] JEN MH, SAXENA S, BOTTLE A, et al. Increased health burden associated with Clostridium diffi cilediarrhoea in patients with infl ammatory bowel disease[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011, 33(12): 1322-1331.
[7] 李婷,王紅玲,夏冰,等. 艱難梭菌在炎癥性腸病圍手術(shù)期患者中的感染及其相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素[J]. 中華試驗(yàn)外科雜志,2013,30(8):1751-1753.
[8] AXELRAD JE, SHAH BJ. Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: a nursing-based quality improvement strategy[J]. J Healthc Qual, 2016, 38(5): 283-289.
[9] 歐陽(yáng)欽,潘國(guó)宗,溫忠慧,等. 對(duì)炎癥性腸病診斷治療規(guī)范的建議[J]. 中華消化雜志,2001,4(21):236-239.
[10] STUBBS SL, BRAZIER JS, O’NEILL GL, et al. PCR targeted to the 16-23 SrRNA gene intergenic spacer region of clostridium diffi cile and construction of a liabrary consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37(2):461-463.
[11] STABLER RA, DAWSON LF, VALIENTE E, et al. Macro and micro diversity of clostridium diffi cile isolates from diverse sources and geographical location[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3):e31559.
[12] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria[S]. 8th ed. approved standard M11-A8. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2012.
[13] BOSSUYT P, VERHAEGEN J, VAN ASSCHE G, et al. Increasing incidence of Clostridium diffi cile-associated diarrhea in infl ammatory bowel disease[J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2009, 3(1):4-7.
[14] KIM JH, MUDER RR. Clostridium diffi cile enteritis: a review and pooled analysis of the cases[J]. Anaerobe, 2011, 17(2):52-55.
[15] RODEMANN JF, DUBBERKE ER, RESKE KA, et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 5(3):339-344.
[16] KANEKO T, MATSUDA R, TAGURI M, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis:investigations of risk factors and effi cacy of antibiotics for steroid refractory patients[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2011, 35(4): 315-320.
[17] KOCHHAR R, AYYAGARI A, GOENKA MK, et al. Role of infectious agents in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in India. A study of Clostridium diffi cile[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1993, 16(1): 26-30.
[18] 荀津,夏冰,彭謀,等. 炎癥性腸病與艱難梭菌感染的相關(guān)性[J]. 武漢大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)( 醫(yī)學(xué)版),2012,33(5):680-683.
[19] HE M, MIYAJIMA F, ROBERTS P, et al. Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium diffi cile[J]. Nat Genet, 2013, 45(1): 109-113.
[20] RILEY TV, THEAN S, HOOL G, et al. First Australian isolation of epidemic Clostridium diffi cile PCR ribotype 027[J]. Med J Aust, 2009, 190(12): 706-708.
[21] PUTSATHIT P, KIRATISIN P, NGAMWONGSATIT P, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Thailand[J]. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2015, 45(1): 1-7.
[22] WANG P, ZHOU Y, WANG Z, et al. Identification of Clostridium difficileribotype 027 for the first time in mainland China[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014, 35(1): 95-98.
[23] YE GY, LI N, CHEN YB, et al. Clostridium diffi cile carriage in healthy pregnant women in China[J]. Anaerobe, 2016, 37: 54-57.
[24] PLAZA-GARRIDO á, BARRA-CARRASCO J, MACIAS JH,et al. Predominance of Clostridium diffi cile ribotypes 012, 027 and 046 in a university hospital in Chile, 2012[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2016,144(5): 976.
[25] JANEZIC S, ZIDARIC V, PARDON B, et al. International Clostridium diffi cile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains[J]. BMC Microbiol, 2014, 14:173.
Molecular epidemiological analysis of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with infl ammatory bowel disease
QIN Juanxiu, MA Xiaowei, DAI Yingxin, WANG Yanan, LIU Qian, LI Min. (Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China)
Objective We evaluated the molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile strains in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in our hospital so as to provide evidence for effective surveillance of C. diffi cile infection. Methods From June 2014 to June 2015, a total of 222 stool samples were collected from inpatients with infl ammatory bowel disease and sent to clinical microbiological lab to test C. diffi cile by VIDAS fl uorescence enzyme immunoassay and culture. We analyzed the clonal relatedness of bacterial strains by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial resistance pattern by agar dilution method and prevalence of toxin genes by conventional PCR. Simultaneously, we also examined the environment of the ward where the patients stayed.
Results The C. diffi cile was identifi ed in 30 (13.5%) of the 222 patients. The incidence of C. diffi cile infection (CDI) was 15.7% (22/140) in patients with Crohn’s disease and 9.8% (8/82) in patients with ulcerative colitis. Four strains of C. diffi cile were isolated from the ward environment. All the 22 clinical strains from stool samples were typed into 14 STs by MLST analysis. The most common type was ST54 (5 strains). Most (72.7%) of the 22 strains belonged to toxin A+B+. However, no isolates contained binary toxin genes. Of the C. difficile strains evaluated, 63.6% displayed resistance to clindamycin and eight strains were resistant to moxifl oxacin. All the strains were susceptible to the other six drugs, i.e., chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem. Conclusions Strains with toxin A+B+ were the most common C. diffi cile isolates. ST54 was the most predominant STs in patients with infl ammatory bowel disease in our hospital. It’s necessary to focus on the surveillance of C. diffi cile infection in patients with infl ammatory bowel disease.
Clostridium difficile; inflammatory bowel disease; antimicrobial susceptibility testing; multilocus sequence typing; virulence factor
R378.8
A
1009-7708 ( 2016 ) 06-0761-06
10.16718/j.1009-7708.2016.06.015
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,上海 200127。
秦娟秀(1989—),女,碩士研究生,初級(jí)檢驗(yàn)師,主要從事病原微生物的致病機(jī)制研究。
李敏,E-mail: ruth-limin@126.com。
2015-12-29
2016-03-06