楊承文

在語言運用中，尤其是在口語中，省略是常見的語言現(xiàn)象。在上下文中，則任何句子成分都可能省略，省略部分根據(jù)具體語境進行理解。

[謂語動詞中的省略]

在某些表示虛擬語氣的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中，從句謂語動詞中的should可以省略。這些句子一般包含如下動詞及其派生詞：一堅持（insist），二命令（order，command），三建議（suggest，propose，advise），四要求（demand，require，request，ask）。

Janes pale face suggested that she was ill and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.

及It is necessary （important，impossible，strange， natural，a pity，no wonder） that...等主語從句中。

It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.

例1 It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine. ， wed better take it to the garage immediately.

A. Otherwise B. If not

C. But for that D. If so

解析 D。句意：聽起來車的發(fā)動機好像有問題，如果那樣的話，我們最好立刻把它弄到汽修廠去。前后兩句話之間是順承關(guān)系。otherwise否則，要不然；if not要不，不然；but for that若不是因為那件事；if so若是這樣。

[定語從句中的省略]

（1）在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that， which，who（whom）?？梢允÷?。

The man I saw is called Tom.

Where is the pen I bought this morning？

（2）關(guān)系副詞when，where，why及that在the time when，the place where，the reason why，the way that結(jié)構(gòu)中引導限制性定語從句時，在非正式場合下，可以省略關(guān)系副詞when，where，why和that等。

I shall never forget the day we first met.

The reason he came so early is his own affair.

I dont like the way you speak to your mother.

[狀語從句中的省略]

（1）當狀語從句中的主語和主句的主語一致，或狀語從句中的主語是it，并且又含有be動詞時，?？梢允÷詮木渲械闹髡Z和be動詞。

It sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine.If so， wed better take it to the garage immediately.

（2）虛擬條件句中，含助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、動詞be或have等，若將它們提到句首，則需省略if。

Should it rain tomorrow， we would have to put off the visit till next week.

（3）在as（so） ... as ...， than引導的比較狀語從句中。

I know you can do better than Peter.

This car doesnt run as fast as that one.

（4）在as引導的讓步狀語從句中，當作表語的單數(shù)名詞提前時，不定冠詞要省略。

Child as he is， he knows a lot.

例2 —Who should be responsible for the accident？

—The boss， not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.

A. as told B. as are told

C. as telling D. as they told

解析 A。as told=as they were told， 此處是as引導的方式狀語從句的省略。當從句主語與主句主語一致， 且謂語動詞含有be時， 將從句的主語和be省略。又因為workers與tell之間是被動關(guān)系， 可排除C、D。

[動詞不定式中的省略]

（1）有些動詞，如believe，find，think，feel，consider， imagine，prove等后作賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)to be+n./adj.中的to be可以省略。

I consider him stupid.

His mother found him a clever boy.

（2）感官動詞see，hear，feel，watch，notice等以及使役動詞let，make，have后作賓補的動詞不定式中的不定式符號to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，to必須保留。

They made the boy go to bed early.

The boy was made to go to bed early.

（3） 動詞不定式在prefer，refuse，decide，mean，intend，try，promise，like，love，care，want，hope，wish，expect等動詞后作賓語時，為了避免重復，常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容，但要保留不定式符號to。

I have asked her to come，but she does not want to.

（4）在can not but， can not choose but， can do nothing but ...， cant help but ...， prefer to do rather than do ...， would do ... rather than ...之后的動詞不定式一般不帶to；but之前有實義動詞do的某個形式（do/does/did/done），而且其賓語是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代詞時，也不帶to。

We have nothing to do now but wait.

I can not but admire his courage.

He has no choice but to accept the fact.

（5）在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復，后一個to省略。

Im really puzzled what to think or say.

但兩個不定式有對照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時，則后一個to不能省略。

I came not to scold but to praise you.

（6）在why，why not 引導的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動詞不定式。

Why talk so much about it？ Why not try it again？

（7）動詞不定式與be able to，be going to，have to，ought to，used to等構(gòu)成復合謂語時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)?？墒÷裕Ａ舨欢ㄊ椒杢o。

I dont want to wait for him， but l have to.

—Why didnt you come to our party？

—I was going to，but l had a report to write.

（8）動詞不定式中動詞原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞，為了避免重復，句子后面的不定式常省略動詞原形，而保留不定式符號to。

Dont go till I tell you to.

（9）動詞不定式在ask，warn，tell，advise，force，wish，expect，allow，permit，invite，persuade，order，would like，forbid等動詞后作賓語補足語或主語補足語時，常可省略。

Youd better give a performance if you are asked to.

He didnt come， though we had invited him to.

（10）動詞不定式在happy，glad，eager，anxious，willing，ready等形容詞等后承前省略動詞原形，只保留不定式符號to。

—Will you join me in a walk？

—Ill be happy to.

例3 The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise， if regularly， can improve our health.

A. being carried out B. carrying out

C. carried out D. to carry out

解析 C。句子的主語是the experiment；謂語動詞是shows；that引導賓語從句，賓語從句的主干是：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health， if regularly是插入的條件狀語從句，從句的主語是proper amounts of exercise，此時應用it代替前面提到的主語， 條件句的主語與主句的主語一致，并且含有is， 故省略了it is，完整形式是：if it is carried out。句意為：這項實驗表明， 適當?shù)倪\動，如果有規(guī)律的進行，能夠有助于我們的身體健康。