張亞男　王　晶　武書庚　張海軍　齊廣海

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所，農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室，生物飼料開發(fā)國家工程研究中心，北京100081)

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微量元素和飼料添加劑調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)的研究進(jìn)展

張亞男王晶武書庚*張海軍齊廣海*

(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所，農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室，生物飼料開發(fā)國家工程研究中心，北京100081)

蛋殼破損是家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的重要問題，受日齡、基因、環(huán)境、營養(yǎng)和蛋雞的健康狀況等影響。近年來，營養(yǎng)調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)的研究主要集中于微量元素和飼料添加劑。本文簡述了微量元素和飼料添加劑影響蛋殼品質(zhì)的研究進(jìn)展，以期為生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中蛋殼品質(zhì)的調(diào)控提供新措施。飼糧中添加一定水平和形式的錳、微生態(tài)制劑、有機(jī)酸和中藥提取物等均可改善蛋殼品質(zhì)。

蛋殼品質(zhì)；微量元素；微生態(tài)制劑；有機(jī)酸；精油和植物提取物

蛋殼品質(zhì)降低是蛋雞養(yǎng)殖過程中的重要問題，影響產(chǎn)蛋量和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，降低孵化率和胚胎的成活率[1]。蛋殼可保護(hù)胚胎免受外界環(huán)境有害因素的影響，調(diào)節(jié)空氣和水分交換，為胚胎發(fā)育提供鈣等[2]。改善蛋殼品質(zhì)，減少雞蛋破損，可避免致病菌侵入雞蛋，因而蛋殼品質(zhì)廣受關(guān)注。

蛋殼破損嚴(yán)重影響蛋雞產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，破損蛋占總產(chǎn)量的6%～10%，造成家禽產(chǎn)業(yè)和蛋品加工業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，以及消費(fèi)者對(duì)雞蛋品質(zhì)的擔(dān)憂[3]。劣質(zhì)雞蛋中破損蛋占80%～90%[4]；隨日齡的增加，蛋禽體內(nèi)維生素D3代謝紊亂[5]，產(chǎn)蛋后期破損率甚至超過總產(chǎn)量的20%[6]。因此，蛋雞行業(yè)亟需改善蛋殼品質(zhì)的有效措施。

影響蛋殼礦化和品質(zhì)的因素較多，包括日齡、基因、環(huán)境、營養(yǎng)及蛋雞健康狀況等。早期營養(yǎng)調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)的研究主要集中于鈣、磷等礦物質(zhì)和維生素D3，近來研究表明，適當(dāng)來源和水平的錳等微量元素，或功能性飼料添加劑，可促進(jìn)酶的活性或影響胃腸道的代謝，促進(jìn)蛋殼礦化，改善蛋殼品質(zhì)。張亞男等[7-9]曾對(duì)營養(yǎng)素和糖胺聚糖對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響進(jìn)行了綜述，簡述了錳、鋅對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響。本文基于近年來的研究，綜述了微量元素和飼料添加劑對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的調(diào)控進(jìn)展。

1　微量元素

在蛋殼和骨骼礦化過程中，與微量元素相關(guān)的酶(如碳酸酐酶、葡萄糖醛酸基轉(zhuǎn)移酶)發(fā)揮重要作用。研究表明，微量元素(如鋅、錳、銅)可作為某些酶的輔助因子，通過影響碳酸鈣形成和蛋殼的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)從而調(diào)控蛋殼的機(jī)械特性[4]。

1.1鋅

關(guān)于單獨(dú)鋅對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的研究較少。在基礎(chǔ)飼糧(鋅含量32.6 mg/kg)中添加60 mg/kg的鋅，可顯著改善老齡雞(69～82周齡)的蛋殼強(qiáng)度；但因飼糧中同時(shí)加入了60 mg/kg的錳和10 mg/kg的銅，蛋殼品質(zhì)改善作用是否因?yàn)殇\尚未可知[5]。飼糧添加鋅/錳(30/0、65/30和100/60 mg/kg)可提高開產(chǎn)蛋雞的蛋殼厚度[10]，200/160 mg/kg可顯著提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度，但蛋殼厚度無顯著差異[11]。本課題組前期研究表明，鋅可顯著提高蛋殼厚度、殼重比例和蛋殼指數(shù)，與硫酸鋅相比，氨基酸鋅效果更佳，但未見顯著影響蛋殼強(qiáng)度[12-13]。鋅是碳酸酐酶的活性因子，飼糧鋅通過提高血漿和蛋殼腺內(nèi)碳酸酐酶的活性，促進(jìn)碳酸鈣的沉積，從而提高蛋殼重量和厚度。鋅還可影響蛋殼彈性和韌性，可能與鋅對(duì)基質(zhì)蛋白或蛋殼結(jié)晶質(zhì)地的影響有關(guān)[14]。

機(jī)體內(nèi)鋅的代謝需要保持一定的平衡狀態(tài)。鋅不足時(shí)，蛋雞生長受到抑制、骨骼礦化不全[15]，碳酸酐酶活性降低，蛋殼品質(zhì)下降[13]。飼糧鋅的一般推薦劑量為70～135 mg/kg[16]，再高(170或200 mg/kg)對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)無顯著改善作用[14,17]，過高(137～655 mg/kg)則影響蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能，降低蛋殼重量[18]。

1.2錳

相對(duì)于鋅，錳對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響研究較多，且結(jié)果顯著。飼糧添加80 mg/kg錳(氧化錳)可增加蛋殼厚度[19]。換羽后蛋雞飼糧，隨錳劑量(40～200 mg/kg)增加，蛋殼厚度和蛋殼指數(shù)線性提高[20]。100 mg/kg錳通過提高蛋殼腺內(nèi)糖胺聚糖和糖醛酸的合成，改善蛋殼的超微結(jié)構(gòu)和蛋殼品質(zhì)，可顯著提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度、厚度和韌性[21]。但也有研究表明，飼糧錳(25、50和70 mg/kg)不影響蛋殼品質(zhì)[22]。多數(shù)研究表明，飼糧錳可改善蛋殼的機(jī)械特性，但對(duì)蛋殼重量和厚度的影響結(jié)果并不一致。錳作為半乳糖-β-1,3-葡萄糖醛酸基轉(zhuǎn)移酶Ⅰ(galactose-β-1,3-glucuronosyl transferase-Ⅰ，GlcAT-Ⅰ)的活性因子，可將1個(gè)葡萄糖醛酸殘基從二磷酸尿苷葡糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移到糖胺聚糖鏈上，進(jìn)一步催化蛋白聚糖合成[23]。飼糧116 mg/kg錳可提高蛋殼腺內(nèi)GlcAT-Ⅰ mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)，提高蛋殼膜中糖胺聚糖和糖醛酸的含量，改善蛋殼超微結(jié)構(gòu)，提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度；進(jìn)一步利用比較蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)分析飼糧錳對(duì)蛋殼中蛋白種類及含量的差異，發(fā)現(xiàn)7種表達(dá)上調(diào)的蛋白可能與蛋殼形成有關(guān)，其中2種為半乳糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶和葡萄糖醛酸基轉(zhuǎn)移酶[24]?？梢?，錳可能是通過調(diào)控糖胺聚糖的合成代謝，調(diào)控糖胺聚糖的形成，影響蛋殼超微結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)而調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)。

飼糧缺錳可致蛋殼變薄，蛋殼超微結(jié)構(gòu)(尤其乳突層)發(fā)生變化，有機(jī)基質(zhì)中己糖醛酸和己糖胺的含量降低[25]。飼糧錳不足時(shí)，蛋殼腺內(nèi)GlcAT-Ⅰ mRNA表達(dá)水平和蛋白表達(dá)均降低，蛋殼膜中糖胺聚糖和糖醛酸的含量降低，影響蛋殼超微結(jié)構(gòu)，導(dǎo)致蛋殼強(qiáng)度降低[21]。飼糧錳適宜劑量為80～120 mg/kg，而錳在飼糧中的添加一般不超過200 mg/kg，超過適宜劑量添加對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)再無改善作用，對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能亦無顯著影響[26]。

1.3銅

蛋殼內(nèi)的基質(zhì)薄膜由大量的膠原纖維黏連而成，賴氨酰氧化酶對(duì)維持蛋殼膜的完整具有顯著作用，而銅參與賴氨酰氧化酶的形成[27]。研究表明，銅缺乏可改變依賴賴氨酸的纖維交聯(lián)，基質(zhì)薄膜變形，導(dǎo)致雞蛋大小不一，蛋殼破損[28-29]。由于銅在蛋雞體內(nèi)的需要量較低，飼糧一般不會(huì)產(chǎn)生缺乏，且高銅對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)健康狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。本課題組前期研究表明，125 mg/kg銅(硫酸銅)致蛋殼厚度最薄，蛋殼強(qiáng)度最差，6～30 mg/kg銅對(duì)蛋殼強(qiáng)度和蛋殼厚度較為適宜[29]。在添加植酸酶的低磷飼糧中添加有機(jī)銅不影響蛋殼品質(zhì)[30]，賴氨酸銅代替硫酸銅對(duì)種雞的蛋殼品質(zhì)(如厚度、殼重比例、蛋殼指數(shù))均無改善作用[31]。

1.4有機(jī)與無機(jī)源微量元素的對(duì)比研究

近期研究表明，微量元素的添加水平和形式(無機(jī)或有機(jī))可影響蛋殼品質(zhì)(表1)，但研究結(jié)果并不一致。以有機(jī)鋅和錳(氨基酸鹽)代替無機(jī)鋅和錳(氧化物)，可緩解日齡對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響，提高62～70周齡蛋雞的蛋殼強(qiáng)度，但對(duì)殼重比例和蛋殼厚度無顯著影響[32]。飼糧中添加鋅、錳和銅的氨基酸鹽或硫酸鹽(分別為40、40和7 mg/kg)，氨基酸鹽組蛋殼厚度提高了3.8%[33]。飼糧中同時(shí)添加有機(jī)和無機(jī)鋅、錳和銅，顯著提高了蛋殼重量和厚度[34]。飼糧鋅、錳和銅的添加可提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度和厚度，但微量元素來源之間并無差異[35]?；A(chǔ)飼糧(46.4 mg/kg錳)添加錳(120 mg/kg)可顯著改善蛋殼品質(zhì)，但來源之間無顯著差異[36]。本課題組的研究表明，飼糧添加不同水平的有機(jī)和無機(jī)錳(25、50、100和200 mg/kg)，相對(duì)于無機(jī)錳，有機(jī)錳的相對(duì)生物學(xué)效價(jià)分別是159.1%(蛋殼強(qiáng)度)、107.8%(蛋殼彈性)和189.2%(蛋殼厚度)[26]。此外，關(guān)于其他元素對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響研究也逐漸增多。產(chǎn)蛋后期飼糧中添加丙酸鉻(600 μg/kg鉻)可提高蛋殼厚度[37]。亞硒酸鈉和酵母硒可提高蛋殼重量和蛋殼指數(shù)，且酵母硒可提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度[38]，有機(jī)硒(硒代蛋氨酸)代替亞硒酸鈉對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)(如厚度、殼重比例和蛋殼指數(shù))無顯著改善作用[39]。硼可顯著提高后期蛋雞的蛋殼強(qiáng)度和厚度，且來源之間無顯著差異[40]。鎂(2.3、3.0、3.5和4.2 g/kg)可提高后期蛋雞蛋殼強(qiáng)度和蛋殼厚度[41]。迄今，圍繞無機(jī)和有機(jī)微量元素調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了大量研究，但結(jié)果不一，關(guān)鍵在于缺乏機(jī)理的探究。

綜上，微量元素鋅、錳、銅在蛋殼形成過程發(fā)揮重要作用，而關(guān)于其是否存在互作或拮抗關(guān)系而影響蛋殼品質(zhì)調(diào)控的研究甚少。對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn)微量元素間協(xié)同或拮抗共同作用對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響，可為更好地利用微量元素解決蛋殼品質(zhì)問題提供理論支持，同時(shí)減少浪費(fèi)。

表1　飼糧微量元素對(duì)蛋雞蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響

續(xù)表1微量元素Microelement添加形式Supplementationform添加量Supplementationlevel效果Effects參考文獻(xiàn)References鋅、錳、銅Zn，Mn，Cu無機(jī)和有機(jī)30～120mg/kg鋅，35～125mg/kg錳，5～20mg/kg銅飼糧添加水平逐漸增加的鋅、錳和銅，提高了蛋殼厚度和強(qiáng)度，來源之間無顯著差異Stefanello等[35]錳Mn硫酸錳、蛋白錳和甘氨酸錳基礎(chǔ)飼糧(46．4mg/kg錳)添加120mg/kg錳顯著改善蛋殼品質(zhì)，但來源之間無顯著差異Venglovská等[36]錳Mn無機(jī)和有機(jī)25、50、100和200mg/kg相對(duì)于無機(jī)錳，有機(jī)錳在蛋殼強(qiáng)度、蛋殼彈性和蛋殼厚度上的相對(duì)生物學(xué)效價(jià)分別是159．1%、107．8%和189．2%Xiao等[26]

2　微生態(tài)制劑

研究表明，微生態(tài)制劑、有機(jī)酸等添加劑可提高鈣等礦物元素的利用率[42]，改善蛋殼品質(zhì)(表2)。飼糧中添加1%果聚糖可顯著提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度和殼重比例，提高骨骼粗灰分、鈣和磷水平[43]。產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞飼糧中添加菊粉或果寡糖可提高殼重比例、蛋殼密度和強(qiáng)度[44]。在含有較高水平玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)的蛋雞(50周齡)飼糧中添加菊粉，可顯著提高殼重比例、蛋殼厚度和蛋殼密度[45]。含有乳酸菌的飼糧中添加益生元(3%或4%)可顯著改善蛋殼品質(zhì)，主要系因益生菌和乳糖促進(jìn)了腸道內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸的生成[46]。但也有研究表明，飼糧中添加菊粉對(duì)蛋殼重量、厚度和強(qiáng)度均無顯著影響[47]。飼糧中添加菊粉對(duì)蛋殼粗灰分、鈣含量和殼重比例無顯著影響[48]。含有酵母培養(yǎng)物的飼糧中添加益生元對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)亦無改善[49]。

飼糧添加益生菌可顯著改善蛋殼品質(zhì)[50-52]。老齡雞(64周齡)飼糧中添加枯草芽孢桿菌(2.3×108CFU/g)可顯著提高產(chǎn)蛋率、蛋重和厚度，降低破蛋率[53]?？莶菅挎邨U菌(0.10%)和菊粉(0.10%)分別或共同添加于飼糧中，可通過增加微生物區(qū)系在絨毛吸收部位的定植，改善生產(chǎn)性能、蛋殼品質(zhì)和鈣的儲(chǔ)存[54]。益生元和益生菌對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)的改善作用與體內(nèi)礦物元素的吸收利用有關(guān)，可提高礦物元素的溶解度。這主要是通過增加底物的合成促進(jìn)短鏈脂肪酸的形成；腸黏膜的改變和腸細(xì)胞的定植可提高小腸吸收面積；益生素降解植酸酶，提高鈣結(jié)合蛋白的表達(dá)；從而促進(jìn)腸道的健康生長[55]。但也有研究表明，飼糧中添加益生菌對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)無顯著改善作用[45,56]。

3　有機(jī)酸

產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞飼糧中添加短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA，0.05%)可提高蛋殼強(qiáng)度，降低軟、破蛋率[57]，SCFA(0.078%)可提高后期蛋雞(70周齡)的蛋殼厚度，降低破蛋率，但對(duì)蛋殼重量無顯著影響，系因有機(jī)酸促進(jìn)了鈣的吸收，增加了血鈣，從而提高了蛋殼品質(zhì)[58]。蛋雞(46～70周齡)飼糧中添加中鏈脂肪酸(MCFA)可提高蛋殼的殼重比例、密度和強(qiáng)度，是由于MCFA提高了小腸的絨毛高度，降低了腸道上部的pH，從而提高了鈣、磷的利用率，改善蛋殼品質(zhì)[43]。而甲酸和丙酸對(duì)羅曼蛋雞的蛋殼厚度和強(qiáng)度無改善作用[59]。

4　精油和植物提取物

飼糧中添加精油復(fù)合物(牛至、月桂葉、鼠尾草、香桃木葉、茴香籽和柑橘果皮)使產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞(54～74周齡)的軟破蛋率降低15.5%[60]，精油復(fù)合物(鼠尾草、百里香和薄荷的提取物，0.015%或0.030%)提高了蛋殼硬度和重量[61]。植物提取物(紅三葉草和大蒜素，0.10%)提高了蛋殼強(qiáng)度[62]，黑茴香籽的提取物(1%、2%和3%)可顯著提高蛋殼厚度和強(qiáng)度[63]，飼糧中添加中藥提取物使得蛋殼厚度增加10.0%、強(qiáng)度增加15.2%、破蛋率降低2.5%[64]。中草藥復(fù)合物可增加產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞的蛋殼強(qiáng)度(19.3%)，脛骨強(qiáng)度也增加，表明中草藥改善蛋殼品質(zhì)的機(jī)理可能與降低骨骼流失和促進(jìn)礦物質(zhì)吸收有關(guān)，但關(guān)于中草藥的活性成分并不清楚[65]，尚需進(jìn)一步研究。也有研究表明，飼糧添加精油或中草藥提取物對(duì)蛋殼品質(zhì)并無改善[45,66]。

多數(shù)研究表明，飼糧添加微生態(tài)制劑、有機(jī)酸和植物提取物可改善產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞的蛋殼品質(zhì)，其改善蛋殼品質(zhì)的機(jī)理主要是通過調(diào)控腸道的健康代謝，促進(jìn)礦物元素的吸收利用，從而促進(jìn)蛋殼的礦化。尤其在產(chǎn)蛋后期，蛋雞體內(nèi)的代謝較青年期紊亂，容易產(chǎn)生吸收代謝問題。然而，上述飼料添加劑如何調(diào)控礦物元素吸收利用的機(jī)理尚不清楚，通過分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)如代謝組學(xué)等，篩選出腸道內(nèi)與調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)相關(guān)菌群，并進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證，可更好地解釋改善蛋殼品質(zhì)的機(jī)理。此外，將微量元素和微生態(tài)制劑、有機(jī)酸或提取物結(jié)合，共同調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)，可為更好地利用添加劑改善蛋殼品質(zhì)提供依據(jù)，這將是營養(yǎng)調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)的新方向。

表2　飼料添加劑對(duì)蛋雞蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響

續(xù)表2飼料添加劑Feedadditive添加量Supplementationlevel效果Effects參考文獻(xiàn)References枯草芽孢桿菌、菊粉及共用Bacillussubtilis，inulinandboth2．3×108CFU/g，0．10%和0．10%提高蛋殼重量(21．7%、24．6%和27．5%)、厚度(9．1%、18．2%和21．2%)和密度(4．6%、2．2%和4．0%)Abdelqader等[53]枯草芽孢桿菌Bacillussubtilis2．3×108CFU/g，0．05%或0．10%增加了后期蛋雞的蛋殼厚度(8．4%和7．5%)，降低了軟、破、臟蛋率Abdelqader等[54]黑茴香籽提取物Blackcuminextract1%、2%和3%可顯著提高蛋殼厚度和強(qiáng)度Boka等[63]植物提取物(紅三葉草和大蒜素)Plantextract(redcloverandallicin)0．10%蛋殼強(qiáng)度顯著提高29．8%，但不影響蛋殼重量、厚度和蛋殼中鈣、磷、鎂含量Lokaewmanee等[62]脫脂奶粉(添加于含嗜酸乳酸桿菌的飼糧)SkimmedmilkpowderaddedtoadietcontainingLactobacillusacidophilus3．0%和4．0%提高了蛋殼厚度(4．2%和6．0%)和密度(0．1%和0．3%)Cesari等[46]

5　小　結(jié)

飼糧添加一定形式和水平的錳、微生態(tài)制劑、有機(jī)酸和中藥提取物均可改善蛋殼品質(zhì)，且在老齡蛋雞的效果更佳，可應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)。飼糧添加微量元素等添加劑調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)結(jié)果的不一致，與蛋雞日齡、生理狀態(tài)、添加物的形式和組成等有關(guān)，根本原因在于其調(diào)控蛋殼品質(zhì)的機(jī)理尚不清楚。

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(責(zé)任編輯田艷明)

Research Progress of Microelement and Feed Additives on Eggshell Quality Regulation

ZHANG YananWANG JingWU Shugeng*ZHANG HaijunQI Guanghai*

(Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of >Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Beijing 100081, China)

Poor eggshell quality is an important problem in poultry industry, which is affected by many factors such as age, genetic, environmental and nutritional factors, as well as the health status of hens. Many recent studies regarding the effect of nutrition on eggshell quality regulation have focused on dietary microelement and feed additives. This study was summarized the research progress of microelement and feed additives on eggshell quality regulation, in order to provide new measures for regulating eggshell quality in production practice. And the eggshell quality may be positively affected in certain conditions by optimal dietary level and form of manganese, as well as by the addition of probiotics, organic acids and herb extracts.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition, 2016, 28(10)：3015-3024]

eggshell quality; microelement; probiotics; organic acids; essential oils and plant extracts

s: WU Shugeng, professor, E-mail: wushugeng@caas.cn; QI Guanghai, professor, E-mail: qiguanghai163@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.10.001

2016-03-28

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-41-K13)；家禽產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京市創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(CARS-PSTP)；國家自然科學(xué)基金(31572426)

張亞男(1988—)，女，山東德州人，博士研究生，從事蛋品質(zhì)營養(yǎng)調(diào)控研究。E-mail： zyn3299@126.com

武書庚，研究員，碩士生導(dǎo)師，E-mail: wushugeng@ caas.cn；齊廣海，研究員，博士生導(dǎo)師，E-mail: qiguanghai163@163.com

S816.7

A

1006-267X(2016)10-3015-10