董召娣,張明偉,易 媛,郭明明,朱新開,封超年,郭文善,彭永欣
(揚(yáng)州大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/江蘇省作物遺傳生理國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育點(diǎn)/糧食作物現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心;揚(yáng)州大學(xué)小麥研究中心,江蘇揚(yáng)州 225009)
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春性和半冬性小麥氮效率差異的群體特征比較
董召娣,張明偉,易 媛,郭明明,朱新開,封超年,郭文善,彭永欣
(揚(yáng)州大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/江蘇省作物遺傳生理國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育點(diǎn)/糧食作物現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心;揚(yáng)州大學(xué)小麥研究中心,江蘇揚(yáng)州 225009)
為了解小麥群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征與氮利用效率的相關(guān)性,以江蘇省推介使用的6個(gè)半冬性小麥品種和9個(gè)春性小麥品種為材料,研究?jī)深愋托←滈g群體特征及氮利用效率的差異。結(jié)果表明,在施氮量相同時(shí),半冬性小麥群體植株平均干物質(zhì)積累量、葉面積指數(shù)在生育前期低于春性小麥,生育后期高于春性小麥,莖蘗數(shù)在全生育期均高于春性小麥,平均花后干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)、粒葉比均高于春性小麥。同一類型小麥中不同品種間群體干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)也存在顯著差異;同一類型小麥各品種花后干物質(zhì)積累量、莖蘗成穗率、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)、粒葉比與產(chǎn)量均呈顯著或極顯著線性正相關(guān),葉面積指數(shù)下降速率與產(chǎn)量呈線性負(fù)相關(guān)。半冬性和春性小麥花后干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)與氮肥生產(chǎn)效率(NGPE)呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān);春性小麥的粒葉比與NGPE呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),葉面積指數(shù)下降速率與NGPE呈顯著或極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),莖蘗成穗率與氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān);半冬性小麥粒葉比與氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率(NAE)呈顯著正相關(guān)?;ê蟾晌镔|(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)是兩種類型小麥群體NGPE的共性調(diào)控特征表現(xiàn),粒葉比可作為春性小麥NGPE、半冬性小麥NAE差異的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),莖蘗成穗率可作為春性小麥NUEa的調(diào)控指標(biāo)。
半冬性小麥;春性小麥;氮效率;群體特征
小麥氮利用效率存在顯著的基因型差異,可通過品種遺傳改良協(xié)調(diào)小麥高產(chǎn)和高效的矛盾[1-2]。關(guān)于氮效率和小麥群體特征指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,前人已有相關(guān)的研究報(bào)道。李淑文等[3]研究表明,在缺氮條件下,氮高效品種具有較高的籽粒產(chǎn)量、群體莖蘗數(shù)、群體干物重、群體葉面積指數(shù)、株高等特征;丁錦峰等[4]研究指出,在高氮肥利用率條件下,稻茬春性小麥生育中后期物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)能力、光合碳同化能力、抗衰老能力都較強(qiáng)。張 洋等[5]研究認(rèn)為,氮高效小麥在關(guān)鍵生育期均具有較高的葉片硝酸還原酶活性、葉水勢(shì)和葉綠素含量。小麥群體生物產(chǎn)量與經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量呈極顯著正相關(guān)[6],尤其是花后干物質(zhì)積累量越大,產(chǎn)量越高[7-8]。但過高的干物質(zhì)積累量會(huì)導(dǎo)致最終產(chǎn)量的下降[9-10]。不同粒型和不同筋型小麥干物質(zhì)積累特征存在差異[11-12],但前人的研究多是對(duì)冬性或春性某一種類型小麥不同品種群體結(jié)構(gòu)與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析[13-16],對(duì)不同溫光生態(tài)類型小麥群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征差異的研究較少。我們已經(jīng)就不同生態(tài)類型小麥品種的氮效率差異特征進(jìn)行過研究,根據(jù)氮利用效率的差異將參試品種劃分為四種類型[17],并從氮代謝關(guān)鍵酶活性的角度進(jìn)一步分析造成這兩種生態(tài)類型小麥氮利用效率差異的生理原因[18],研究了兩種生態(tài)類型之間氮素吸收運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和分配的差異。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本研究擬進(jìn)一步分析長(zhǎng)江中下游冬麥區(qū)半冬性和春性小麥之間群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征的差異,探討群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征與氮利用效率指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,以期為該麥區(qū)小麥節(jié)氮高效栽培提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。
1.1試驗(yàn)地基本情況
試驗(yàn)于2012-2014年度在揚(yáng)州大學(xué)江蘇省作物遺傳生理重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)地輕壤土,前茬為水稻。2012年秋播時(shí)0~20 cm耕層土壤堿解氮含量為68.91 mg·kg-1,速效磷含量為45.88 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量為101.98 mg·kg-1,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量為1.65%。2013年秋播時(shí)耕層土壤堿解氮含量為74.86 mg·kg-1,速效磷含量為23.45 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量為110.53 mg·kg-1,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量為1.83%。
1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)采用單因素隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),2012-2013年選用6個(gè)半冬性小麥品種 (濟(jì)麥20、師欒02-1、徐麥30、保麥1號(hào)、濟(jì)麥22、煙農(nóng)19)和9個(gè)春性小麥品種(揚(yáng)麥5號(hào)、揚(yáng)麥9號(hào)、揚(yáng)麥11、揚(yáng)麥15、揚(yáng)麥20、揚(yáng)輻麥5號(hào)、寧麥13、鎮(zhèn)麥168、光明麥1號(hào))為材料,施氮(N)量為225 kg·hm-2,基肥∶壯蘗肥∶拔節(jié)肥∶孕穗肥施用比例為5∶1∶2∶2,基肥于播種前施,壯蘗肥于4~5葉期時(shí)施,拔節(jié)肥于葉齡余數(shù)2.5時(shí)施,孕穗肥于旗葉露尖時(shí)施用。磷(P2O5)、鉀(K2O)肥施用量均為120 kg·hm-2,全部基施。11月1日播種,基本苗180萬(wàn)·hm-2,小區(qū)面積7.8 m2,行距30 cm,重復(fù)3次。設(shè)不施氮肥空白區(qū)。
2013-2014年半冬性品種以淮麥20替換師欒02-1,春性品種同上年。10月30日播種,小區(qū)面積12.6 m2,其他措施同2012-2013年。
1.3取樣及測(cè)定項(xiàng)目
1.3.1莖蘗動(dòng)態(tài)、葉面積指數(shù)、干物質(zhì)積累量測(cè)定
于越冬始期、拔節(jié)期、孕穗期、開花期和成熟期調(diào)查田間群體莖蘗數(shù)、群體葉面積。各小區(qū)取樣20株,采用長(zhǎng)寬系數(shù)法測(cè)定葉面積。樣品按器官分開,105 ℃殺青30 min,80 ℃烘干至恒重,測(cè)定干物重。
1.3.2產(chǎn)量測(cè)定
成熟期各小區(qū)調(diào)查穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重,每小區(qū)收獲1.2 m2籽粒,并折算成含水量為13%的籽粒產(chǎn)量。
1.3.3植株含氮量測(cè)定
將成熟期植株樣品按器官烘干后磨碎,稱取0.25 g,用H2SO4-H2O2靛酚藍(lán)比色法[19]測(cè)定植株和籽粒含氮量。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel、SPSS等軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
氮利用效率相關(guān)指標(biāo)及計(jì)算方法參考文獻(xiàn)[17];
干物質(zhì)積累總量=成熟期各器官干物質(zhì)積累量之和;
花后干物質(zhì)積累量=成熟期干物質(zhì)積累量-開花期干物質(zhì)積累量;
莖蘗成穗率=成熟期穗數(shù)/最高莖蘗數(shù)×100%;
LAI下降速率=(孕穗期LAI-花后21 d LAI)/孕穗期LAI×100%;
群體總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)=成熟期穗數(shù)×穗粒數(shù);
粒數(shù)葉比=群體總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)/孕穗期葉面積;
粒重葉比=成熟期籽粒重/孕穗期葉面積。
2.1春性和半冬性小麥的群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征比較
將供試的春性小麥9個(gè)品種和半冬性小麥6個(gè)品種不同時(shí)期的莖蘗數(shù)、干物重和葉面積指數(shù)進(jìn)行平均值換算,得出兩種類型小麥群體特征的動(dòng)態(tài)曲線,分析兩種類型小麥相關(guān)群體指標(biāo)的動(dòng)態(tài)特征差異。
2.1.1不同類型小麥莖蘗動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征及莖蘗成穗率的差異
春性和半冬性小麥群體莖蘗數(shù)均隨生育期的推進(jìn)而增加,至拔節(jié)期達(dá)到峰值,然后下降(圖1)。在兩個(gè)年度,半冬性小麥在整個(gè)生育期內(nèi)群體莖蘗數(shù)均高于春性小麥。半冬性小麥在越冬始期、拔節(jié)期、孕穗期、開花期和成熟期的群體莖蘗數(shù),在2012-2013年分別比春性小麥高1.58%、20.69%、17.96%、16.34%和16.98%,在2013-2014年分別比春性小麥高45.04%、43.91%、8.85%、13.34%、30.20%,其中2012-2013年越冬始期、2013-2014年孕穗期兩類小麥差異不顯著,兩個(gè)年度其余生育時(shí)期差異均達(dá)到顯著水平。
半冬性小麥平均莖蘗成穗率在兩個(gè)年度分別比春性小麥低3.25%和10.02%,平均籽粒產(chǎn)量?jī)蓚€(gè)年度分別比春性小麥高9.63%和8.41%(表1)。進(jìn)一步分析表明,同類型小麥的莖蘗成穗率與產(chǎn)量均呈顯著或極顯著線性正相關(guān)(圖2)。
S:出苗期; BW:越冬始期; J:拔節(jié)期;B:孕穗期; A:開花期; M:成熟期; ns:P>0.05; *:P<0.05; **:P<0.01。下同
S:Seedling stage; BW:Beginning of wintering stage; J: Jointing stage;B:Booting stage; A:Anthesis stage; M:Maturity stage;ns:P>0.05; *:P<0.05; **:P<0.01.The same as in other figures or tables
圖1半冬性和春性小麥平均莖蘗動(dòng)態(tài)變化及差異
Fig.1Variation and difference of main stems and tillers of semi-winterness
and springness wheat at different growth stages
yw和ys分別代表半冬性小麥和春性小麥產(chǎn)量。下圖同
ywandysrefer to the yield of semi-winterness and springness wheat.The same as in other figures
圖2 半冬性和春性小麥莖蘗成穗率與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.2 Relationship between grain yield and earing percentage of main stems and tillers for semi-winterness and springness wheat表1 半冬性和春性小麥類型間群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征的差異Table 1 Difference of population characteristics between semi-winterness and springness wheat
同列數(shù)據(jù)后小寫字母表示兩類型小麥間差異顯著(P<0.05)。下表同
The small letters following the values in the same column represent the significance of differences between semi-winterness and springness wheat at 0.05 level.The same as in other tables
兩類小麥莖蘗數(shù)在拔節(jié)期均最高。春性小麥品種間最高莖蘗數(shù)在2012-2013年差異不顯著,但在2013-2014年差異顯著;半冬性小麥品種間在兩個(gè)年度差異均達(dá)到顯著水平。在所有品種中,半冬性小麥品種徐麥30的最大莖蘗數(shù)在兩個(gè)年度均最高,分別為1 598.75萬(wàn)和1 214.18萬(wàn)·hm-2(表2)。
2.1.2不同類型小麥葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)變化特征及下降速率的差異
春性和半冬性小麥群體在整個(gè)生育期內(nèi)LAI均呈單峰曲線變化,在孕穗期達(dá)到最大值(圖3)。在生育前期,半冬性小麥平均LAI低于春性小麥,生育后期高于春性小麥,開花期、花后21 d半冬性小麥平均LAI比春性小麥分別高5.51%、11.43%(2012-2013)和12.64%、21.62%(2013-2014)。方差分析表明,越冬始期和花后21 d兩類小麥的LAI差異均達(dá)到顯著水平,其余各生育期差異均不顯著。由表1可見,半冬性小麥平均LAI下降速率在兩個(gè)年度分別比春性小麥低3.58%和6.88%。進(jìn)一步分析可知,半冬性和春性小麥LAI下降速率與產(chǎn)量均呈線性負(fù)相關(guān)(圖4),其中春性小麥的相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著水平。
同一類型小麥品種間最大葉面積指數(shù)也存在差異(表2),且除2012-2013年度的春性小麥外,品種間的差異均達(dá)到顯著或極顯著水平。
2.1.3不同類型小麥干物質(zhì)積累量變化特征及階段干物質(zhì)積累的差異
春性和半冬性小麥群體在整個(gè)生育期內(nèi)干物質(zhì)積累量均呈增加趨勢(shì)(圖5)。在越冬和拔節(jié)期,群體干物質(zhì)積累量在兩類小麥間差異不顯著。拔節(jié)以后,半冬性小麥干物質(zhì)積累量快速增加,且高于春性小麥,其中2012-2013年度孕穗期、開花期、成熟期分別比春性小麥高8.89%(F=3.34ns)、11.26%(F=8.0*)和12.11%(F=9.17*),2013-2014年度分別高11.19%(F=4.26ns)、13.94%(F=7.89*)和9.52%(F=3.86ns)。
表2 春性和半冬性小麥品種間群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征表現(xiàn)Table 2 Difference of population structure characteristics of different wheat varieties
21 d AA:花后21 d 21 d AA:21 d after anthesis圖3 半冬性和春性小麥平均LAI的變化Fig.3 LAI at different stages of semi-winterness and springness wheat
由表1可見,在越冬始期至拔節(jié)期,半冬性小麥階段干物質(zhì)積累量在兩個(gè)年度比春性小麥分別低4.52%、6.00%;而拔節(jié)至開花、開花至成熟階段,半冬性小麥在兩個(gè)年度比春性小麥分別高15.36%和19.80%、13.36%和1.04%。方差分析表明,拔節(jié)至開花階段干物質(zhì)積累量在兩類小麥間差異達(dá)顯著水平(F=9.61**和F=6.69*)。進(jìn)一步分析可知,半冬性和春性小麥花后干物質(zhì)積累量與產(chǎn)量均呈顯著或極顯著線性正相關(guān)(圖6)。
圖4 半冬性和春性小麥LAI下降速率與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.4 Relationship between grain yield and the reduced rate of LAI of semi-winterness and springness wheat
圖5 半冬性和春性小麥平均干物質(zhì)積累量的變化Fig.5 Change of dry matter accumulation amount at different stages of semi-winterness and springness wheat
同一類型小麥品種間干物質(zhì)積累總量在兩個(gè)年度均存在顯著或極顯著差異(表2)。春性小麥以揚(yáng)麥15干物質(zhì)積累總量最高,兩個(gè)年度分別為19 377.73和16 294.71 kg·hm-2;而以揚(yáng)麥9號(hào)最小,分別為15 656.16和12 979.18 kg·hm-2。半冬性小麥品種年度間表現(xiàn)不一致,2012-2013年以徐麥30最高,干物質(zhì)積累總量為20 764.35 kg·hm-2;2013-2014年以濟(jì)麥22最高,干物質(zhì)積累總量為18 544.71 kg·hm-2。
2.1.4不同類型小麥群體總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)的差異
半冬性小麥群體總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)在兩個(gè)年度均顯著或極顯著高于春性小麥,增幅分別為22.05%(2012-2013,F(xiàn)=10.29**)和13.63%(2013-2014,F(xiàn)=5.81*)(表1)。經(jīng)進(jìn)一步分析,半冬性和春性小麥群體總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)與產(chǎn)量均呈極顯著線性正相關(guān)(圖7)。
2.1.5不同類型小麥粒葉比的差異
在兩個(gè)年度,半冬性小麥的粒數(shù)葉比和粒重葉比比春性小麥分別高25.11%、9.54%(2012-2013)和11.65%、6.08%(2013-2014),但差異均不顯著。進(jìn)一步分析可知,半冬性和春性小麥的粒數(shù)葉比和粒重葉比與產(chǎn)量均呈顯著或極顯著線性正相關(guān)(圖8、圖9)。
圖6 半冬性和春性小麥花后干物質(zhì)積累量與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.6 Relationship between grain yield and the dry matter accumulation after anthesis for semi-winterness and springness wheat
圖7 半冬性和春性小麥總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.7 Relationship between grain yield and the total grain number of semi-winterness and springness wheat
圖8 半冬性和春性小麥單位葉面積粒數(shù)葉比與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.8 Relationship between grain yield and grains per unit leaf area of semi-winterness and springness wheat
2.2春性和半冬性小麥類型間群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征與氮利用效率的相關(guān)性
由表3可見,春性和半冬性小麥莖蘗成穗率、花后干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)、粒數(shù)葉比和粒重葉比與氮利用效率各指標(biāo)均呈正相關(guān),而葉面積下降速率與氮利用效率各指標(biāo)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。說(shuō)明兩種類型小麥群體質(zhì)量得到改善后,氮利用效率也會(huì)相應(yīng)提升。其中,半冬性小麥花后干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)在兩個(gè)年度與氮肥生產(chǎn)效率(NGPE)均呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),粒數(shù)葉比和粒重葉比與氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率(NAE)均呈顯著正相關(guān);春性小麥莖蘗成穗率、花后干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)、粒數(shù)葉比和粒重葉比在兩個(gè)年度與NGPE均呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),莖蘗成穗率與氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)均呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),葉面積指數(shù)下降速率與NGPE呈顯著或極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。其余氮利用效率指標(biāo)與兩種類型小麥群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征關(guān)系在兩個(gè)年度表現(xiàn)基本一致,但密切程度不同。
圖9 半冬性和春性小麥單位葉面積粒重與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.9 Relationship between grain yield and grain weight per unit leaf area of semi-winterness and springness wheat表3 春性和半冬性小麥類型間群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征與氮利用效率的相關(guān)性Table 3 Relationship between N efficiency and population structure characteristics of semi-winterness and springness wheat
年份Year小麥類型Typeofwheat指標(biāo)Index氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率NAE氮肥生產(chǎn)效率NGPE氮肥吸收效率NUEa氮素生理效率NPE氮肥表觀利用率NUR氮收獲指數(shù)NHI2012-2013半冬性Semi-莖蘗成穗率Earingpercentageofmainstemsandtillers0.846*0.814*0.3290.5920.3940.775winterness花后干物質(zhì)積累量DMAA0.7470.883*0.0240.937**-0.0610.563葉面積下降速率ReducedrateofLAI-0.622-0.7470.266-0.935**0.26-0.585總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)Totalgrainnumber0.929**0.918**0.50.6670.4690.639粒重葉比Ratioofgrainweighttoleafarea0.881*0.944**0.3190.7750.2770.765粒數(shù)葉比Ratioofgrainnumbertoleafarea0.902*0.907*0.4380.6780.4150.691春性Springness莖蘗成穗率Earingpercentageofmainstemsandtillers0.5030.785*0.895**0.0050.698*0.072花后干物質(zhì)積累量DMAA0.6600.750*0.2220.5050.2650.189葉面積下降速率ReducedrateofLAI-0.489-0.693*-0.481-0.427-0.195-0.416總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)Totalgrainnumber0.5950.820**0.744*0.2110.5730.041粒重葉比Ratioofgrainweighttoleafarea0.6470.827**0.5050.5290.2740.416粒數(shù)葉比Ratioofgrainnumbertoleafarea0.3810.677*0.5730.2550.2490.0572013-2014半冬性Semi-莖蘗成穗率Earingpercentageofmainstemsandtillers0.6990.7960.5060.7970.2220.675winterness花后干物質(zhì)積累量DMAA0.7800.841*0.7390.3560.6320.542葉面積下降速率ReducedrateofLAI-0.773-0.374-0.109-0.591-0.429-0.593總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)Totalgrainnumber0.7300.967**0.879*0.3310.6090.464粒重葉比Ratioofgrainweighttoleafarea0.850*0.7840.6300.5550.5680.634粒數(shù)葉比Ratioofgrainnumbertoleafarea0.858*0.7470.6600.4030.6970.498春性Springness莖蘗成穗率Earingpercentageofmainstemsandtillers0.782*0.953**0.739*0.3130.4000.541花后干物質(zhì)積累量 DMAA0.825**0.914**0.6030.4600.2610.714*葉面積下降速率 ReducedrateofLAI-0.608-0.838**-0.511-0.416-0.123-0.755*總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù) Totalgrainnumber0.876**0.780*0.5800.3100.4290.656粒重葉比 Ratioofgrainweighttoleafarea0.3550.776*0.5040.2360.1390.377粒數(shù)葉比 Ratioofgrainnumbertoleafarea0.707*0.931**0.5860.3900.2590.616
DMAA:Dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis
3.1關(guān)于不同生態(tài)類型小麥群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征的差異
小麥干物質(zhì)的積累過程是作物產(chǎn)量形成的基礎(chǔ),尤其是后期群體光合物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)量是實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵[20]。本研究表明,半冬性小麥生育前期的平均干物質(zhì)積累量低于春性小麥,開花至成熟期的平均干物質(zhì)積累量顯著高于春性小麥,且花后干物質(zhì)積累量及籽粒產(chǎn)量也明顯高于春性小麥,表明半冬性小麥在生育后期具有良好的群體質(zhì)量,物質(zhì)積累在花后具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。群體適宜的葉面積指數(shù)有利于提高作物群體光合能力,并最終增加產(chǎn)量[21]。張向前等[22]認(rèn)為早播條件下冬性小麥生育前期和中后期的葉面積指數(shù)皆顯著高于偏春性小麥。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在生育前期,半冬性小麥平均LAI低于春性小麥,生育后期則高于春性小麥,且半冬性小麥LAI下降的速率要顯著低于春性小麥。說(shuō)明生育后期,尤其是花后半冬性小麥光合葉源衰老較春性小麥慢,可以產(chǎn)生更多的光合產(chǎn)物,有利于花后干物質(zhì)的合成和產(chǎn)量的提高。在群體莖蘗數(shù)方面,本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,半冬性小麥各生育期莖蘗數(shù)均高于春性小麥,而平均莖蘗成穗率卻低于春性小麥。這可能是由于半冬性小麥較多是強(qiáng)、中筋品種,而春性小麥較多是中、弱筋品種;半冬性小麥高峰苗顯著高于春性小麥,產(chǎn)生較多的無(wú)效分蘗。此外,半冬性小麥具有較高的總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)、粒葉比,較春性小麥庫(kù)足、源強(qiáng)。
綜合分析兩種類型小麥群體結(jié)構(gòu)特征與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系表明,春性和半冬性小麥群體花后干物質(zhì)積累量、莖蘗成穗率、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)、粒葉比等指標(biāo)均與產(chǎn)量呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),而葉面積指數(shù)下降速率則與產(chǎn)量呈負(fù)相關(guān)。可見,無(wú)論是春性還是半冬性小麥,通過合理調(diào)控,在適宜穗數(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上提高莖蘗成穗率、減緩葉面積下降速率、增加花后干物質(zhì)積累量、提高群體總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)和粒葉比均有利于高產(chǎn)。同一類型不同小麥品種間群體結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)也存在差異,這與前文所述同一類型品種間氮利用效率[17]及氮代謝酶活性[18]存在顯著或極顯著差異一致。
3.2關(guān)于不同生態(tài)類型小麥群體結(jié)構(gòu)與氮利用效率的關(guān)系
相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,NGPE與半冬性和春性小麥花后干物質(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),與春性小麥粒葉比呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),與葉面積指數(shù)下降速率呈顯著或極顯著負(fù)相關(guān);NAE與半冬性小麥粒葉比呈顯著正相關(guān);NUEa與春性小麥莖蘗成穗率呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān)?;ê蟾晌镔|(zhì)積累量、總結(jié)實(shí)粒數(shù)是兩類型小麥群體NGPE的共性調(diào)控特征表現(xiàn),粒葉比是春性小麥NGPE、半冬性小麥NAE差異的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),莖蘗成穗率是體現(xiàn)春性小麥NUEa的調(diào)控指標(biāo)。
我們以前的研究表明,半冬性小麥NGPE、NAE、NUEa、NPE、NUR、NHI均高于春性小麥[17],引起氮利用效率差異的生理原因一方面可能是半冬性小麥氮代謝相關(guān)酶活性較高的緣故[18],另一方面與植株吸氮能力強(qiáng)弱有關(guān)(資料另文發(fā)表)。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果則從另一角度分析了氮利用效率差異的表現(xiàn),由于半冬性小麥具有較高的氮利用效率及其相關(guān)的生理特性,造成植株形態(tài)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育特性產(chǎn)生了一系列的變化,在群體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)上表現(xiàn)出了差異,一方面體現(xiàn)在冬性小麥植株苗期生長(zhǎng)速率略慢于春性小麥,群體干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)量和LAI低于春性小麥,而分蘗發(fā)生數(shù)量增加,有較高的分蘗發(fā)生率;另一方面體現(xiàn)在生育中后期生長(zhǎng)速率的提升,可促使半冬性小麥植株生育中后期光合能力和抗衰老能力增強(qiáng),促進(jìn)花后光合物質(zhì)生產(chǎn),導(dǎo)致半冬性小麥具有較高的花后光合面積、花后干物質(zhì)積累量,從而促進(jìn)了粒葉比的提高。此外,品種間的差別也可能會(huì)引起兩種類型群體參數(shù)的差異,因此,生產(chǎn)上應(yīng)根據(jù)小麥生態(tài)類型的不同,在栽培措施調(diào)控上應(yīng)區(qū)別對(duì)待,如春性小麥宜注意生育前期氮肥適量施用,后期施肥比例半冬性小麥宜適當(dāng)高于春性小麥,以滿足后期群體物質(zhì)積累對(duì)肥料的需求,調(diào)節(jié)相應(yīng)類型小麥的群體結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)氮利用效率的提升。
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Comparison on the Population Characteristics with Different Nitrogen Efficiency between Semi-winterness and Springness Wheat
DONG Zhaodi,ZHANG Mingwei,YI Yuan,GUO Mingming,ZHU Xinkai,FENG Chaonian,GUO Wenshan,PENG Yongxin
(Agriculture College of Yangzhou University/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops;Yangzhou Wheat Research Institute, Yangzhou,Jiangsu 225009,China)
Six semi-winterness wheat varieties and nine springness wheat varieties were planted in Jiangsu region as experiment materials.A field experiment was conducted to investigate differences in population characteristics of semi-winterness wheat and springness wheat varieties.The results indicated that the average of dry matter accumulation amount and LAI for semi-winterness wheat population were lower than those of springness wheat population at early growth stage,but were higher at late growth stage.The average of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis,total grains and grain-leaf ratio of semi-winterness wheat were higher than those of springness wheat population.Among the same type of semi-winterness or springness wheat varieties,there were significant differences in dry matter accumulation amount and total grains.Moreover,grain yield was significantly positively correlated to dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis,total grains,grain-leaf ratio,earing percentage of main stems and tillers,but negatively correlated with the reduced rate of LAI.Dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and total grains in semi-winterness or springness wheat were significantly positively correlated to nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE).NGPE of springness wheat was positively correlated with grain-leaf ratio,but was negatively correlated with the reduced rate of LAI,and agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (NAE) was positively correlated with earing percentage of main stems and tillers.Grain-leaf ratio in semi-winterness wheat was positively correlated with NAE.In summary,dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and total grains were the regulation characteristics of NGPE for both wheat types,and grain-leaf ratio was the evaluation indicators for the NGPE difference of springness wheat and for the NAE of semi-winterness wheat,and the earing percentage of main stems and tillers was the regulation indicator for the NUEa of springness wheat.
Semi-winterness wheat; Springness wheat; Nitrogen efficiency; Population characteristics
時(shí)間:2016-05-10
2015-11-18
2015-12-14
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31271642);“十二五”國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013BAD07B09);農(nóng)業(yè)部行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201503130);江蘇省高校自然科學(xué)基金重大項(xiàng)目(13KJA210004);揚(yáng)州市農(nóng)業(yè)科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(YZ2014166);江蘇高校優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)科建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目;江蘇高校優(yōu)秀科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目
E-mail:515798694@qq.com
朱新開(E-mail: xkzhu@yzu.edu.cn);封超年(E-mail: fengchaonian@hotmail.com)
S512.1;S311
A
1009-1041(2016)05-0631-10
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1359.S.20160510.1625.028.html