李 杰 肖元元 祝超瑜 王煜非 魏 麗 包玉倩 賈偉平
上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科上海市糖尿病研究所上海市糖尿病重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海200233
2型糖尿病患者頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度與代謝綜合征及其相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的關(guān)系
李杰肖元元祝超瑜王煜非魏麗包玉倩賈偉平
上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科上海市糖尿病研究所上海市糖尿病重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海200233
目的探討2型糖尿?。═2DM)患者頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)與代謝綜合征(MS)及其相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的關(guān)系。方法選取上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院糖尿病??崎T診2013~2015年就診數(shù)據(jù),以WHO診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診的1884例T2DM患者;依據(jù)超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果,將IMT<0.90 mm共1083例設(shè)為IMT對(duì)照組,IMT≥0.90 mm共801例設(shè)為IMT增厚組。采用Logistic回歸方法,分析IMT與MS及其相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素的關(guān)系。結(jié)果結(jié)果顯示,IMT增厚組年齡、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、糖尿病病程、腰圍(WC)、臀圍(Hip)、收縮壓(SBP)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(lnCRP)高于IMT對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡≥40歲、糖尿病病程≥10年、BMI≥24 kg/m2、WC≥88 cm、Hip≥101 cm、LDL-C≥2.91 mmol/L、lnCRP≥1.01 mg/L及高血壓是T2DM患者IMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05);MS聚集程度與IMT存在顯著關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系,且存在顯著劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(χ2=2.64~19.43,P<0.01)。結(jié)論MS是T2DM患者IMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
2型糖尿?。惶悄虿〔〕?;頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度;代謝綜合征
[Abstract]Objective To explore the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness(IMT)and metabolic syndrome(MS)with its components in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients.Methods 1884 subjects were enrolled who were diagnosed with T2DM based on the criteria of WHO in Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism,the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University from 2013 to 2015.All the subjects were divided into two groups according to the IMT levels by using ultransonography,IMT control group:IMT<0.90 mm(n=1083)and IMT increased group:IMT≥0.90 mm(n=801).Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors of MS in T2DM subjects with IMT.Results By the subgroup analysis,age,body mass index(BMI),duration of diabetes mellitus,waist circumference(WC),hip circumference(Hip),systolic blood pressure(SBP),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and log C-reactive protein(lnCRP)were significantly higher in the IMT increased group compared with the IMT control group(P<0.05).Multifactor Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age≥40 years,duration of diabetes mellitus≥10 years,BMI≥24 kg/m2,WC≥88 cm,Hip≥101 cm,LDL≥2.91 mmol/L,lnCRP≥1.01 mg/L and hypertension(HTN)were independent risk factors of the IMT thickening with T2DM patients(P<0.05).Clustering analysis revealed several MS components had significant correlation with different levels of IMT and there were dose-responses relationships between them(χ2=2.64-19.43,P<0.01).Conclusion MS related components is IMT thickening independent risk factors in T2DM patients.
[Key words]Type 2 diabetes mellitus;Duration of diabetes mellitus;Carotid intima-media thickness;Metabolic syndrome
血管病變是2型糖尿?。═2DM)最常見的慢性并發(fā)癥之一,T2DM患者心血管疾病發(fā)病率為普通人群的2~4倍,發(fā)病時(shí)間比正常人群提前15年[1]。T2DM患者大血管病變主要累及心血管、腦血管和外周血管等,頸動(dòng)脈作為全身中動(dòng)脈的一個(gè)窗口,其硬化程度和冠心病、腦動(dòng)脈及外周動(dòng)脈硬化性疾病明顯相關(guān),而內(nèi)膜中層厚度(intima-mediathickness,IMT)則反映動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化最早期的病理改變,是全身血管疾病的先兆和早期動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的預(yù)警指標(biāo)[2-3],也是預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)估T2DM患者心血管并發(fā)癥的敏感指標(biāo)[4]。本文探討T2DM患者IMT增厚的危險(xiǎn)因素,為T2DM患者大血管病變提供早期預(yù)警、防治手段。
1.1對(duì)象
研究對(duì)象來(lái)自2013~2015年上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)專科門診管理信息系統(tǒng)[5]已確診的T2DM患者1884例,依據(jù)超聲檢測(cè)結(jié)果,分為IMT對(duì)照組1083例,IMT增厚組801例。本研究經(jīng)我院論理委員會(huì)審核通過,患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
采用通用公司彩色多普勒B型超聲診斷儀(探頭頻率7.5~10 MHz),測(cè)量受檢者雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈,在頸總動(dòng)脈分叉近端10、20、30 mm處分別測(cè)前壁和側(cè)壁IMT值。根據(jù)2013 ESH/ESC高血壓治療指南[6],將IMT任意一側(cè)值≥0.90 mm設(shè)為IMT增厚組,雙側(cè)同時(shí)<0.90 mm設(shè)為IMT對(duì)照組。代謝綜合征(MS)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照《糖尿病防治指南(2013版)》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]。
體格指標(biāo)采集由專職護(hù)士采用WHO推薦方法。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:血糖采用氧化酶法測(cè)定,血脂采用日立7060全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SAS 9.2統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);以IMT是否增厚為應(yīng)變量,采用單因素和多因素非條件Logistic回歸法分析其影響因素;以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1T2DM患者IMT組間一般情況分析
兩樣本獨(dú)立性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),IMT增厚組年齡、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、糖尿病病程、臀圍(Hip)、腰圍(WC)、收縮壓(SBP)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白值(lnCRP)及高血壓(HTN)患病率均高于IMT正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);但組間性別、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、舒張壓(DBP)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05)。見表1。
表1 T2DM患者IMT組間一般臨床情況分析()
表1 T2DM患者IMT組間一般臨床情況分析()
注:*數(shù)據(jù)前為疾病陽(yáng)性數(shù)百分比/疾病陰性數(shù)百分比;T2DM:2型糖尿病;IMT:內(nèi)膜中層厚度;BMI:體重指數(shù);WC:腰圍;Hip:臀圍;SBP:收縮壓;DBP:舒張壓;TC:總膽固醇;TG:三酰甘油;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白膽固醇;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;CRP:C-反應(yīng)蛋白;HTN:高血壓;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
變量IMT對(duì)照組(n=1083)IMT增厚組(n=801)P值性別(例,男/女)年齡(歲)BMI(kg/m2)糖尿病病程(年)WC(cm)Hip(cm)SBP(mmHg)DBP(mmHg)TC(mmol/L)TG(mmol/L)HDL-C(mmol/L)LDL-C(mmol/L)lnCRP(mg/L)HTN患病率(%)*567/516 59.08±13.29 24.33±3.50 11.33±6.86 86.73±10.37 95.97±7.58 130.0±18.02 78.69±10.06 4.72±1.10 1.72±1.27 1.18±0.33 2.94±0.96 0.03±0.55 11.46/31.05 452/349 68.15±10.91 24.73±3.40 13.62±7.70 89.76±10.22 97.56±7.72 136.4±18.59 79.05±10.70 4.79±1.14 1.69±1.14 1.16±0.38 3.04±1.01 0.10±0.53 23.89/33.60 0.0837 0.0000 0.0142 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4498 0.1625 0.6694 0.1362 0.0165 0.0167 0.0000
2.2T2DM患者IMT影響因素分析
單因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡(OR=1.06,P<0.01)、BMI(OR=1.03,P<0.05)、糖尿病病程(OR= 1.05,P<0.01)、WC(OR=1.03,P<0.01)、Hip(OR=1.03,P<0.01)、SBP(OR=1.02,P<0.01)、LDL-C(OR=1.12,P<0.05)、lnCRP(OR=1.23,P<0.05)、HTN(OR=1.93,P<0.01)是T2DM患者IMT增厚的危險(xiǎn)因素;剔除差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的性別、TC、HDL-C因素后進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,與年齡<40歲比較,年齡在≥40歲時(shí)對(duì)IMT增厚的影響逐步增大,年齡在≥70歲時(shí)更為顯著(OR=4.25,P<0.01);與糖尿病病程<5年比較,糖尿病病程≥10年時(shí)對(duì)IMT增厚的影響逐漸顯現(xiàn)(OR=1.30,P<0.01);在以四分位數(shù)分層的WC、Hip、LDL-C、lnCRP變量中呈相同趨勢(shì);將BMI<24 kg/m2、SBP<130 mmHg、無(wú)HTN設(shè)為參照組,與BMI≥24 kg/m2、SBP≥130 mmHg、有HTN(1~3期)分別進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果可見,BMI(OR= 1.27,P<0.05)、SBP(OR=2.08,P<0.01)、HTN(OR= 1.37~1.72,P<0.01)。結(jié)果證實(shí):年齡、糖尿病病程、BMI、WC、Hip、LDL-C、SBP、HTN及l(fā)nCRP是T2DM患者IMT增厚的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。見表2。
表2 T2DM患者IMT影響因素的多因素Logistic回歸分析
表3 T2DM患者不同IMT水平與MS聚集程度無(wú)序多分類反應(yīng)變量Logistic回歸分析
2.3T2DM患者不同IMT水平與MS聚集程度分析
不同IMT水平和MS組分聚集程度的關(guān)聯(lián)性分析,與僅有T2DM組分進(jìn)行比較,T2DM伴1種MS組分、T2DM伴2種MS組分和T2DM伴3種MS組分中,顯著性隨IMT的增厚,逐步增高(P<0.01)。調(diào)整性別、年齡、BMI混雜因素后,與僅有T2DM組分比較,T2DM伴1種MS組分中,OR值分別為1.39、1.43、1.54(均P<0.01),但無(wú)劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(χ2趨勢(shì)=2.64,P>0.05);與T2DM伴2種MS組分比較,OR值分別為1.61、1.70、1.74,(均P<0.01),且存在劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(χ2趨勢(shì)=17.07,P<0.01);與T2DM伴3種MS組分比較,OR值分別為1.31、1.32、1.48(P<0.01),且存在劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(χ2趨勢(shì)=19.43,P<0.01);結(jié)果表明,MS的聚集程度是IMT增厚的連續(xù)獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。見表3。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是個(gè)復(fù)雜的慢性炎癥過程,主要與年齡、性別、高血壓、糖尿病、肥胖、遺傳、吸煙、運(yùn)動(dòng)以及高致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化膽固醇等多重危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)[8-9]。迄今,IMT形成的確切機(jī)制并沒有完全闡明,較為一致的認(rèn)同是,多種危險(xiǎn)因素引起內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,導(dǎo)致LDL-C浸潤(rùn),形成泡沫細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞因子、炎性介質(zhì)、生物酶及平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖與遷移,導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈壁炎癥,最終形成IMT增厚[10-16]。早期發(fā)現(xiàn)大血管病變對(duì)T2DM患者的防治極為重要。頸總動(dòng)脈超聲探測(cè)簡(jiǎn)易、準(zhǔn)確,能夠預(yù)測(cè)心血管事件的發(fā)生發(fā)展及程度[10],目前常被研究者作為心血管疾病臨床試驗(yàn)的“替代標(biāo)記”[2,17]。Magnussen等[18]研究顯示,IMT增厚與MS聚集程度呈正相關(guān),顯示MS的相關(guān)因素是IMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,IMT與TG、HDL-C呈負(fù)相關(guān),為IMT增厚的保護(hù)因素。Kawamoto等[19]研究結(jié)果亦證實(shí)MS聚集程度與IMT增厚存在獨(dú)立相關(guān)性,且與T2DM患者存在交互作用。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,在T2DM患者中,年齡、BMI、糖尿病病程、SBP、WC、Hip、lnCRP、HTN是IMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;校正年齡、性別等混雜因素后,與僅有T2DM組分相比較,不同IMT水平間的顯著性有擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)(χ2值由7.18、7.23擴(kuò)大到17.07、19.43),且存在顯著的劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(P趨勢(shì)<0.01),提示MS聚集程度是IMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且與T2DM存在聯(lián)合協(xié)同作用。研究結(jié)果證實(shí),T2DM患者中,MS及其危險(xiǎn)因素是IMT增厚的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
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Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic syndrome with its components in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
LI Jie XIAO Yuanyuan ZHU Chaoyu WANG Yufei WEI Li BAO Yuqian JIA Weiping
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism,the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Institute of Diabetes Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus,Shanghai200233,China
R589
A
1673-7210(2016)09(c)-0087-04
2016-06-19本文編輯:程銘)
上海市浦東新區(qū)衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科群建設(shè)資助項(xiàng)目(PWZxq2014-07);上海市浦東新區(qū)科技發(fā)展基金創(chuàng)新資金項(xiàng)目(PKJ2013-Y70)。
李杰(1973.12-),男,蘇州大學(xué)2013級(jí)流行病學(xué)與高等統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:2型糖尿病發(fā)病機(jī)制。
魏麗(1963.4-),女,博士,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師;研究方向:2型糖尿病發(fā)病機(jī)制。