胡師東 吳海珍 麻麗麗 胡曉光 賈曉慧▲
1.溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院兒童呼吸科,浙江溫州325027;2.浙江省溫州市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院ICU,浙江溫州325000
兒科早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)評(píng)分對(duì)門診急性呼吸道感染患兒分流及病情評(píng)估的價(jià)值
胡師東1吳海珍2麻麗麗1胡曉光1賈曉慧1▲
1.溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院兒童呼吸科,浙江溫州325027;2.浙江省溫州市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院ICU,浙江溫州325000
目的探討兒科早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)評(píng)分對(duì)門診急性呼吸道感染患兒分流及病情評(píng)估的價(jià)值。方法本研究采用橫斷面調(diào)查,收集2015年5月1日~31日于在溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院和溫州市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院呼吸科門診就診的急性呼吸道感染患兒資料,計(jì)算PEWS評(píng)分。比較住院及非住院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分,將住院患兒進(jìn)一步按PEWS評(píng)分分為重癥組與非重癥組,比較兩組之間患兒年齡、初診至入院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用及日平均費(fèi)用等差異。結(jié)果研究期間共收集1954例患兒資料,大部分初診患兒的PEWS評(píng)分≤2分,≥4分的患兒屬于少數(shù),入院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分高于非入院患兒。重癥組與非重癥組之間患兒年齡未見明顯差異[90(69.5,150)vs 93(72.5,152),P= 0.750],重癥組從初診至入院的時(shí)間明顯較非重癥組短[0(0,0.5)vs 2(1,2),P<0.01],住院費(fèi)用[11035(8885,21541)vs 4818(3749,6477.5),P<0.01]及日平均費(fèi)用[1210(878,1964)vs 611(544,717),P<0.01)]均較非重癥組明顯增高,并且死亡率明顯高于重癥組(23.1%vs 0,P=0.003),但住院天數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[10(6,16)vs 8(6,12.5),P= 0.297]。結(jié)論P(yáng)EWS是簡(jiǎn)單有效的評(píng)分系統(tǒng),在急性呼吸道感染患兒的門診病情評(píng)估以及有效分流中具有準(zhǔn)確的指導(dǎo)作用,可做為一種常規(guī)的評(píng)估工具。
兒童早期預(yù)警評(píng)分;門診分流;病情嚴(yán)重指標(biāo);急性呼吸道感染
[Abstract]Objective To explore the value of pediatric early warning system score in distribution and disease evaluation of infant patients with acute respiratory infections in outpatient clinic.Methods Cross-sectional investigation was applied in this study.The data of infant patients with acute respiratory infections who were diagnosed in the Respiratory Outpatient of Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou Hospital of Combined TCM and Western Medicine From May1to May31in 2015 were collected,and PEWS scores were calculated.PEWS scores were compared between the hospitalized patients and non-hospitalized patients.The hospitalized infant patients were further assigned to the severe group and non-severe group according to the PEWS scores.Patients'age,time from first diagnosis to admission,expenses of hospitalization and daily average expenses were compared and analyzed between two groups.Results A total of 1954 infant patients data were collected in the study period,and PEWS score in most patients in the first diagnosis was≤2,and few patients were with the score of≥4.The PEWS score in the admitted patients was higher than that in the non-admitted patients.There was not significant difference of patients'age between the severe group and non-severe group[90(69.5,150)vs 93(72.5,152),P=0.750].The time from first diagnosis to admission in the severe group was significantly shorter than that in the non-severe group[0(0,0.5)vs 2(1,2),P<0.01],andthe hospitalization expenses[11035(8885,21541)vs 4818(3749,6477.5),P<0.01]and daily average expenses[1210(878,1964)vs 611(544,717),P<0.01]were all significantly higher than those in the non-severe group.The mortality rate was significantly higher than that in the severe group(23.1%vs 0,P=0.003),but the length of stay was not statistically significantly different[10(6,16)vs 8(6,12.5),P=0.297].Conclusion PEWS is a simple and effective scoring system,and plays an accurate guiding role in the evaluation of diseases in outpatient clinic and effective distribution in the infant patients with acute respiratory infections,which can be taken as a regular evaluation tool.
[Key words]Pediatric early warning scores;Outpatient distribution;Disease severity indicators;Acute respiratory infections
急性呼吸道感染是嬰幼兒期最常見的疾病之一,因?yàn)閶胗變鹤陨須獾勒?、肺泡直徑小、?shù)量少,并且呼吸中樞調(diào)節(jié)能力差,在急性呼吸道感染疾病時(shí)易發(fā)生氣道梗阻、呼吸衰竭。因此,對(duì)于患兒量較多的門診,如何簡(jiǎn)單、快速、有效地識(shí)別高?;純壕哂兄匾囊饬x。兒科早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)評(píng)分(pediatric early warning score,PEWS)[1-2]可及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地識(shí)別兒童潛在的危重疾病,具有一定的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值[3],適用于普通病房住院患兒病情風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、急診室患兒分流及預(yù)檢分診[4],同樣適用于評(píng)估意外傷害急診患兒的病情[5]。本研究選擇2015年5月因急性呼吸道感染就診的患兒1954例,首診時(shí)進(jìn)行兒科早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)評(píng)分(PEWS),并對(duì)這部分患兒進(jìn)行分析,評(píng)估該評(píng)分系統(tǒng)在門診患兒分流及病情評(píng)估中的作用?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1一般資料
收集2015年5月1日~31日于在溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院和溫州市中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院呼吸科門診就診的急性呼吸道感染患兒1954例。非住院患兒1868例,收住入院患兒86例,其中男49例,女37例;其中按PEWS評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重癥患兒13例,非重癥患兒73例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡29 d~3歲;具有急性呼吸道感染癥狀:咳嗽、發(fā)熱,伴或不伴影像學(xué)陽(yáng)性結(jié)果;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):免疫缺陷;先天性心臟??;支氣管肺發(fā)育不良;先天性氣道畸形(如氣道狹窄和氣道軟化癥)等。
1.2研究方法
采用橫斷面調(diào)查的方法,記錄患兒的PEWS評(píng)分、分流去向。將住院的患兒分為重癥組及非重癥組,其中重癥組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為PEWS評(píng)分≥4分或者一項(xiàng)評(píng)分達(dá)到3分[6,7],對(duì)重癥組與非重癥組患兒的年齡、初診至入院的時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用、死亡率等進(jìn)行比較。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
所有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)使用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行計(jì)算,研究中定量資料給予正態(tài)檢驗(yàn)分析,正態(tài)分布資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)描述,非正態(tài)分布資料用中位數(shù)、四分位數(shù)描述;符合正態(tài)分布、方差齊性的資料給予t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)分布及方差齊性的采用秩和檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料采用Krusakl-Wallis H檢驗(yàn)。定性資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1非住院及住院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分分布
2015年5月共收集1954份首次就診時(shí)進(jìn)行PEWS評(píng)分的患兒資料,根據(jù)此后的治療過程分為住院患兒及非住院患兒兩組,兩組PEWS評(píng)分見表1及圖1、2,將住院患兒與非住院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分分布用Krusakl-Wallis H分析比較發(fā)現(xiàn),住院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分高于非住院患兒(P<0.01)。
表1 非住院及住院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分分布(n)
2.2住院患兒的臨床特征
根據(jù)PEWS評(píng)分將86例住院患兒分為重癥組與非重癥組。兩組的臨床特征見表2。兩組患兒的年齡及性別未見明顯差異,具有可比性。重癥組從初診至入院時(shí)間明顯較非重癥組短,住院費(fèi)用及日平均費(fèi)用均較非重癥組明顯增高,且死亡率明顯高于重癥組,但兩組的住院天數(shù)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
急性呼吸道感染是嬰幼兒常見的感染性疾病,小兒呼吸系統(tǒng)解剖生理特點(diǎn)以及機(jī)體免疫特點(diǎn)致使該年齡段人群呼吸系統(tǒng)感染性疾病發(fā)病率高,其臨床癥狀可以從不顯性感染到威脅生命的重癥感染,尤其是急性下呼吸道感染,嚴(yán)重威脅患兒健康。目前全世界每年死于肺炎的5歲以下兒童大約140萬(wàn),占死因構(gòu)成的18.3%,肺炎仍是第一位死亡原因[8]。在急性呼吸道感染的流行季節(jié)往往導(dǎo)致兒科門診患者驟增,如何在就診的患兒中早期識(shí)別病情危重的患兒并進(jìn)行早期處理對(duì)于提高診療質(zhì)量、改善患兒預(yù)后顯得非常重要。
表2 重癥組與非重癥組的臨床特征比較
為了準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別急危重癥患兒,目前臨床上存在多種評(píng)分系統(tǒng),其中APACHEⅡ評(píng)分是使用最廣泛且較權(quán)威的評(píng)分工具[9],但該評(píng)分參數(shù)多、獲取時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、計(jì)算復(fù)雜,不利于對(duì)大量的門診就診患兒做出快速的評(píng)估。兒科早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)評(píng)分(PEWS)是較為簡(jiǎn)單易操作的評(píng)分系統(tǒng),包括神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(意識(shí))、心血管系統(tǒng)和呼吸系統(tǒng)3個(gè)方面,不依賴年齡分類,操作較為簡(jiǎn)單,不需要用到特殊設(shè)備,且可重復(fù)性好,因此對(duì)于門診患兒具有很強(qiáng)的操作性,可用于患兒病情變化的早期評(píng)價(jià),為臨床兒科醫(yī)生的診斷和治療決策提供依據(jù),指導(dǎo)臨床治療[10-13]。
圖1 非住院患兒PEWS評(píng)分分布
圖2 住院患兒PEWS評(píng)分分布
本研究在2015年5月1日~31日共觀察1954例門診就診的急性呼吸道感染患兒,結(jié)果顯示住院患兒的PEWS評(píng)分高于非住院患兒(P<0.01),因此利用PEWS評(píng)分結(jié)果可以及時(shí)做出判斷,可以對(duì)急性呼吸道感染患兒進(jìn)行快速準(zhǔn)確的分流。此外,門診大部分的初診患兒的PEWS評(píng)分≤2分,0~1分的患兒占了很大比例,屬于無需處理、無需觀察的干預(yù)等級(jí),反映了國(guó)內(nèi)家長(zhǎng)對(duì)患兒急性呼吸道感染缺乏基本應(yīng)變知識(shí)。因此,有必要對(duì)家長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行基本的醫(yī)療常識(shí)宣教,增強(qiáng)家庭處理患兒病情的能力,對(duì)輕癥患兒可以減輕家庭以及醫(yī)院的負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)避免不必要的醫(yī)療資源占用。在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步對(duì)收住入院治療的86例患兒進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥組就診至收住病房的時(shí)間明顯短于非重癥組,在重癥組中住院費(fèi)用、日均住院費(fèi)用及死亡率均明顯高于非重癥組,與Bell、Parshuuram等[14,15]的研究結(jié)果一樣,也證實(shí)了PEWS評(píng)分可以做為評(píng)估患兒病情嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo)等[16-17]。Egdell等[18]認(rèn)為PEWS評(píng)分對(duì)于需要轉(zhuǎn)入ICU的危重癥患兒的識(shí)別敏感性為70%,特異性為90%。通過進(jìn)行PEWS評(píng)分,能幫助醫(yī)護(hù)人員方便、快捷地識(shí)別、處理危重癥、潛在危重癥患兒,提高監(jiān)護(hù)級(jí)別,及早搶救或轉(zhuǎn)移患兒去更恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委焼卧?9,20],可以減少臨床醫(yī)療及護(hù)理安全隱患,提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量。
綜上所述,本研究證實(shí)PEWS是簡(jiǎn)單有效的評(píng)分系統(tǒng),在急性呼吸道感染患兒的門診病情評(píng)估以及有效分流中具有準(zhǔn)確的指導(dǎo)作用,適合在門診患兒中做為一種常規(guī)的評(píng)估工具。
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Value of pediatric early warning system score in distribution and disease evaluation of infant patients with acute respiratory infections in outpatient clinic
HU Shidong1WU Haizhen2MA Lili1HU Xiaoguang1JIA Xiaohui1
1.Department of Pediatric Respiratory,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou 325027,China;2.Department of ICU,Wenzhou Hospital of Combined TCM and Western Medicine,Wenzhou325000,China
R725.6
A
1673-9701(2016)24-0008-04
2016-05-26)
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2014RCA015)