1. contain vt. 包含；包括；裝有；容納

The book contains twenty pictures.

這本書含有20幅圖。

The classroom can contain 60 people.

這個教室可容納60人。

比較：contain和include的區(qū)別

（1） contain側重所含的量與成分。

The basket contains a variety of fruits.

這籃子里裝有各種水果。

This drink doesnt contain any alcohol.

這種飲料不含任何酒精。

（2） include側重于對比整體與部分，指某整體包含或容納某部分。

The money I gave you included Xiao Zhangs.

我給你的錢里包括了給小張的錢。

This dictionary is 100 yuan， postage included.

這本詞典連郵費共一百元。

（3） include常以including（名詞或代詞前）或included（名詞或代詞后）的形式出現(xiàn)在短語中，用來舉例、解釋或補充說明。

There are ten of us here， including three girls.

= There are ten of us here， three girls included.

Everybody has something to say， me included.

= Everybody has something to say， including me.

2. design vt. & n. 設計

The experiment is designed to test the new medicine.

實驗的目的是試驗新藥。

Who designed the Water Cube？

誰設計了水立方？

This building is a bad design.

這棟樓是一個失敗的設計。

design for 為……設計

be designed for/to do 專為……而做（設置）

by design 故意地；有意地

3. create vt. 創(chuàng)造；發(fā)明

An artist should create beautiful things.

一個藝術家應該創(chuàng)造美麗的東西。

The government plans to create more jobs for young people.

政府計劃為年輕人創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機會。

比較：discover，create，invent，find的區(qū)別

discover指發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物是本來存在但沒人知道的；create指創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)造新的事物；invent指發(fā)明，通過研究制造出從前沒有的東西；find指找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)，強調(diào)找到某物的結果，不強調(diào)過程。

4. shorten vt. 縮短

The days shorten in November in this country.

在這個國家，白天在十一月會變短。

The teacher told me to shorten my report to one page.

老師讓我把報告縮短為一頁。

5. breakdown n. 故障；失??；（身體）垮掉

I dont know how to deal with the network breakdown.

我不知道如何處理網(wǎng)絡故障。

He couldnt work after his breakdown.

他病倒以后，就不能工作了。

break down 出故障；壞掉；失??；垮掉；把……分類；劃分；分解

The machine has broken down.

這臺機器出故障了。

Our car broke down on the motorway.

我們的汽車在高速公路上拋錨了。

Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.

雙方談判失敗了。

Each lesson is broken down into several units.

每一課都分成幾部分。

Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach.

糖和淀粉在胃里被分解。

6. disadvantage n. 弊端；缺點

If you dont speak good English， youll be at a big disadvantage when you try to get a job.

你要是英語講得不好，找工作時就會處于非常不利的情況。

What is the disadvantage of using water power？

使用水能有何弊端？

常用搭配：to ones disadvantage 對某人不利

7. defence n. 保護；防衛(wèi)

defence后接入侵者或造成危害者用against；若其后接被保護者用of。

A thick coat is a good defence against the cold.

一件厚衣服足可以御寒。

People used to build strong walls round their towns as a defence against enemies.

人們從前在城鎮(zhèn)四周修筑城墻來抵御敵人。

This fort was once the main defence of the island.

這座堡壘曾經(jīng)是這個島上的主要防御設施。

常用搭配：in defence of 保衛(wèi)……；為……辯護

They fought in defence of their country.

他們?yōu)楸Ｐl(wèi)祖國而戰(zhàn)。

Hundreds of people gave their lives in defence of freedom.

千百人為了自由獻出了自己的生命。

8. average adj. 平均的；一般的；普通的

（1） average通常只能放在名詞前作定語，不用作表語，且沒有比較級。

What was the average temperature yesterday？

昨天的平均氣溫是多少？

The average age of boys in this class is 15.

這個班男生的平均年齡為15歲。

（2） average表示“一般的；普通的”，可用作定語，也可用作表語。

He is just an average student.

他只是個普通的學生。

There was nothing special about the film—it was only average.

這部電影沒什么特別的，只是一部普通的電影。

average n. 平均

above/below average 平均水平以上 / 以下

on （an/the） average 平均而言；根據(jù)平均標準

the average of ……的平均數(shù)

an average of （跟數(shù)詞）平均有

注意：the average of...做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，意為“……的平均數(shù)”；an average of + 復數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。

9. independent adj. 獨立的；有主見的；分開的

Mozambique became independent in 1975.

莫桑比克于1975年獨立。

My elder sister has moved away from home and is now

independent.

我姐姐已經(jīng)搬出去住了，現(xiàn)在她獨立了。

常用搭配：independent of sb/sth 不相關的；不受影響的

I am old enough to be independent of my parents.

我年紀足夠大了，可以不依賴父母了。

10. consist of 由……組成

consist of常用整體作主語，表示“整體由部分組成”，引申為“包含有”，不能用于被動語態(tài)。

This necklace consists of gold and diamond.

這條項鏈由黃金和鉆石組成。

The city consists of five districts.

這個城市有五個區(qū)。

11. as well 也

as well多用于口語中，語氣較輕。通常用于肯定句或疑問句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。

Ill come to London， and my sister will come as well.

我會來倫敦，我的妹妹也會來。

Are they coming as well？

他們也來嗎？

12. concentrate on 聚精會神；集中思想

其后可直接接名詞或接動詞-ing形式。

I cant concentrate on my studies.

我無法集中精神學習。

Right now we should concentrate on doing some things for our plan.

現(xiàn)在我們應該集中精力為我們的計劃做些事。

13. compared with 與……相比

Compared with our small apartment， our uncles house seemed like a palace.

跟我們的小公寓比起來，叔叔的房子就像宮殿。

How does life in Britain compared with life in the States？

與美國的生活相比，英國生活如何？

短語：compare...to... 把……比作……

compare...with... 把……和……比較

14. become/be known as 作為……而出名；

被稱為……；叫作……

She was known as an excellent dancer.

她作為一名優(yōu)秀的舞蹈家而聞名。

These chocolate bars are known as something else in the US.

這種巧克力棒在美國有別的叫法。

（1） be known for 因……而眾所周知

He was known for his frankness.

他以坦率著稱。

（2） be known to 為……所知

Hes known to the police because of his previous criminal record.

他因以前的犯罪記錄而為警察所知。

15. go down 倒下；（船等）下沉，沉沒，下降；

（將食物、飲料）吞下，咽下，喝下；（物價等）

下跌；（溫度等）下降；（日、月）落到地平線

下，落下

She stripped and went down with a bump.

她絆了一下，重重地倒在地上。

The ship went down with all on board.

這條船連船帶人都沉沒了。

A glass of wine would go down very nicely.

能喝一杯葡萄酒就太痛快了。

The price of eggs is going down.

蛋價正在下降。

The color of the sky deepened as the sun went down.

夕陽西下，天空的顏色漸趨深暗。

16. come up with 提出；趕上

We werent able to come up with any new suggestions.

我們提不出任何新建議。

We came up with a group of tourists.

我們趕上了一群旅游者。