王君

在上一期，筆者介紹了托福獨(dú)立寫作句式多樣化的四大基本手法，本期筆者給廣大考生介紹另外六種句式多樣化的寫作手法。

方法五：強(qiáng)調(diào)句式

強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that +原句剩余部分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是指人時(shí)，that也可以用who替換，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是主語、賓語、狀語等成分。在獨(dú)立寫作中，考生可以用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的觀點(diǎn)。比如這個(gè)題目：“Do you agree or disagree： Younger people are more likely to be influenced by the opinions of celebrities than older people.”考生此時(shí)可以用強(qiáng)調(diào)句來表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)：

It is younger people rather than older people that are more likely to be influenced by the opinions of celebrities.

再比如，針對這個(gè)題目：“Do you agree or disagree： The government should invest more money in economic development than in environmental protection.”考生可以通過強(qiáng)調(diào)介詞后的賓語來突出自己的觀點(diǎn)：

It is economic development rather than environmental protection that the government should invest more money in.

再比如這個(gè)題目：“Do you agree or disagree： People can take better care of their family members in urban areas than in rural areas.”考生可以通過強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語來突出自己的觀點(diǎn)。

It is in urban areas rather than in rural areas that people can take better care of their family members.

方法六：倒裝句式

在托福寫作中，下面四種部分倒裝的句式比較實(shí)用。

1. “Not only ... but also …”句型：當(dāng)not only放句首時(shí)，not only后面的成分倒裝，but also后面的成分不倒裝。這個(gè)句型可以用在作文主體段表達(dá)并列關(guān)系的內(nèi)容，或者用在結(jié)尾段概括總結(jié)主體段的內(nèi)容。

Not only can taking part in social activities help college students make lots of friends， but it also helps to develop their all-round abilities.

2. 否定副詞或者否定短語放句首，句子部分倒裝：常見的否定詞或者短語有never、hardly、rarely、scarcely、seldom、in no time、in no way、by no means、on no account、under no circumstances等。句子倒裝后，否定的意思得到了強(qiáng)調(diào)。比如：

Never will I give up.

Under no circumstances will I give up.

3. “Only +狀語”放句首倒裝：這種類型的倒裝句可以分為三種情況：①“only +副詞”作狀語放句首；② “only +介詞短語”作狀語放句首；③“only +狀語從句”作狀語放句首。下面分別舉例說明。

Only recently did I realize the importance of English.

Only by doing so can we protect our environment.

Only when we are far away from home can we realize the importance of parents.

這類倒裝句型經(jīng)?？梢杂迷讵?dú)立寫作結(jié)尾段最后一句，作用是對全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)和升華。

4. “So ... that”引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，當(dāng)“so +形容詞/副詞”放句首時(shí)倒裝：比如，對于句子“The flood was so severe that it damaged the village”，考生如果想強(qiáng)調(diào)洪水的嚴(yán)重性，可以將so severe放句首進(jìn)行倒裝，具體如下：

So severe was the flood that it damaged the village.

方法七：虛擬語氣

在獨(dú)立寫作主體段，有時(shí)考生可以用虛擬語氣來加強(qiáng)論證。針對與過去或現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況，或者未來不太可能發(fā)生的情況，考生就應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣的形式來表達(dá)。比如，為了證明科技的好處，考生可以這樣假設(shè)：“如果現(xiàn)在沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，將會……”這就需要運(yùn)用對現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行虛擬的表達(dá)形式：從句的謂語用過去時(shí)（系動詞用were）， 主句的謂語用“would/should/might/could +動詞原形”來表達(dá)。以下面這個(gè)句子為例。

If there were not the Internet， it would be difficult for us to obtain information.

再比如，在主體段舉完一個(gè)實(shí)例之后，為了加強(qiáng)例證，考生可以用對過去虛擬的形式來對比論證。此時(shí)，從句的謂語用had done的形式，主句的謂語用“would/should/might/could + have done”的形式。比如，為了證明看電視對孩子的負(fù)面影響，考生可以舉例證明Mike因?yàn)榭措娨曔^多導(dǎo)致成績退步。之后考生可以運(yùn)用虛擬語氣來對比論證：如果Mike沒有對看電視上癮，他就不可能考試不及格。

If Mike had not been addicted to watching TV， he would not have failed the exam.

方法八：同位語作插入語

考生可以用同位語從句作插入語來補(bǔ)充說明一個(gè)名詞，進(jìn)而使得句式更加多樣化。比如，針對句子“Beijing is a great city”，考生可以補(bǔ)充Beijing的同位語：

Beijing， the capital of China， is a great city.

這里兩個(gè)逗號中間的同位語不僅補(bǔ)充了表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，而且讓句式更加豐富。在獨(dú)立寫作主體段舉例的時(shí)候，考生介紹人物或者地點(diǎn)時(shí)經(jīng)?？梢赃\(yùn)用這樣的方式。再舉一個(gè)例子：

Jack Ma， the founder of Chinas biggest e-commerce group， is a successful businessman.

方法九：修辭性問句

修辭性問句（rhetorical question）的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用可以豐富以陳述句為主導(dǎo)的文章的語言。在獨(dú)立寫作首段，考生可以通過問句來引出文章的爭議話題。在主體段或者其他地方，考生可以通過反問的方式來加強(qiáng)論證說服的力度。

比如在《新托福考試官方指南（第四版）》第211頁官方公布的最高檔5分檔次的作文中，為了證明“誠實(shí)是任何人際交往關(guān)系中最重要的考慮因素”，該5分作文用到了修辭性問句：“Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else， thatd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again？ How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there？”作者通過這樣的反問加強(qiáng)了語氣，同時(shí)也極大地豐富了全文的句式。在這篇文章后面的Raters Comments部分，評卷人點(diǎn)評時(shí)提到考生對修辭性問句的評價(jià)：“There is a variety of sentence structures， including rhetorical questions.”由此可見，運(yùn)用修辭性問句也是豐富作文句式的一個(gè)好方法。

方法十：并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)

在整個(gè)獨(dú)立寫作中，考生也可以在需要的時(shí)候運(yùn)用并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)來拓展文章的內(nèi)容，豐富語言和增強(qiáng)氣勢。英語中從詞匯和短語到從句和主句都可以使用并列排比，從而豐富語言。請看這道托福題目：“Do you agree or disagree with the statement： Childrens education is a more difficult task than it was before because children spend too much time using cell phones， online games and social websites.”考生可以通過并列排比結(jié)構(gòu)來寫出個(gè)性化的首段：“To the people who argue that cell phones affect childrens studies， who claim that online games destroy childrens lives and who insist that social websites are harmful to childrens development， I refute these arguments with the following reasons.”這個(gè)首段通過三個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句的并列排比把題干中的三個(gè)方面都寫了進(jìn)來，體現(xiàn)了語言的個(gè)性化和豐富性。因?yàn)槠?，這一方法在此無法詳細(xì)闡述，考生可以學(xué)習(xí)筆者在本刊2013年12月號發(fā)表的《將“總統(tǒng)思維”植入托福寫作》（掃右側(cè)二維碼可閱讀）一文來詳細(xì)了解。