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        基于文獻計量分析的美國采礦與復墾學會(1984—2014年)發(fā)展歷程與研究綜述

        2016-08-15 07:43:18胡振琪付艷華趙云肖
        中國土地科學 2016年2期
        關鍵詞:綜述

        胡振琪,付艷華,肖 武,趙云肖,余 洋

        (中國礦業(yè)大學(北京)土地復墾與生態(tài)重建研究所,北京 100083)

        基于文獻計量分析的美國采礦與復墾學會(1984—2014年)發(fā)展歷程與研究綜述

        胡振琪,付艷華,肖 武,趙云肖,余 洋

        (中國礦業(yè)大學(北京)土地復墾與生態(tài)重建研究所,北京 100083)

        研究目的:通過對美國采礦與復墾學會31次年會論文集的統(tǒng)計分析,以求解析國際土地復墾領域的重點問題及發(fā)展趨勢。研究方法:采用VOSviewer可視化文獻分析軟件,劃分三個時間段對會議文獻的關鍵詞進行統(tǒng)計和聚類分析。研究結果:根據聚類分析結果將關鍵詞劃分為“復墾評價、規(guī)劃與管理”、“酸性礦井水”和“土壤與植被”三個聚類,在三個時間段中,各聚類的關鍵詞在穩(wěn)定中有變化,數(shù)量逐漸增多。研究結論:土地復墾的研究對象更加豐富,復墾的內涵與外延在不斷擴展,研究進一步細化。新理念、新技術、新材料不斷涌現(xiàn),生態(tài)問題成為研究的重點,也是未來研究的趨勢。關鍵詞:土地復墾;復墾規(guī)劃;綜述;美國采礦與復墾學會;酸性礦井水;土壤;植被

        美國采礦與復墾學會(American Society of Mining and Reclamation,ASMR)始建于1984年,會員來自20多個國家,通過舉辦研討會、出版論文集、雜志和網站等,促進土地復墾基礎理論和應用技術的發(fā)展,為全球礦物開采和復墾領域的專家學者、技術人員、企業(yè)、政府等提供了交流平臺,在國際土地復墾領域做出了突出貢獻。學會共7個分部:生態(tài)學、林業(yè)和野生動植物、巖土工程、尾礦、土地利用規(guī)劃設計、土壤以及水管理[1]。本文簡單介紹了該學會的發(fā)展歷程,運用可視化文獻分析軟件VOSviewer,以ASMR年會收錄文獻為數(shù)據庫,分析土地復墾研究發(fā)展的重點問題,展望未來土地復墾研究的發(fā)展趨勢和重點關注的方向。

        1 ASMR發(fā)展簡史

        ASMR的前身是1968年組建的“西弗吉尼亞露天開采研究指導委員會”(Steering Committee for surface Mine Research in West Virginia)。發(fā)起單位包括:西弗吉尼亞自然資源局復墾處、西弗吉尼亞露天開采與復墾學會、美國林務局、土壤保護局和西弗吉尼亞大學,每兩年組織一次研討會,交流研究成果,討論共同面臨的問題并尋找合作項目。指導委員會的成功,促成了1973年5月16日“阿帕拉契亞地區(qū)露天采礦與復墾委員會”(Council for Surface Mining and Reclamation in Appalachia)的成立。隨著委員會得到越來越廣泛的支持,1978年更名為“美國復墾研究委員會”(American Council for Reclamation Research),1982年再次更名為“美國露天采礦與復墾學會”(American Society for Surface Mining & Reclamation, ASSMR),2001年更名為“美國采礦與復墾學會”(American Society of Mining and Reclamation, ASMR)并沿用至今[2]。

        ASMR第一次年會于1984年在肯塔基州的歐文斯伯勒召開,截至2015年共舉辦了31次。年會為全球土地復墾領域的研究者提供了一個良好的交流平臺,其收錄文獻可代表全球復墾領域最新的研究成果,與期刊文獻相比更具有時效性。

        2 ASMR年會論文集關鍵詞聚類分析

        將年會文獻按三個時間段(1984—1993年,1994—2003年,2004—2014年)劃分,用VOSviewer軟件分別進行聚類分析,分析文獻關鍵詞的重要性和相關性并以圖形表達,參數(shù)設置見表1。由于缺乏早期文獻的信息,僅將文獻題目輸入文本文檔,分析研究熱點的變化。如能分析文獻摘要或全文,結果更加準確。按照詞頻和相關度篩選顯示詞語,并用Thesaurus文件將不同表達方式的同義詞用統(tǒng)一方式表達,如Coalbed Natural Gas, Coalbed Methane和CBNG,Minesoil和Mine Soil等。去除結果中的地名如Australia,Appalacia,時間如Year,Month,單位如Meters,Mg及其他詞匯如Many,Results。

        選用標簽圖(Label View)顯示分析結果,各時間段的分析結果見圖1—圖3(封三)。由圖可知,每個時間的分析結果都將關鍵詞分三個聚類,分別為紅色顯示的“復墾評價、規(guī)劃與管理(Evaluation, Planning and Management)”、藍色顯示的“酸性礦井水(Acid Mine Drainage)”以及綠色顯示的“土壤(Soil)和植被(Vegetation)”。圖中,關鍵詞的字體和圖斑越大說明出現(xiàn)頻率越高,關鍵詞間的距離越近說明其相關性越強。

        表1 VOSviewer設置參數(shù)Tab.1 VOSviewer parameters

        3 近10年研究熱點分析

        近10年的文獻更具有參考價值且電子資源充足,所以將2004—2014年文獻的題目、摘要和關鍵詞作為數(shù)據庫進行分析,參數(shù)設置見表1,分析結果見圖4(封三)。

        3.1復墾評價、規(guī)劃與管理

        3.1.1監(jiān)測與評價 礦區(qū)從開采到復墾后的持續(xù)監(jiān)測與有效評價是復墾工作的重要依據,為復墾規(guī)劃和管理工作提供支撐。監(jiān)測方面的研究重點是數(shù)據采集與分析技術,評價方面的研究可分為開采對環(huán)境的影響評價,復墾效果及經濟效益的評價。

        監(jiān)測技術方面,信息技術和電子設備的發(fā)展推動了監(jiān)測技術的進步。將遙感影像[3]、無人機[4]等應用到監(jiān)測中,實現(xiàn)了大面積實時動態(tài)監(jiān)測,降低了成本與風險。野外數(shù)據采集與計算機數(shù)據處理、網絡共享一體化技術的成熟,提高了數(shù)據的準確性、完整性和安全性[5]。

        評價對象主要包括水環(huán)境、土壤、植被和野生動物,其中水環(huán)境是研究重點。水環(huán)境的評價涉及水污染,區(qū)域水平衡以及水生物的影響。Moehle提出了臨界污染水源的測定與評價方法[6],Schmidt認為區(qū)域水平衡不僅是數(shù)量的平衡[7],水質的監(jiān)測對酸性水治理有關鍵作用,David探討了用水生物評價ARD對河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響的方法,評價結果反映水中重金屬的變化規(guī)律[8]。土壤評價方面,農化性質的持續(xù)監(jiān)測和評價是重點,此外,David提出土方平衡應注重質量評價,而不僅僅是數(shù)量平衡[9]。植被評價方面,包括開采前礦區(qū)的植被調查與評價,持續(xù)的植被生長記錄以及復墾效果評價,Pokorny等對現(xiàn)有的植被評價體系進行了對比分析,探討了RipES方法的應用[10]?!渡锒鄻有员Wo法案》的頒布促使開采及復墾活動對野生動物及其棲息地影響評價的研究增多,并于2013年會設立了專題論壇。

        評價的成果與結果直接為復墾管理服務。美國發(fā)布了一些標準評價方法,如美國環(huán)境保護署水質規(guī)范中的生物配體模型[11]和針對已有標準制定的快速評估法[12]。評價結果可作為復墾管理的依據,如《露天采礦管理與復墾法》規(guī)定作物產量為基本農田復墾標準,但土壤生產力的恢復有滯后性,而土壤質量評價結果可及時反映復墾效果并作為檢驗依據[13]。

        3.1.2規(guī)劃與設計 規(guī)劃與設計相關研究中倍受關注的是仿自然地貌生態(tài)修復法和邊采邊復的方法。前者是借助3S和計算機模擬技術,仿照自然河流的形態(tài),綜合考慮自然條件、土地利用和社會需要,設計穩(wěn)定的、可自持的河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。該方法可提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性,景觀的可觀賞性,并降低維護成本,但其推廣還需要更多政策和成本控制研究[14]。常用的方法有GeoFluvTM、Trihydro、Rosgen等。目前,研究熱點集中在土方平衡、巖石結構設計、水文模型、地形設計和邊坡穩(wěn)定評價等軟件的綜合利用、方法比選與改良以及新設備和技術的應用[15-16]等方面。

        高潛水位地區(qū),井工開采造成大面積地表塌陷和積水,肥沃的土地沉入水中,土地復墾率低,且穩(wěn)沉前土地長時間荒蕪,增加復墾難度和時間。針對糧食生產和能源需求矛盾突出的特點,胡振琪等提出了邊采邊復的方法,充分考慮地下開采與地面復墾措施的耦合,通過合理減輕土地損毀的開采措施和沉陷前或過程中復墾時機與方案的優(yōu)選提高復墾率[17]。

        3.1.3政策與管理 研究主要集中在以下幾個方面:一是政策與標準效果的研究,包括各管理部門、地區(qū)[18- 19],各成因損毀土地,不同用途復墾土地(包括自然保護區(qū)等)的標準,及其與科學研究和實踐之間的關系[20-22]。二是各復墾環(huán)節(jié)的標準研究,例如礦井水治理、復墾材料的篩選[23-24]等。三是風險評估和管理[25]。四是技術推廣,發(fā)布技術手冊[26];發(fā)起復墾項目和倡議,發(fā)動各方力量,提高公眾意識,完善公眾參與[27- 28]。

        3.2酸性礦井水

        從圖1—圖4可以看出酸性礦井水一直是研究的重點。該聚類中,被動處理技術(Passive Treatment)是近10年發(fā)展最為迅速也是最重要的酸性礦井水處理技術[29],2014年年會舉辦了5場專題論壇。相關關鍵詞,如生物反應器(Bioreactor)、人工垂直流池/濕地(Vertical Flow Wetland, VFW)等出現(xiàn)頻率較高。此外,酸性水的源頭控制和治理技術以及酸性礦井水與市政污水的聯(lián)合處理也成為學者們關注熱點[30-31]。一些機構在酸性水處理的研究方面做出了突出貢獻,例如,國際酸性防治網[32]及其資助下的酸性水治理技術行動[33]以及美國洲際技術管理委員會礦山廢棄物小組[34]等通過發(fā)布技術手冊,促進了技術推廣與應用。

        3.2.1被動處理技術 自20世紀80年代,被動處理技術開始應用于礦山酸性水治理[35],通過建立生態(tài)工程系統(tǒng),利用自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)過程來吸附金屬、中和酸性,改善水質[36]。被動處理系統(tǒng)(Passive Treatment System,PTS)穩(wěn)定且成本較低,得到了迅速推廣[37]。人工垂直流濕地是酸性水垂直流過各層有機和石灰介質的生物反應器,應用廣泛[38]。培養(yǎng)基常采用當?shù)氐母咝У统杀居袡C廢棄物[39-40],另外,Peltz等提出可在培養(yǎng)基中加入生物黑炭以加強其固碳作用[41]。

        隨著首批PTS老化,自2010年,政府組織PTS支持項目,為系統(tǒng)維護提供支持,促進了技術革新[42]。學者們嘗試改進系統(tǒng)以提高材料的使用效率、延長系統(tǒng)的壽命[43-44]。效果評價和試驗方法上,Oxenford從平面、垂直和時間維度監(jiān)測鐵元素的變化規(guī)律,為管理和維護提供依據[45]。生物多樣性評價[46]和過度處理對生態(tài)環(huán)境的負面影響也受到關注[47]。

        3.2.2源頭控制與治理技術 PTS占地面積大且易受季節(jié)影響,而源頭控制與治理可節(jié)省空間、控制污染源,主要是對礦區(qū)酸性廢石(Acid Mine Drainage,ARD)的治理。ARD的治理是通過播撒石灰以中和酸性,覆蓋低成本無毒的有機廢棄物建立厭氧環(huán)境防止硫化物氧化[48]。該領域涌現(xiàn)出一些新的技術手段,例如Gusek發(fā)明了一種可用管道輸送的泡沫狀細石灰粉pHoamTM[49]。

        3.3土壤與植被

        從圖4可以看出,近10年,在復墾土壤和植被的研究方面,除了復墾方法的研究之外,還出現(xiàn)了一些新的研究熱點,例如提高復墾土壤與植被的固碳能力,恢復生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能等。

        3.3.1土壤重構 近幾年,除了對復墾土壤重構的剖面工程與培肥改良措施及其對土壤物理化學性質影響的相關研究外,更加關注對土壤有機質、土壤生物活性以及土壤碳庫的恢復。

        土壤的剖面工程重構方面,研究集中在不同工程措施、剖面結構、材料和管理方式下對土壤和作物的影響[50-51]。土壤重構技術方面,肯塔基大學發(fā)明的“土壤再造機”,可進行高效的土壤重構,且能減少機械碾壓造成的土壤壓實,提高農作物產量[52]。土壤培肥改良方面,生物炭作為一種可以改良土壤物理化學性質、提高生物活性、建立長效碳庫[53]的材料,關于其用法和用量的研究增多。尤其是在美國西部山區(qū),將森林火災和病蟲害產生的生物炭作為改良劑,不僅可以改良土壤,還可以降低森林再次受災的風險,改善景觀生態(tài)系統(tǒng)[54]。

        土壤改良對土壤生物活性的影響方面,在宏觀尺度上,F(xiàn)rouz和Wick按照美國自東向西的氣候梯度分別分析了廢棄礦區(qū)土壤生物恢復情況[55]和不同土壤類型復墾區(qū)域土壤有機質動態(tài)變化的主要原因[56],微觀尺度上主要關注土壤改良劑和復墾方法對土壤生物及環(huán)境的影響[57]及以此為依據的土壤改良劑優(yōu)選[58]。

        3.3.2植被恢復 復墾植被下土壤重構方法、改良劑,以及配種和管理方式一直是研究重點[59-61]。阿巴拉契亞地區(qū)的再造林行動(Appalachian Regional Reforestation Initiative)自2005年開始推行林業(yè)的復墾方法(Forestry Reclamation Approach),實踐證明,該方法在改善土壤壓實,防止水土流失,促進林木生長方面有很好的作用,得到廣泛的應用[62-63]。復墾物種選擇方面,Skousen等認為柳枝稷、芒草和蘆竹等能源植物不僅經濟價值高,環(huán)境適應能力強,還可以為諸多保護動物提供生境,在西弗吉尼亞地區(qū)得到廣泛應用[64],而外來物種對本地物種的威脅和相應控制措施的研究得到了重視[65]。在植被的管理方面,自然的恢復能力引起關注,一些研究結果表明,某些區(qū)域自然恢復效果優(yōu)于人工復墾[66]。

        3.3.3土壤與植被碳庫 復墾對土壤和植被碳庫的影響越來越受到關注,在復墾方式選擇的過程中開始從節(jié)能減排和增加碳匯的角度考慮。研究集中在對不同復墾方式、方法對土壤和植被碳庫的長效影響及潛在的固碳能力[67]。在復墾材料選擇上,優(yōu)先選擇生物黑炭等有較強固碳能力的材料[53]。此外,當前政策法規(guī)和技術標準對減弱礦區(qū)土地和植被變化而對碳庫影響方面的要求尚不成熟,學者們對如何完善進行了探討[68]。

        3.3.4生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 復墾過程中生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體功能得到重視,在復墾過程中應充分考慮水文、地形、氣候等自然條件,在開采的生命周期中進行科學規(guī)劃,恢復一個可自持、可持續(xù)的健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)[69]。為保護復墾區(qū)的生物多樣性,各類動植物[70-71]及其棲息地的保護和恢復[72]成為研究的熱點。

        3.4油氣田復墾

        ASMR自2013起增設了油氣田復墾的專題論壇。研究重點集中在復墾管理與標準的確定,監(jiān)測與評價和復墾技術和案例研究,為復墾技術和整體設計提供了參考。

        油氣田復墾起步較晚,因此關于政策和管理的研究較多[73],致力于結合最佳管理實踐和績效管理方法,量化復墾標準,發(fā)揮企業(yè)的主觀能動性,在不損害公共利益的前提下促進技術創(chuàng)新并降低成本[74]。監(jiān)測和評價技術方面,借助Access和ArcGIS等軟件建立包括自然條件、復墾和監(jiān)測數(shù)據等在內的綜合數(shù)據庫,為復墾工作以及標準建立提供依據[75]。在廢棄物的處理與再利用方面,Penn探討了鉆井泥漿的分類、成分、處理過程以及相關政策法規(guī)[76]。Fisher認為廢棄物引起的鹽污染是一種重要的污染類型,可用視覺評價、地形測量、電阻率探測和采樣檢測等方法進行評價[77]。

        4 結論

        本文在介紹美國采礦與復墾學會的基礎上,基于1984—2014年該學會年會發(fā)表論文的分析,揭示了美國土地復墾研究歷史和發(fā)展趨勢,不難發(fā)現(xiàn):

        (1)美國土地復墾研究對象的廣泛,注重環(huán)境保護。美國的土地復墾由開始僅對露天煤礦損毀土地的復墾,發(fā)展到各類開采形式、各類礦區(qū)、管線等生產建設項目的復墾。復墾以保護環(huán)境為主要目的,其中礦區(qū)水、土壤和植被是研究的重點。

        (2)礦區(qū)酸性水的治理一直是美國土地復墾的研究焦點,從主動治理技術到被動治理技術都有很深入的研究和系統(tǒng)的成果,被動治理技術被認為是最有效的方法。

        (3)礦區(qū)土壤及其重構是復墾研究的另一重點,從初期露天礦剝離物、“礦山土”的理化特性,到復墾土壤重構以及各種土壤改良劑的研發(fā),在復墾歷次會議上都是研討的焦點。

        (4)礦區(qū)植被恢復也是復墾研究的重點之一,其研究主要從植被種群的選擇、種苗的繁育,到針對不同立地條件的種植技術以及各種植物生長促進技術。

        (5)仿自然地貌生態(tài)修復法和邊采邊復的規(guī)劃設計方法是近10年新進展。

        (6)復墾政策與監(jiān)管也是一直受到關注的問題,從初期的復墾法規(guī)的研討到復墾成功評判標準與方法的研究,許多研究表明復墾土壤生產力評價、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)評價都可以作為復墾成功與否的評價標準。

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        (本文責編:陳美景)

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        Research Progress on American Society of Mining and Reclamation (from 1984 to 2014) based on Bibliometric Mapping Study

        HU Zhen-qi, FU Yan-hua, XIAO Wu, ZHAO Yun-xiao, YU Yang
        (Institute of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing 100083, China)

        The purpose of this paper is to analyze the international land reclamation research focus and trend based on the statistical analysis of 31 years’ proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation. Divided into three periods, the key words in the proceedings have been analyzed by VOSviewer, a bibliometric mapping software. The results show: 1)the cluster analysis has divided the key words into three clusters, “l(fā)and reclamation evaluation, planning and management”, “acid mine drainage” and “soil and vegetation”; 2)the key words are stable with subtle changes, and the amount increases gradually. We conclude that the research became more specific, the research objects became more diverse, and connotation extended consistently. Besides, the innovative reclamation notions,techniques and materials sprang up. It is clearly that the ecology impact and its research methods have become and will continue to be the focus.

        land reclamation; reclamation planning; review; American Society of Mining and Reclamation (ASMR); acid mine drainage; soil; vegetation

        F301.2

        A

        1001-8158(2016)02-0086-12

        10.11994/zgtdkx.20160302.153746

        2015-10-13;

        2015-12-09

        國家自然科學基金委員會—神華集團有限責任公司煤炭聯(lián)合基金重點支持項目(U1361203)。

        胡振琪(1963-),男,安徽五河人,教授,博士生導師。主要研究方向為土地整治、土地復墾與生態(tài)重建。E-mail: huzq1963@163.com

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