徐杉,李彥忠,2*
(1.草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730020;2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院草原研究所,內(nèi)蒙古 呼和浩特 010010)
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箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究進(jìn)展
徐杉1,李彥忠1,2*
(1.草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730020;2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院草原研究所,內(nèi)蒙古 呼和浩特 010010)
摘要:箭筈豌豆是一年生野豌豆屬植物,也是野豌豆屬的重要栽培種。截止2015年年底,世界范圍內(nèi)箭筈豌豆真菌病害共有14種,分布于28個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū),莖葉部病害、根部病害和系統(tǒng)性病害分別有10種(黑腐病、炭疽病等)、3種(絲囊霉根腐病、鐮孢根腐病、腐霉病)和1種(黃萎病)。這些病害中,鏈格孢黑斑病、絲囊霉病、腐霉病、黃萎病4種病害僅在國(guó)外報(bào)道。附球菌葉斑病和葡柄霉葉斑病兩種病害僅在我國(guó)發(fā)生。我國(guó)共10種病害,在10個(gè)省區(qū)有報(bào)道,其中病害發(fā)生數(shù)最多的地區(qū)為甘肅(8種),其次為云南(6種)。箭筈豌豆的真菌性病原共有43種,25種為半知菌,占總數(shù)的58%,其余為7種子囊菌、6種擔(dān)子菌、5種鞭毛菌,分別占總數(shù)的16%,14%和12%。43種病原真菌中,有15種真菌引起的病害僅在國(guó)外報(bào)道,有7種真菌引起病害僅在我國(guó)報(bào)道。還有7種真菌只在箭筈豌豆上發(fā)現(xiàn),再無(wú)其他寄主報(bào)道。另外,我國(guó)還在箭筈豌豆種子上檢測(cè)出6種種帶真菌,其中4種均能不同程度地降低箭筈豌豆種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗的生長(zhǎng)。國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)箭筈豌豆真菌病害的危害程度、發(fā)生規(guī)律和防治等方面研究較少,主要集中在炭疽病、白粉病、銹病、灰斑病等幾種病害上。隨著箭筈豌豆栽培面積和需求的擴(kuò)大,應(yīng)該關(guān)注影響我國(guó)箭筈豌豆生產(chǎn)的主要真菌病害,在確定病原真菌的基礎(chǔ)上,加深對(duì)病原真菌發(fā)生規(guī)律的研究,制定出有效的防治策略。
關(guān)鍵詞:箭筈豌豆;真菌病害;真菌;發(fā)生規(guī)律;造成損失;防治策略
箭筈豌豆(Viciasativa)又名干薇菜、大巢菜、春巢菜、救荒野豌豆等,英文名為common vetch,為一年生野豌豆屬植物,也是野豌豆屬的重要栽培種[1-3]。它主根肥大,入土淺,根瘤多,蔓生,羽狀復(fù)葉,小葉4~7對(duì),全緣,小葉軸衍伸部有一小尖突,呈現(xiàn)箭筈狀,因此命名為箭筈豌豆[4]。箭筈豌豆對(duì)溫度要求低,6~8 ℃的溫度下可旺盛生長(zhǎng),0 ℃低溫下也能正常生長(zhǎng)。另外,箭筈豌豆對(duì)土壤要求也不十分嚴(yán)格, pH為6.5~8.5的砂、黏、壤土等多種土壤均能正常生長(zhǎng)[5]。箭筈豌豆在我國(guó)栽培面積較廣,主要集中在南北緯30°~40°之間,甘肅、吉林、江蘇、臺(tái)灣等省均有種植[1,4,6]。在國(guó)外,箭筈豌豆適宜地中海氣候,主要集中種植在西亞和北非,如:土耳其、敘利亞、埃塞俄比亞、摩洛哥、阿爾及利亞等國(guó)家,少量分布在伊拉克、約旦、塞浦路斯、黎巴嫩、突尼斯等國(guó)[7]。
箭筈豌豆在不同時(shí)期不同地域應(yīng)用不同。歐洲新石器時(shí)期,它被種植作為一種糧作物,供給人類維持基本生活[8]。在巴基斯坦和土耳其糧田果園中,它被視為雜草[9-12]。隨著自然環(huán)境和新型農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,箭筈豌豆的應(yīng)用價(jià)值發(fā)生了改變,它常作綠肥,也作輪作作物。在一些土壤侵蝕的地區(qū),如中國(guó)黃土高原地區(qū)及巴西南部,箭筈豌豆常與小麥(Triticumaestivum)輪作,保證土壤侵蝕和水土流失減慢,減少了土壤壓力[13],也保證了糧食作物產(chǎn)量不會(huì)降低[14]。箭筈豌豆在輪作過(guò)程中,對(duì)后茬作物常起到病害防治作用,如:菊苣(Cichoriumintybus)與箭筈豌豆輪作中,相對(duì)菊苣連作,互隔交鏈孢(Alternariaalternata),菊苣鏈格孢(Alternariacichorii),尖孢鐮刀菌(Fusariumoxysporum)等致病菌在菊苣幼苗上分離率依次減少73%,59%,47%,總病害減少51.6%[15]。隨著飼草,牧畜飼料價(jià)格的上漲,箭筈豌豆根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境進(jìn)行牧草飼化,已經(jīng)成為一種喂食牲畜的新型料物[16]。作為牛飼料,它具有蛋白含量高(粗蛋白約30%),易被畜物消化等特點(diǎn)[17-18]。箭筈豌豆在種子生產(chǎn)中,也具有很大的商業(yè)意義。兩季的春箭筈豌豆和冬箭筈豌豆提供了更多飼草資源,滿足生產(chǎn)上的需要,提供了更多經(jīng)濟(jì)利益[19]。
隨著箭筈豌豆應(yīng)用價(jià)值依附時(shí)代背景發(fā)生改變,成為一種廣泛種植的重要牧草,限制其生產(chǎn)的因素受到人們的重視。病害是箭筈豌豆生產(chǎn)中最主要限制因素之一。引致病害的病原生物包括真菌、細(xì)菌、病毒、線蟲(chóng)和寄生性種子植物,其中最主要的病原真菌引發(fā)的危害與牧草的生產(chǎn)集約化程度密切相關(guān)。箭筈豌豆和引致病害的真菌至少可以影響到其中的3個(gè)生產(chǎn)層,即植物生產(chǎn)層,動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)層和外生物生產(chǎn)層[20]。因此,為避免因箭筈豌豆真菌病害造成的產(chǎn)量損失,應(yīng)該對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外已發(fā)生和報(bào)道的箭筈豌豆真菌病害進(jìn)行總結(jié)和梳理。為此,本文擬對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外箭筈豌豆真菌病害、病原真菌、種帶真菌、發(fā)生規(guī)律、存在問(wèn)題與展望等方面綜述,力爭(zhēng)為箭筈豌豆生產(chǎn)者和管理者對(duì)田間發(fā)病植株的真菌病害種類和真菌種類提供指導(dǎo)性幫助。
1箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究歷史
我國(guó)對(duì)箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究報(bào)道較少,有關(guān)箭筈豌豆真菌病害的中文學(xué)術(shù)論文僅有6篇。大量書(shū)籍和病害名錄對(duì)箭筈豌豆真菌病害進(jìn)行記載,主要記述了甘肅、江蘇、新疆、吉林等地箭筈豌豆真菌病害,但缺少植株病狀、病癥和病原體等相關(guān)內(nèi)容的深入研究。國(guó)外對(duì)箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究較多,多數(shù)集中在20世紀(jì),研究也相對(duì)我國(guó)較為深入。共有120篇左右有關(guān)箭筈豌豆真菌病害的外文文獻(xiàn),但在2000年后發(fā)表的論文較少,僅有21篇,且21篇中8篇集中在銹病報(bào)道,5篇集中在霜霉病的報(bào)道中,4篇集中在白粉病報(bào)道。只有4篇是關(guān)于其他病害的近期報(bào)道。其他有關(guān)箭筈豌豆的11種真菌病害,大多集中在20世紀(jì)初中期,文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容較老,報(bào)道過(guò)一個(gè)病害后,無(wú)后續(xù)研究,且重要病原真菌、病株標(biāo)本都沒(méi)有得到妥善保存。
俄羅斯學(xué)者Naumov是最早報(bào)道箭筈豌豆真菌病害的。于1919年,Naumov在箭筈豌豆枝、葉、莢上發(fā)現(xiàn)由灰斑殼二孢(Ascochytapunctata)引起葉斑病[21]。1929年,美國(guó)病理學(xué)家Sprague系統(tǒng)地對(duì)豆類葉斑病的病原(Ascochytaspp.)進(jìn)行了寄主范圍和生活史的深入研究。此次研究,在世界范圍內(nèi)收集了大量殼二孢屬侵染的豆類植株(其中包括野豌豆屬),為隨后的研究奠定了基礎(chǔ),也為后續(xù)研究提供了材料[22]。1934年,Sattar[23]在Sprague的研究基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)各個(gè)種的豆類殼二孢的生物學(xué)特性進(jìn)行了報(bào)道,其中包括箭筈豌豆上發(fā)現(xiàn)的豌豆殼二孢(Ascochytapisi)。同時(shí)期,Dearness[24]和Weimer[25]先后在箭筈豌豆上發(fā)現(xiàn)炭疽病,并分別對(duì)兩個(gè)致病刺盤(pán)孢種,命名為野豌豆刺盤(pán)孢(Colletotrichumviciae)和冬箭筈豌豆刺盤(pán)孢(Colletotrichumvillosum)。20世紀(jì)初期,除上述炭疽病和葉斑病,還有7種病害由美國(guó)、印度和歐洲學(xué)者報(bào)道。箭筈豌豆灰葡萄孢病(Botrytiscinerea)最早報(bào)道于美國(guó)[26]。箭筈豌豆銹病(Uromycesfabae)最早報(bào)道于埃及[27],1934年箭筈豌豆銹病(U.viciae-fabae)在美國(guó)也有發(fā)生[28]。箭筈豌豆霜霉病(Peronosporaviciae)最早記錄于印度[29]。箭筈豌豆菌核病(Sclerotiniatrifoliorum)最早記錄于英國(guó)[30]。另外,Weimer是對(duì)箭筈豌豆根部病害最早研究者。1940年,他發(fā)現(xiàn)根腐絲囊霉菌(Aphanomyceseuteiches)和一種鐮刀屬真菌(Fusariumsp.)侵染箭筈豌豆,引起根腐病[31]。1968年,Allen[32]報(bào)道了由原德巴利腐霉(Pythiimdebaryanm)引起的另一種根腐病。20世紀(jì)中期,世界各地陸續(xù)報(bào)道了一些箭筈豌豆病害。其中Bouznad等[33]及Tiffany和Gilman[34]報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)最具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。Bouznad等[33]在箭筈豌豆上發(fā)現(xiàn)由無(wú)性態(tài)箭筈豌豆殼二孢(Ascochytavicia)和有性態(tài)毛野亞隔殼孢(Didymellaviciae)構(gòu)成的完整生活史。1949年,Tiffany 和Gilman[34]總結(jié)了所有豆類刺盤(pán)孢病害,也包括3種發(fā)生在箭筈豌豆刺盤(pán)孢屬病害。他根據(jù)孢子形態(tài),從直孢子和彎孢子的視角,將豆類刺盤(pán)孢分為兩大類,為豆類刺盤(pán)孢形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定奠定了基礎(chǔ)。20世紀(jì)后期和21世紀(jì)初期,地中海地區(qū)相關(guān)報(bào)道大量涌現(xiàn),主要為影響生產(chǎn)力的霜霉病、白粉病和根腐病。除此之外,亞洲日本、伊朗,歐洲土耳其、保加利亞、瑞典、捷克、丹麥、北美州加拿大、大洋洲澳大利亞也記錄并報(bào)道了箭筈豌豆霜霉病、白粉病和根腐病。值得一提的是,20世紀(jì)初期又報(bào)道了一種箭筈豌豆系統(tǒng)性病害-黃萎病。目前,該病在世界范圍內(nèi)只在希臘發(fā)生并報(bào)道[35]。
我國(guó)關(guān)于箭筈豌豆真菌病害的研究始于20世紀(jì)中期,比國(guó)外晚了20年。1939,由日本學(xué)者Hiratsuka[36]報(bào)道了發(fā)生在我國(guó)的箭筈豌豆銹病(Uromyceservi)。這是箭筈豌豆病害發(fā)生在我國(guó)的最早報(bào)道。隨后,20世紀(jì)40年代,Yu[37]報(bào)道了蠶豆葡萄孢(Botrytisfabae)引起的稈腐。Ling[38]在四川發(fā)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)新記錄蠶豆霜霉菌(Peronosporaviciae)引致的霜霉病。日本病理學(xué)家Sawada[39]在臺(tái)灣發(fā)現(xiàn)了Colletotrichumviciae-sativae引致的箭筈豌豆炭疽病(Colletotrichumsativum)。劉經(jīng)芬和方中達(dá)[40]是我國(guó)最早對(duì)箭筈豌豆病害報(bào)道的學(xué)者,于1956年在江蘇地區(qū)報(bào)道了殼二孢(Ascochytasp.),蠶豆單孢銹菌(Uromycesfabae),霜霉菌(Peronosporaviciae)引起的3種病害。1984年,劉若和侯天爵[41]在對(duì)北方豆科牧草病害調(diào)查時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)絲白粉菌Leveillulaleguminosarum引起的白粉病。南志標(biāo)[42-43]分別于1986和1990年報(bào)道由鐮刀菌屬(Fusariumsp.)引起的根腐病和歪頭菜單胞銹菌(Uromycesorobi)引起的銹病。21世紀(jì)初,在陜西發(fā)現(xiàn)了由白粉菌屬(Erysiphesp.)引起的箭筈豌豆白粉病[44]。2015年,Xu和Li[45]在甘肅慶陽(yáng)發(fā)現(xiàn)由小扁豆刺盤(pán)孢(Colletotrichumlentis)引起的箭筈豌豆炭疽病。除上述報(bào)道的文章外,一些出版的書(shū)籍,如《草原保護(hù)學(xué)——牧草病理學(xué)分冊(cè)(第二版)》、《中國(guó)真菌總匯》、《吉林省栽培植物真菌病害志》、《山西植病總覽》、《云南牧草有害生物》、《甘肅中部幾種豆科牧草的病害》等,也有部分箭筈豌豆病害的報(bào)道和記錄。
2真菌病害及其真菌種類
截至2015年,國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)箭筈豌豆病害報(bào)道中,共發(fā)現(xiàn)有43種真菌引起14種病害,發(fā)生于28個(gè)國(guó)家(表1)。
根據(jù)真菌病害發(fā)生數(shù)量對(duì)應(yīng)國(guó)家而言,病害數(shù)由大到小依次是,中國(guó)(10種)、美國(guó),澳大利亞,土耳其各5種、印度(4種)、英國(guó)(3種)、西班牙,俄羅斯,瑞士,日本,加拿大各2種;伊朗,伊比利亞,希臘,威爾士,瑞典,立陶宛,法國(guó),丹麥,保加利亞,埃及共10個(gè)國(guó)家各發(fā)現(xiàn)1種箭筈豌豆病害。另外,還有5種病害發(fā)生地?zé)o詳細(xì)地點(diǎn)標(biāo)引起箭筈豌豆病害的病原真菌共有43種。中國(guó)箭筈豌豆病原真菌最多,有24種,其次為美國(guó),有10種,地中海一些國(guó)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的病原真菌總計(jì)為8種。43種真菌中,有15種真菌引起的病害僅在國(guó)外報(bào)道,中國(guó)沒(méi)有記錄,主要有大孢殼二胞(Ascochytaboltshauseri),蠶豆殼二孢(Ascochytafabae),冬箭筈豌豆刺盤(pán)孢,野豌豆霜霉菌(Peronosporaviciae-sativae)等(表1)。豆類殼二胞(A.pinodes),歪頭菜單胞銹菌,小扁豆刺盤(pán)孢等7種真菌引起的箭筈豌豆病害僅在我國(guó)記錄,國(guó)外沒(méi)有記錄報(bào)道(表1)。其余21種真菌,國(guó)內(nèi)外在箭筈豌豆上均有發(fā)現(xiàn)。有7種真菌, 箭筈豌豆殼二孢,毛野亞隔殼孢, 野豌豆刺盤(pán)孢, 冬箭筈豌豆刺盤(pán)孢,Colletotrichumsativum,Colletotrichumviciae-sativae(無(wú)中文命名),野豌豆霜霉菌(Peronosporaviciae-sativae)只在箭筈豌豆上發(fā)現(xiàn),再無(wú)其他寄主報(bào)道。
表1 國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)生的箭筈豌豆真菌病害Table 1 The fungal diseases of common vetch in the world
續(xù)表1 Continued
注,故無(wú)法統(tǒng)計(jì)。我國(guó)箭筈豌豆真菌病害相比較其他國(guó)家病害數(shù)發(fā)生較多,有10個(gè)省發(fā)生箭筈豌豆真菌病害,根據(jù)數(shù)量的大小,其病害數(shù)由大到小依次為,甘肅(8種)、云南(6種)、臺(tái)灣,四川各4種、江蘇,陜西各3種、吉林2種、浙江,新疆,山西各1種。根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道真菌病害侵染部位,病害數(shù)由大到小依次為:莖葉病害(10種)、根部病害(3種)、系統(tǒng)性病害(1種)(表1)。根據(jù)真菌病害報(bào)道種類對(duì)應(yīng)的發(fā)生地域,有4種病害僅在國(guó)外報(bào)道,在我國(guó)沒(méi)有發(fā)生。4種病害分別是一種莖葉病害,交鏈格孢黑斑病(Alternarinaalternata);兩種根部病害,根腐絲囊霉病(Aphanomyceseuteiches)和根腐腐霉病(Pythiimdebaryanm);一種系統(tǒng)性病害,大麗輪枝孢(Verticilliumdahlia)引起的輪枝孢黃萎病。其中交鏈格孢黑斑病(A.alternata)僅發(fā)生在土耳其,腐霉病(P.debaryanm)僅發(fā)生在澳大利亞,大麗輪枝孢黃萎病(V.dahlia)僅發(fā)生在希臘。所有真菌病害中,附球菌葉斑病(Epicoccumnigrum)和葡柄霉葉斑病(Stemphyliumbotryosum)兩種病害僅在我國(guó)發(fā)生。其余病害,如菌核病(Sclerotiniatrifoliorum)、葡萄孢病(Botrytiscinerea)、白粉病(Erysiphepisi)等在國(guó)內(nèi)外均有記錄和報(bào)道(表1)。
根據(jù)亞歷克索普洛斯1979年分類系統(tǒng),共有4個(gè)亞門43種真菌對(duì)箭筈豌豆造成病害。大部分屬半知菌亞門,占整個(gè)病菌的58%。其次子囊菌亞門和擔(dān)子菌亞門,各占整個(gè)病菌的16%和14%。鞭毛菌亞門引起的箭筈豌豆病害最少,僅占12%(表2)。其中,國(guó)內(nèi)外均未報(bào)道由接合菌亞門引起的箭筈豌豆病害。
3種帶真菌及其種類
真菌除了對(duì)田間植株直接引發(fā)病害,也會(huì)混雜于種子中間、粘附于種子表面或侵入種子組織內(nèi)部,造成種子品質(zhì)下降[105]。世界范圍內(nèi),有關(guān)箭筈豌豆種帶真菌檢測(cè)的研究很少。我國(guó)學(xué)者胡小文等[106]于2004年首次對(duì)田間收獲的箭筈豌豆種子進(jìn)行了種帶真菌檢測(cè),共發(fā)現(xiàn)6種種帶真菌。主要為細(xì)交鏈孢(Alternariaalternate),其次是青霉(Penicilliumsp.)和粉紅單端孢(Trichotherciumrosen),還有3種真菌檢出率極低,為毛霉(Mucorsp.),大刀鐮孢(Fusariumculmorum)和厚垣鐮孢(F.chlamydosporum)。其中4種種帶真菌均能不同程度地降低箭筈豌豆種子的萌發(fā),影響幼苗的生長(zhǎng),但這些真菌在田間發(fā)生狀況缺少調(diào)查研究。國(guó)外,箭筈豌豆種帶真菌檢測(cè)和種帶真菌對(duì)種子、幼苗影響的相關(guān)研究尚未進(jìn)行。
表2 箭筈豌豆真菌類群Table 2 The groups of common vetch pathogenic fungus
4真菌病害相關(guān)研究
4.1真菌的越冬與傳播
真菌通常越冬方式主要為腐生在雜草以及病殘?bào)w上;也可以進(jìn)入土壤度過(guò)低溫環(huán)境;以及侵入種子內(nèi)部,將種子作為越冬的場(chǎng)所。有關(guān)箭筈豌豆病原物真菌越冬方式,報(bào)道最多的為在植株殘?bào)w上。箭筈豌豆殼二孢形成分生孢子盤(pán)和有性態(tài)子囊孢子,混合出現(xiàn)在箭筈豌豆莖殘?bào)w上越冬[33]。蠶豆葡萄孢灰斑病(Botrytisfabae)的病原真菌以侵入種子和腐生在殘茬兩種方式越冬[61]。兩種越冬方式引起的田間灰斑病發(fā)生程度具有很大差異。學(xué)者認(rèn)為B.fabae侵入種子越冬與來(lái)年田間灰斑病大爆發(fā)無(wú)關(guān)[107]。原因一:在箭筈豌豆灰斑病田間,收獲的種子很少帶B.fabae真菌;原因二:帶病原真菌的種子在播種后,菌株很快死亡,不會(huì)造成大面積的病害爆發(fā)[108]。而蠶豆葡萄孢以菌核的形態(tài)在殘茬上越冬,才是更為重要的越冬方式,這種方式是最有效的再侵染來(lái)源,也是引起田間大規(guī)模病害發(fā)生的有效途徑[109]。越冬后的菌核,在高濕和適宜的溫度下,產(chǎn)生大量分生孢子,通過(guò)氣流對(duì)春播的幼苗進(jìn)行侵染。刺盤(pán)孢引起的炭疽病通常在土壤和植物殘茬中越冬。一般刺盤(pán)孢被認(rèn)為是種傳病害[110],但Colletotrichumsativum引起的箭筈豌豆炭疽病沒(méi)有顯示種傳病特征,在感染炭疽病豆莢中收集的種子均分離不到任何Colletotrichumspp. 病原[63]。Weimer將冬箭筈豌豆刺盤(pán)孢C.villosum孢子接種土壤和種子,均使箭筈豌豆幼苗發(fā)病[25]。說(shuō)明越冬后的C.villosum分生孢子是通過(guò)土壤傳播給幼苗,是一種土傳病害。鐮刀菌以厚垣孢子在土壤中越冬,也為一種土傳病害[111]。除炭疽病、鐮刀菌根腐病外,絲囊霉菌根腐病和輪枝孢黃萎病也為土傳病害[31,35]。豆類白粉病常以閉囊殼在病殘?bào)w上越冬,而銹病以冬孢子越冬在雜草或殘植上,這兩種病害均屬氣傳病害[94,112]。
4.2真菌侵入及其途徑
箭筈豌豆霜霉病、白粉、銹病均是通過(guò)侵入植株表皮或葉片氣孔進(jìn)行侵入的。首先孢子形成吸器或在細(xì)胞內(nèi)形成菌絲,聚集,形成孢子器,釋放孢子進(jìn)行侵染[81]。1996年,F(xiàn)alloon 和 Sutherland[113]對(duì)蠶豆霜霉菌(Peronosporaviciae)侵入豆類作物進(jìn)行了細(xì)致研究。研究表明霜霉菌孢子在近軸葉片的氣孔處先形成孢囊梗,孢囊梗4~6 h侵入氣孔。高濕條件下,孢囊梗延伸為菌絲,單軸逐漸分支,最終端點(diǎn)形成孢子囊。孢子囊初為光滑表面,最終成熟形成小刺,成熟的孢子囊大面積侵染植株。Colletotrichumsativum屬于廣義的毀滅刺盤(pán)孢類群(C.destructivumsensu lato),該類群引起的豆類炭疽病是一種半活體的營(yíng)養(yǎng)侵入機(jī)制。它直接從植物地上部分細(xì)胞侵入。單直孢子芽殖為黑化的附著孢,附著孢直接侵染植株細(xì)胞,形成多隔膜分離的菌絲,菌絲延伸進(jìn)入寄主植株細(xì)胞的原生質(zhì)中。該階段為活體營(yíng)養(yǎng)階段,不造成植株任何癥狀,持續(xù)約24 h左右。多隔膜的菌絲繼續(xù)分支,散射發(fā)芽的菌絲,穿透鄰隔的植物細(xì)胞,侵入細(xì)胞造成炭疽水浸狀。該階段為死體營(yíng)養(yǎng)階段[114]。關(guān)于箭筈豌豆根部侵染病害沒(méi)有太多研究,通常根部病菌,如鐮孢屬(Fusariumsp.),腐霉屬(Pythiumsp.)是通過(guò)土壤侵入根部的。沾根接種證實(shí)了黃萎病菌的孢子可以通過(guò)根部侵入植株[115]。
4.3有性態(tài)
毛野亞隔殼孢是箭筈豌豆殼二孢的有性態(tài),由越冬箭筈豌豆殼二孢自然條件下自交或雜交,在箭筈豌豆植株上產(chǎn)生的。目前,世界范圍內(nèi)在箭筈豌豆只發(fā)現(xiàn)這唯一一種完整生活史。無(wú)性態(tài)A.vicia特點(diǎn)是在侵染的箭筈豌豆上產(chǎn)生分生孢子器,孢子器產(chǎn)生的分生孢子,93%為雙胞孢子,孢子透明,形狀為直孢子,一端平鈍,一端尖。有性態(tài)D.viciae為子囊孢子,子囊果圓形至橢圓,有囊口,子囊壁為假薄壁組織體。子囊圓柱狀,為雙囊壁子囊,一般有8個(gè)子囊孢子。子囊孢子為透明雙胞直孢子,一端平鈍,一端尖[33]。
箭筈豌豆殼二孢依靠孢子形態(tài)鑒定十分困難。箭筈豌豆殼二孢對(duì)箭筈豌豆具有特異致病性,并且在箭筈豌豆上能形成有性態(tài)。依據(jù)這兩個(gè)特性,常作為A.vicia鑒定的手段。
4.4流行與發(fā)病條件
環(huán)境因素對(duì)于病害發(fā)展和流行具有重要意義。降雨強(qiáng)度,持續(xù)時(shí)間,溫度,風(fēng)力等均是引起不同程度病害的原因[116]。一些研究表明,箭筈豌豆腐霉根腐的流行與降雨密切相關(guān),降雨使得土壤水容量變大,加劇了出芽的箭筈豌豆幼苗腐爛程度,同時(shí)伴隨白葉枯病爆發(fā)[32]。箭筈豌豆銹病夏孢子在5~26 ℃范圍內(nèi)萌發(fā)。濕度加快夏孢子對(duì)植株葉片的侵染過(guò)程,低溫減慢侵染過(guò)程,所以多濕高溫有利于它的流行[117]。箭筈豌豆白粉病,在一定的降水量(小于250 mm)不會(huì)爆發(fā)白粉病,而當(dāng)降雨量超過(guò)這一額度,白粉病就會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的損失,故降雨量是箭筈豌豆白粉病流行的重要因素之一[64]。箭筈豌豆炭疽病孢子萌發(fā)最適溫度為27 ℃,且在濕潤(rùn)的葉片上有助于孢子的萌發(fā),傳播和侵染。所以溫度在27 ℃,相對(duì)濕度80%的范圍內(nèi)是該病的流行條件[63,118]。
另外,產(chǎn)地的降雨量引發(fā)的濕潤(rùn)度會(huì)影響收打期間和貯藏期間箭筈豌豆種子帶菌率,造成種子質(zhì)量下降[106,119],通常種帶真菌增多可以引發(fā)多種病害,如霜霉病、銹病、褐斑病、炭疽病等。這些病害完全可以通過(guò)混雜于種子間的病原真菌傳帶[120]。
5危害造成損失
箭筈豌豆在受病害侵染后,其產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)也受到損害。如歪頭菜單胞銹菌侵染箭筈豌豆后,使得箭筈豌豆根系干重減少46.14%,根瘤菌數(shù)量及干重分別減少70.30%和55.98%。葉片中粗纖維含量上升27.26%,與病害嚴(yán)重度呈顯著正相關(guān);粗蛋白含量減少37.45%,與病害嚴(yán)重度顯著負(fù)相關(guān);氨基酸總量減少34.56%;17種氨基酸中,蛋氨酸增加190%,其余各種氨基酸菌有不同程度的減少[42]。
地中海塞浦路斯(Dromolaxia)輪作的箭筈豌豆,受到豌豆白粉菌感染的年份(1983-1984,1987-1988年)與其他無(wú)白粉感染的生長(zhǎng)季相比,干物質(zhì)量明顯降低,干物質(zhì)的氮含量也有所下降[64]。這種產(chǎn)量降低原因可能與降雨,溫度,病害的綜合因素有關(guān)。病害是影響產(chǎn)量的原因之一。
慶陽(yáng)種植的箭筈豌豆被小扁豆刺盤(pán)孢侵染后,100%的植株發(fā)病,30%的植株死亡,造成品質(zhì)的下降和損失[45]。
另外,種帶真菌也會(huì)造成箭筈豌豆種子的損失。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),箭筈豌豆發(fā)芽率與帶菌率呈極顯著(P<0.01)負(fù)相關(guān),其中大刀鐮孢、厚垣鐮孢對(duì)種子萌發(fā)率分別降低了26%和44%,直接影響了種子播種產(chǎn)量[106]。
6問(wèn)題與展望
箭筈豌豆真菌病害的研究存在如下問(wèn)題:1)與主要牧草苜蓿(Medicagosativa)、紅豆草(Ondorychisviciaefolia)、沙打旺(Astragalusadsurgens)的真菌病害相比研究較少??赡茉?yàn)?,箭筈豌豆長(zhǎng)時(shí)間作為綠肥,讓種植忽略箭筈豌豆的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),可能發(fā)生了的真菌病害沒(méi)有及時(shí)關(guān)注和研究。隨著它逐步成為牧草供牲畜喂食和廣泛種植,人們才開(kāi)始關(guān)注和研究造成田間質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量損失的真菌病害。2)病害研究較淺。國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)書(shū)籍記載了箭筈豌豆病真菌病害,但大多僅以植物-病害-病原物的形式記錄,缺少可靠的田間病害發(fā)生率、造成牧草產(chǎn)量損失的數(shù)據(jù)。另外,缺少相關(guān)的植病研究,如病害癥狀描述,病原物菌落和形態(tài)學(xué)描述。一句話概括,為缺少系統(tǒng)性研究。3)已報(bào)道的真菌病害文獻(xiàn)較老和病原真菌鑒定不夠準(zhǔn)確。多數(shù)真菌病害研究處于20世紀(jì)初期,病原真菌均是依靠形態(tài)鑒定,缺少分子生物學(xué)和其他先進(jìn)鑒定方法的支持。至今,箭筈豌豆所有真菌病害的報(bào)道中,只有小扁豆刺盤(pán)孢結(jié)合了形態(tài)學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)進(jìn)行鑒定[45]。但是,一些依靠形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定的報(bào)道中,研究者對(duì)病原真菌只進(jìn)行了語(yǔ)言描述,缺少真菌菌落和形態(tài)圖片(如:Colletotrichumviciae)[24],或者在一些文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中形態(tài)學(xué)的描述與文中所示圖片嚴(yán)重不符(如:C.viciae-sativae)[39]。這樣對(duì)現(xiàn)今的研究者們,在與以前的真菌原物進(jìn)行比對(duì)時(shí),造成了極大困擾。4)有關(guān)箭筈豌豆真菌病害的防治研究較少,只有3篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。利用種質(zhì)資源篩選出抗霜霉(Peronosporaviciae)和抗炭疽(Colletotrichumvillosum)的抗病品種[25,75]。利用敵克松防治腐霉(Pythiumdebaryanm)引發(fā)的箭筈豌豆猝倒[32]。然而,其他病害缺少相應(yīng)的防治研究。
因此,在今后的研究中,對(duì)真菌引起的箭筈豌豆病害研究應(yīng)該系統(tǒng)化,結(jié)合田間發(fā)病癥狀,發(fā)生程度及嚴(yán)重度,發(fā)病時(shí)期,真菌的培養(yǎng)及形態(tài)特征等方面進(jìn)行研究。在鑒定真菌病原物時(shí),需結(jié)合形態(tài)學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)進(jìn)行鑒定。還可以利用一些比較新的鑒定技術(shù),如高度專一的血清技術(shù)(ELISA及單克隆抗體)和免疫測(cè)定試劑盒等[121]。在箭筈豌豆真菌的防治過(guò)程中,需借鑒其他豆科牧草病害防治手段提出相應(yīng)的策略。利用抗病品種仍為最有效的防治方法之一,根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)丶Q豌豆真菌病害發(fā)生種類和嚴(yán)重度,培育相應(yīng)的抗病品種,然后種植抗病品種,使得經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值大大增加。另外,前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),田間苜蓿、紅豆草、無(wú)芒雀麥(Bromusinermis)兩兩混播的組合處理下相對(duì)單播,苜蓿黑莖病、褐斑病,紅豆草殼二孢莖斑病、葡柄霉葉斑病等4種發(fā)病率可降低30.5%~72.0%,病情指數(shù)降低17.99~50.36[122]。嘗試箭筈豌豆與其他禾本科和豆科作物的混播播種組合,在發(fā)病地區(qū)種植,也可成為探求箭筈豌豆真菌病害防治的一種手段。其他不同的農(nóng)事操縱管理,如種植地發(fā)病殘茬的及時(shí)清理,葉斑病害普遍發(fā)生時(shí)提早刈割,田間侵染原的焚燒,均可成為箭筈豌豆防治的參考策略[20,123]。
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DOI:10.11686/cyxb2015478
*收稿日期:2015-10-12;改回日期:2015-11-23
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(No.31272496),公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目(No.201303057),國(guó)家牧草產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-35)和教育部重大科技項(xiàng)目(No.313028)資助。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:徐杉(1989-),男,陜西咸陽(yáng)人,在讀博士。E-mail: xush12@lzu.edu.cn *通信作者Corresponding author. E-mail: liyzh@lzu.edu.cn
* 1Research advances on fungal diseases ofViciasativa
XU Shan1, LI Yan-Zhong1,2*
1.StateKeyLaboratoryofGrasslandArgo-ecosystems,CollegeofPastoralAgricultureScienceandTechnology,LanzhouUniversity,Lanzhou730020,China; 2.InstituteofGrasslandResearchofCAAS,Hohhot010010,China
Abstract:Vicia sativa (Leguminosae) is one of the most important and widely cultivated crops in China. By the end of 2015, 14 fungal diseases of V. sativa had been reported from 28 countries. Of these 14 diseases, 10 infect the leaves and stems, three infect the roots, and one infects the plants systemically. Four fungal pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Aphanomyces euteiches, Pythium debaryanm, Verticillium dahliae) have only infected V. sativa abroad, and two (Epicoccum nigrum and Stemphylium botryosum) have only infected V. sativa in China. In China, 10 fungal diseases of V. sativa have been detected in 10 provinces. Among these provinces, Gansu has the most fungal diseases (eight), followed by Yunnan (six). In total, there are 43 fungal pathogenic species that infect V. sativa. These pathogens belong to the Deuteromycotina (58%), Ascomycotina (16%), Basidiomyotina (14%), and Mastigomycotina (12%). Of these 43 fungal pathogens, 15 occur only abroad, seven occur only in China, and seven are specific to V. sativa. In addition, six seed-borne fungi have been detected in V. sativa seeds in China, and four of them are known to have negative effects on seed germination and seedling growth. Until now, there have been few studies on the harm, life cycle, and management of fungal diseases of V. sativa, although some studies have described aspects of common diseases such as anthracnose, powdery mildew, rust and botrytis. With the increasing cultivation area of V. sativa and the increased demand for this crop, it is important to study its main fungal diseases to evaluate yield losses, to accurately identify the causal agents, to evaluate the dynamics and occurrence of diseases, and to develop effective management strategies.Key words: Vicia sativa; fungal disease; fungal; occurrence; loss; management strategies
http://cyxb.lzu.edu.cn
徐杉, 李彥忠. 箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究進(jìn)展. 草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 25(7): 203-214.
XU Shan, LI Yan-Zhong. Research advances on fungal diseases ofViciasativa. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(7): 203-214.