安徽省宿州第二中學(xué)　杜 聰　梅 梅

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火眼金睛識標志，
類聚群分學(xué)倒裝

安徽省宿州第二中學(xué)杜 聰梅 梅

倒裝（Inversion）是英語語法的一個重要組成部分，了解、掌握倒裝句各種句式的用法，不僅能提高我們對英語語言的欣賞能力，而且對我們英語表達能力的提高也大有裨益。

一、什么是倒裝

在英語中，句子的語序通常是主語在前，謂語在后，但有時由于語法或修辭的需要，將謂語的一部分（通常是助動詞或情態(tài)動詞）或全部提到主語前面，這樣的語序叫作倒裝。倒裝分為兩種：

1.完全倒裝

整個謂語移至主語前面叫完全倒裝。

強調(diào)部分+謂語動詞（vi）+主語。例如：

Away went the boy!

2.部分倒裝

只把助動詞、系動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語前面叫部分倒裝。

強調(diào)部分+助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或系動詞be等+主語+謂語。例如：

Never will he forget his first time to take a plane.

二、尋找標志，巧學(xué)倒裝

1.尋找完全倒裝的標志，巧學(xué)全部倒裝的句型

（1）在here，there引導(dǎo)的句子中，謂語是be，exist等表示狀態(tài)的不及物動詞時，應(yīng)使用完全倒裝句型。例如：

There seems something wrong about it.

Here are some books for you，Wang Lin.

（2）在here，there引導(dǎo)的句子中，謂語是come，go等時，應(yīng)使用完全倒裝句型。例如：

There goes the bell.

Here comes the bus.

若主語是人稱代詞，則不用完全倒裝。例如：

Here you are.

（3）在副詞now，then，thus引導(dǎo)的句子中，謂語動詞是come，follow，begin，end等時，應(yīng)使用完全倒裝句型。例如：

Now comes your turn.

Then followed a shot of gun.

Thus ended the party.

（4）在in，out，up，down，away，off等作狀語置于句首，謂語動詞是come，go，rush，run等不及物動詞的句子中時，應(yīng)使用完全倒裝句型。例如：

In came a little boy.

Away ran the prisoner.

Off went the horses.

若主語是人稱代詞，則不用完全倒裝。例如：

In he came and the lecture began.

Up it flew.

（5）在地點狀語置于句首，謂語動詞是be，stand，sit，lie等時，應(yīng)使用完全倒裝句型。例如：

From the distance came a doctor.

On the ground lay a sick goat.

In the front of the classroom stood a teacher.

2.尋找不完全倒裝的標志，巧學(xué)部分倒裝的句型

（1）在以hardly，scarcely，rarely，little，seldom，never，nowhere，by no means等否定或半否定意義的詞位于句首表示強調(diào)的句子中時，應(yīng)使用部分倒裝句型。例如：

Hardly can you understand the text.

Scarcely did he live in the countryside.

Never before have I met him.

Nowhere could we find the book.

（2）not until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語或從句出現(xiàn)在句首時，主句應(yīng)使用部分倒裝句型。例如：

Not until midnight did it stop raining.

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

（3）“no sooner...than...”，“hardly（scarcely）...when...”（一……就……）中的no sooner，hardly或scarcely位于句首時，主句應(yīng)使用部分倒裝句型。例如：

No sooner had they got to the classroom than they started to study.

Hardly had he entered the house when it began to rain.

（4）“not only...but also...”位于句首但不連接主語時，應(yīng)使用部分倒裝句型。例如：

Not only can he speak English but also French.

注1：若連接兩個分句時，第一個分句用部分倒裝，第二個分句不倒裝。例如：

Not only did he speak correctly，but also he spoke fluently.

注2：若連接兩個主語時不倒裝。例如：

Not only the teacher but also his students have been to the Great Wall.

（5）only放在句首且修飾介詞短語、副詞或狀語從句時，主句應(yīng)使用部分倒裝句型。例如：

Only in this way can we learn English well.

Only then did I realize the importance of English study.

Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.

注：如果only位于句首但修飾的是主語，則不用倒裝。例如：

Only women can use this room.

（6）so（用于肯定句），neither/nor（用于否定句）放在句首，表示前面的情況也適用于另一人（或事物）時，應(yīng)使用部分倒裝句型。例如：

He is interested in English.So am I.

—Do you know Jack quarreled with his brother?

—I don't know，nor do I care.

（7）在so/such...that結(jié)構(gòu)中，so或such放在句首時，主句應(yīng)使用不完全倒裝句型。例如：

So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.

3.尋找特殊倒裝的標志，巧學(xué)特殊倒裝的句型

有些倒裝句型的構(gòu)成不是將謂語動詞或助動詞前置，而是將特殊的內(nèi)容前置，常見的有以下幾種：

（1）as（盡管）引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，通常將句中的表語、狀語或動詞提到句首，從而構(gòu)成特殊倒裝句型，此時as還可以換成though。例如：

Yong as he was，he was already manager of a big hotel.

Child as she is，she has been to many places.

Much as I like the car，I will not buy it.

Try hard as he will，he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

（2）在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，若從句中的謂語含有were，should，had時，可以將這些詞提至句首，省略if，從而構(gòu)成特殊倒裝句型。例如：

Were she here，she would support the plan.

Should anyone call，tell him to wait for me here.

Had I been informed earlier，I could have done something.

（3）有時為了使上下文銜接緊密，或為了給表語以更突出的位置，通常把表語或狀語提前，主語和謂語完全倒裝，這種特殊倒裝句型可稱為平衡倒裝句。例如：

He was born poor and poor he remained all his life.

Very grateful we are for your help.

（4）有時一個情態(tài)動詞或助動詞后的動詞原形也可能移到句子前面來，構(gòu)成特殊倒裝。例如：

But however long it takes，solve it we must.

That day will not come very quickly or easily，but come it surely will.

三、運用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，完成句子

1.Not only＿＿（護士想要）a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.

2.No sooner＿＿Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

3.Only when you can find peace in your heart＿＿（你才可以保持）good relationships with others.

4.At no time＿＿（他們違反）the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.

5.Not until he went through real hardship ＿＿（他意識到）the love we have for our families is important.

Key：1.do the nurses want 2.had 3.will you keep 4.did they break 5.did he realize