戴 結(jié),胡炳德,趙曉玲,梁丁保,徐林生
中國(guó)人民解放軍海軍安慶醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,安徽 安慶 246000
胃食管反流癥狀與Barrett食管關(guān)系的Meta分析
戴 結(jié),胡炳德,趙曉玲,梁丁保,徐林生
中國(guó)人民解放軍海軍安慶醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,安徽 安慶 246000
目的探討胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux, GER)癥狀與Barrett食管(Barrett’s esophagus, BE)的關(guān)系。方法計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、EMbase、MD Consult、CNKI、WanFang Data和CBM等國(guó)內(nèi)外數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)間均從建庫(kù)至2013年6月,查找GER癥狀與BE發(fā)病關(guān)系的病例對(duì)照研究,由于病例組(BE組)和對(duì)照組(非BE組)的來源不同,故將高質(zhì)量的樣本設(shè)計(jì)即病例組和對(duì)照組均來源于未經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡檢查的研究志愿者標(biāo)記為“A型設(shè)計(jì)”,而以具臨床指征而經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡檢查的患者為來源的樣本設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)記為“B型設(shè)計(jì)”,將BE來源于具有臨床指征而行內(nèi)鏡檢查者而對(duì)照組來源于未經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡檢查的研究志愿者的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)記為“A/B型設(shè)計(jì)”。由兩位研究者按照納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行資料提取和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)后,采用RevMan 5.1 軟件對(duì)各研究進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并與分析。結(jié)果共納入27個(gè)研究,合計(jì)1 481例BE患者和38 419例非BE患者。其中16個(gè)研究為“B型設(shè)計(jì)”,7個(gè)研究為“A型設(shè)計(jì)”,剩余4個(gè)研究為“A/B型設(shè)計(jì)”。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示總的GER癥狀與BE關(guān)系的OR=2.45(95%CI:1.55~3.87,P=0.0001),但結(jié)果具有明顯異質(zhì)性(P<0.00001,I2=89%)。對(duì)BE長(zhǎng)度和樣本設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行分層分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),在“B型設(shè)計(jì)”研究中GER癥狀與短節(jié)段BE(SSBE)關(guān)系的OR=1.70(95%CI:0.85~3.39,P=0.014),而與長(zhǎng)節(jié)段BE(LSBE)關(guān)系的OR=2.07(95%CI:0.75~5.73,P=0.016);在“A型設(shè)計(jì)”研究中按BE長(zhǎng)度分層解決了異質(zhì)性問題,GER癥狀與LSBE關(guān)系的OR=5.38(95%CI:2.22~13.04,P=0.0002),與SSBE關(guān)系的OR=1.10(95%CI:0.74~1.65,P=0.64)。結(jié)論Meta分析結(jié)果顯示在高質(zhì)量研究中,GER癥狀增加LSBE發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而與SSBE無明顯相關(guān)性。GER癥狀可作為預(yù)測(cè)LSBE的一個(gè)可靠指標(biāo)。
胃食管反流;癥狀;Barrett食管;Meta分析
過去三十年內(nèi)食管腺癌(esophageal adenocarcinoma, EAC)的發(fā)病率明顯上升[1-2],胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux, GER)的癥狀,如燒心或反流與增加腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān)[3-6]。然而,有報(bào)道顯示大約50%的EAC患者既往無GER癥狀[3, 7-8]。作為EAC的癌前病變,Barrett食管(Barrett’s esophagus, BE)被認(rèn)為是腫瘤發(fā)展過程中的關(guān)鍵步驟,預(yù)防或靶向干預(yù)BE可防止EAC的形成。為了進(jìn)一步研究GER癥狀與BE發(fā)病的關(guān)系,本研究對(duì)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國(guó)內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了Meta分析。
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 研究設(shè)計(jì)類型:本次Meta分析的“病例對(duì)照研究”中,病例組(BE組)和對(duì)照組(非BE組)的來源不同,故將高質(zhì)量的樣本設(shè)計(jì)即病例組和對(duì)照組均來源于未經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡檢查的研究志愿者標(biāo)記為“A型設(shè)計(jì)”,而以具臨床指征而經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡檢查的患者為來源的樣本設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)記為“B型設(shè)計(jì)”,將BE來源于具臨床指征而行內(nèi)鏡檢查者而對(duì)照組來源于未經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡檢查的研究志愿者的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)記為“A/B型設(shè)計(jì)”。
1.1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)BE由內(nèi)鏡下懷疑并經(jīng)腸上皮化生的組織學(xué)證據(jù)確定;(2)GER癥狀由問卷或訪談的方式確定;(3)出現(xiàn)4個(gè)組:有/無GER癥狀和有/無BE;(4)提供的數(shù)據(jù)為比值比(OR)或可以計(jì)算出OR值;(5)GER癥狀廣義地定義為經(jīng)歷燒心和/或反酸至少每周1天。
1.1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)重復(fù)發(fā)表或資料質(zhì)量較差;(2)無需要的結(jié)局指標(biāo)或未提供充分原始數(shù)據(jù)且索取無果;(3)綜述、摘要、評(píng)論等體裁;(4)BE例數(shù)<5例;(5)診斷BE無需腸上皮化生;(6)未相互獨(dú)立評(píng)價(jià)GER癥狀和BE。
1.1.4 結(jié)局指標(biāo):研究人群隨訪期間BE的發(fā)病情況。
1.2 檢索方法與資料提取計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、EMbase、MD Consult、CNKI、WanFang Data和CBM等國(guó)內(nèi)外數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)間均從建庫(kù)至2013年6月,納入已發(fā)表的關(guān)于GER癥狀與BE發(fā)病危險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),文中限制為英文和中文,中文檢索詞為胃食管反流、食管反流、食管炎、燒心、反流、食管腫瘤、腺癌、癌、化生。英文檢索詞為gastroesophageal reflux、GERD、esophageal reflux、esophagitis、heartburn、 pyrosis、regurgitation、esophageal neoplasm、adenocarcinoma、carcinoma、Barrett*、metaplasia、metaplastic。以Web of Science為例,英文檢索策略為:#1 “gastroesophageal reflux” OR “GERD” OR “esophageal reflux” OR “esophagitis” OR “heartburn” OR “pyrosis” OR “regurgitation”;#2 “esophageal neoplasm” OR “adenocarcinoma” OR “carcinoma” OR “Barrett*” OR “metaplasia” OR “metaplastic”,#3 #1 AND #2。
由2名評(píng)議員獨(dú)立完成文獻(xiàn)閱讀,按Meta分析要求篩選出所有符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),整理數(shù)據(jù),建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)并相互核對(duì)數(shù)據(jù),意見不一致時(shí)通過討論或征求第三方意見解決。
1.3 研究設(shè)計(jì)分類及文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)研究設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量依受試者抽樣方法而分類。大多數(shù)研究是在具臨床指征而經(jīng)胃鏡檢查的患者中確定BE病例組和非BE的對(duì)照組,將這些研究標(biāo)記為“B型設(shè)計(jì)”。少數(shù)最近的研究使?jié)撛诘倪x擇偏倚和確認(rèn)偏倚降到最小,即通過對(duì)總體人群抽樣并對(duì)抽樣人群進(jìn)一步行胃鏡檢查,而不論其有無癥狀,從而預(yù)期地將受試者分成BE病例組和對(duì)照組,將這些研究標(biāo)記為“A型設(shè)計(jì)”。最后,在一些其他研究中,BE病例來源于具有臨床指征而經(jīng)胃鏡檢查的患者,但對(duì)照組來源于未經(jīng)胃鏡檢查除外BE的相關(guān)一般人群,將其標(biāo)記為“A/B型設(shè)計(jì)”。參考Lichtenstein等[9]對(duì)病例對(duì)照研究的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)納入研究從以下5 方面進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)估,以考察各研究可能存在的偏倚及其影響程度:(1)研究設(shè)計(jì)是否科學(xué);(2)研究對(duì)象納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其基本構(gòu)成是否明確;(3)處理因素及其方法是否準(zhǔn)確;(4)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法選擇是否正確;(5)是否對(duì)本研究存在的偏倚進(jìn)行討論。以上5項(xiàng)每項(xiàng)占1分,總分≥3分者視為質(zhì)量可靠。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用RevMan 5.1軟件對(duì)GER癥狀與BE的關(guān)系進(jìn)行Meta分析,以O(shè)R為效應(yīng)指標(biāo),計(jì)算OR合并值及95%CI,對(duì)所得的OR值進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),若P>0.05,I2<50%則可認(rèn)為多個(gè)同類研究具有同質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析;反之,若P<0.05,I2≥50%則表示異質(zhì)性較大,但如果臨床上判斷各組間具有一致性需要進(jìn)行合并時(shí),可采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并,如無法判斷異質(zhì)性來源,則不進(jìn)行Meta分析,采用描述性分析。用漏斗圖觀察文獻(xiàn)潛在的發(fā)表偏倚,漏斗圖對(duì)稱則說明發(fā)表偏倚可能性較小。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程和納入研究的基本特征最初共檢出文獻(xiàn)5 485篇,閱讀文題、摘要和全文后根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最終納入27篇文獻(xiàn)[10-36],合計(jì)1 481例BE患者和38 419例非BE患者,其中采用“A型設(shè)計(jì)”7篇[14,17,22,25,28,30,36],采用“B型設(shè)計(jì)”16篇[10-13,15,18-21,24,29,31-35],采用“A/B型設(shè)計(jì)”4篇[16,23,26-27],未獲得符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中文文獻(xiàn),文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及分類結(jié)果見圖1,納入研究的基本特征見表1。納入研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)分均在4分以上,表明文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量可靠。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及分類結(jié)果Fig 1 Flow chart of study eligibility and classfication
表1 納入研究的基本特征
Tab 1 Characteristics of collected studies
納入研究國(guó)家年份設(shè)計(jì)類型BE(n)SSBE(%)有/無GER癥狀的BE(%)有/無BE的GER癥狀者(%)GER癥狀閾值Spechler等[10]美國(guó)1994B16014/975/63—Chalasani等[11]美國(guó)1997B125839/0100/252×/周Pereira等[12]美國(guó)1998B1910037/1474/43—Voutilainen等[13]芬蘭2000B1103/136/116個(gè)月Romero等[14]美國(guó)2001A45—12/884/791×/周Castro等[15]西班牙2002B4110028/2449/43—Conio等[16]意大利2002A/B1497381/982/91×/周Rex等[17]美國(guó)2003A65829/621/151×/周Rajendra等[18]馬來西亞2004B123269/462/411×/周Toruner等[19]土耳其2004B29835/810/15—Johansson等[20]瑞典2005B25805/340/3250×/年Kim等[21]韓國(guó)2005B361004/419/16—Ronkainen等[22]瑞典2005A16692/156/403個(gè)月Smith等[23]澳大利亞2005A/B117—86/2143/3—Veldhuyzen等[24]加拿大2006B25—4/164/37—Ward等[25]美國(guó)2006A509220/1542/342×/周Corley等[26]美國(guó)2007A/B320—73/2280/291×/周Johansson等[27]瑞典2007A/B21038/748/1050×/年Esquivel等[28]美國(guó)2008A111005/545/492×/周Tseng等[29]中國(guó)臺(tái)灣2008B12920/08/16—Zagari等[30]意大利2008A13852/154/44—Fan等[31]美國(guó)2009B77584/123/9—Kuo等[32]中國(guó)臺(tái)灣2010B13—4/492/92—Savarino等[33]意大利2010B1007559/8664/88—Xiong等[34]中國(guó)2010B211002/114/7—Mathew等[35]印度2011B46—22/1530/22—Rubenstein等[36]美國(guó)2013A70—15/734/181×/周
注:文獻(xiàn)[21]和文獻(xiàn)[34]中LSBE患者均僅1例,為方便Meta分析而將所有BE認(rèn)為是SSBE。
2.2 GER癥狀與BE的相關(guān)性全部符合條件的研究中,GER癥狀與BE關(guān)系的OR=2.45(95%CI:1.55~3.87,P=0.0001),但是該結(jié)果具有較大的異質(zhì)性(P<0.00001,I2=89%,見圖2)。在11項(xiàng)研究[11, 14, 16-18, 20, 25-28, 36]中,GER癥狀定義為目前出現(xiàn)癥狀至少每周1次,這些研究的OR=3.62(95%CI:1.73~7.59,P<0.0001),結(jié)果具有較大異質(zhì)性(P<0.00001,I2=93%)。在16項(xiàng)研究[10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21-24, 29-35]中,未描述GERD癥狀的頻率。
按地域來源分層未能有效解決結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性,但與歐洲國(guó)家比較,亞洲國(guó)家GER癥狀與BE關(guān)系之間具有更弱的相關(guān)性。亞洲國(guó)家的研究[18, 21, 29, 32, 34, 35]OR=1.91(95%CI:1.43~2.54,P<0.00001),歐洲國(guó)家的研究[13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 27, 30, 33]OR=2.26(95%CI:0.66~7.73,P=0.00000)。美國(guó)的研究[10-12, 14, 17, 25, 26, 28, 31, 36]OR=2.61(95%CI:1.42~4.76,P=0.002)。
圖2 GER癥狀與BE關(guān)系的Meta分析Fig 2 Meta-analysis of the relationship between GER symptoms and BE
2.3 GER癥狀與不同長(zhǎng)度BE的相關(guān)性6項(xiàng)研究[14,23-24,32,35-36]未描述BE長(zhǎng)度。總之,3項(xiàng)研究[10,13,27]僅報(bào)道與LSBE的關(guān)系;5項(xiàng)研究[12,15,21,28,34]僅報(bào)道與SSBE的關(guān)系;5項(xiàng)研究[16,18-19,26,29]包括了LSBE和SSBE患者但僅報(bào)道總體結(jié)果;8項(xiàng)研究[11,17,20,22,25,30-31,33]單獨(dú)描述了GER癥狀與LSBE和SSBE的關(guān)系。研究[11,13,22,27,30]和研究[10,12,15-21,25-26,28-29,31,33-34]分別按2 cm和3 cm為界將BE分成LSBE和SSBE。提供了指定的BE長(zhǎng)度的16項(xiàng)研究[10-13,15,17,20-22,25,27-28,30-31,33-34],不論其BE的長(zhǎng)度,OR=1.83(95%CI:1.22~2.72,P=0.003)這一結(jié)果仍然具有異質(zhì)性(P<0.0001,I2=66%)。將這16個(gè)研究按BE長(zhǎng)度分層結(jié)果顯示GERD與SSBE[11,12,15,17,20-22,25,28,30-31,33-34]之間的相關(guān)性(OR=1.31,95%CI:0.85~2.03,P=0.22)較GERD與LSBE[10-11,13,17,20,22,25,27,30-31,33]之間的相關(guān)性(OR=3.55,95%CI:1.92~6.58,P<0.0001)為弱。但對(duì)LSBE和SSBE的研究結(jié)果仍然表現(xiàn)出相對(duì)異質(zhì)性。
2.4 不同研究設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的結(jié)果進(jìn)一步對(duì)納入研究按研究設(shè)計(jì)分層分析,采用“B型設(shè)計(jì)”的研究[11,12,15,20-21,31,33-34]顯示GERD與SSBE之間具一定的相關(guān)性(OR=1.70,95%CI:0.85~3.39,P=0.014),結(jié)果具有較大異質(zhì)性(P<0.0001,I2=77%),GERD與LSBE[10-11,13,20,31,33]之間具有更強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性(OR=2.07, 95%CI:0.75~5.73,P=0.01),結(jié)果同樣具有異質(zhì)性(P<0.0001,I2=83%)。僅有1項(xiàng)研究[27]采用“A/B型設(shè)計(jì)”的研究結(jié)果描述了BE長(zhǎng)度,在這項(xiàng)研究中顯示出GERD與LSBE之間具有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性(OR=8.18;95%CI:3.01~22.24,P<0.0001),而未評(píng)價(jià)與SSBE之間的相關(guān)性。
前面已明確“A型設(shè)計(jì)”為最高質(zhì)量的樣本設(shè)計(jì),因?yàn)樗惯x擇偏倚和錯(cuò)分偏倚降低到最小化。5項(xiàng)研究[17,22,25,28,30]按BE長(zhǎng)度分層并采用“A型設(shè)計(jì)”,這些研究采用橫斷面研究設(shè)計(jì)。其中3項(xiàng)美國(guó)的研究[17,25,28]邀請(qǐng)具臨床指征(通常為篩選結(jié)腸癌)而行結(jié)腸鏡檢查的患者再進(jìn)一步行胃鏡檢查;Ronkainen等[22]通過發(fā)送郵件方式邀請(qǐng)瑞典2個(gè)直轄市的居民接受胃鏡檢查;Zagari等[30]也通過類似設(shè)計(jì)方式調(diào)查了2個(gè)意大利村莊??傊?,這5個(gè)研究中,3 510例接受了胃鏡檢查,共檢出23例LSBE和132例SSBE。其中3個(gè)研究[17,25,28]中GERD癥狀被定義為燒心或反流癥狀至少每周1次,另外2個(gè)研究[22,30]中GERD癥狀不受發(fā)生頻率限制。這些按BE長(zhǎng)度分層的研究結(jié)果具有同質(zhì)性。對(duì)于SSBE,固定效應(yīng)總OR=1.10(95%CI:0.74~1.65,P=0.64),表明SSBE與GERD癥狀無相關(guān)性(見圖3)。對(duì)于LSBE,固定效應(yīng)總OR=5.38(95%CI:2.22~13.04,P=0.0002),表明GERD癥狀增加LSBE 5倍的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(見圖4)。
圖3 “A型設(shè)計(jì)”中GER癥狀與SSBE關(guān)系的Meta分析Fig 3 Meta-analysis of the relationship between GER symptoms and SSBE in “design type A” studies
圖4 “A型設(shè)計(jì)”中GER癥狀與LSBE關(guān)系的Meta分析Fig 4 Meta-analysis of the relationship between GER symptoms and LSBE in “design type A” studies
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚不論研究設(shè)計(jì)類型,所有描述了GER癥狀與SSBE和LSBE關(guān)系的漏斗圖結(jié)果顯示漏斗圖大致對(duì)稱,未見明顯發(fā)表偏倚(見圖5、圖6)。
圖5 GER癥狀與SSBE關(guān)系的漏斗圖
Fig 5 Funnel plot for relationship between GER symptoms and SSBE
圖6 GER癥狀與LSBE關(guān)系的漏斗圖
Fig 6 Funnel plot for relationship between GER symptoms and LSBE
近年來對(duì)GER癥狀與BE之間關(guān)系的研究較多,但結(jié)果不一致,存有爭(zhēng)議,而Meta分析是對(duì)具有相同研究目的的多個(gè)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合定量分析的一種方法,綜合研究所得出的結(jié)果更全面、更可靠,較單項(xiàng)研究更能反映出全人群的真實(shí)情況。
本文分析了近20年間GER癥狀與BE關(guān)系的相關(guān)研究,共27項(xiàng)研究,樣本量適中,篩選條件嚴(yán)格,綜合探討B(tài)E的發(fā)生與GER癥狀之間可能存在的關(guān)系。如預(yù)期所料,整體研究的結(jié)果存在嚴(yán)重的異質(zhì)性。通過對(duì)這種異質(zhì)性的多種來源分析發(fā)現(xiàn),這是由于研究采樣的設(shè)計(jì)和BE的長(zhǎng)度所致。在高質(zhì)量的研究設(shè)計(jì)中,GERD癥狀和SSBE之間沒有相關(guān)性,但在具有GERD癥狀的個(gè)體中,LSBE的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加約5倍。
在質(zhì)量較差的抽樣設(shè)計(jì)研究(“B型設(shè)計(jì)”)中發(fā)現(xiàn)GERD癥狀增加SSBE近2倍的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但這一結(jié)果具有嚴(yán)重異質(zhì)性。更高質(zhì)量的抽樣設(shè)計(jì)研究(“A型設(shè)計(jì)”)的結(jié)果對(duì)兩者之間關(guān)系的評(píng)估更為可靠?!癇型設(shè)計(jì)”的抽樣設(shè)計(jì)BE組和非BE組僅限于因某些臨床指征而接受胃鏡檢查者,大多數(shù)BE患者因GERD癥狀而接受胃鏡檢查,對(duì)照組進(jìn)行內(nèi)鏡檢查多因一些其他臨床適應(yīng)證(如幽門螺桿菌相關(guān)的消化性潰瘍病),而這些適應(yīng)證實(shí)際上可能與降低BE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),從而使得研究結(jié)果傾向于GER與BE相關(guān)(即存在偏倚)。此外,內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師行胃鏡檢查時(shí),對(duì)因GER癥狀指征的患者較因其他某些指征患者可能會(huì)更加予以重視或活檢出SSBE。
從漏斗圖發(fā)現(xiàn)少量散布一側(cè)但顯示GER癥狀和SSBE之間呈強(qiáng)相關(guān)性的研究,而在另一側(cè)相應(yīng)的平衡位置未見這樣的負(fù)相關(guān)性研究。多種原因可以解釋這種現(xiàn)象,包括評(píng)論者或編輯反對(duì)發(fā)表這樣的研究,研究者反對(duì)將這樣的結(jié)果提交發(fā)表等,提示可能有發(fā)表偏倚存在。
從病理生理學(xué)上來說,LSBE和SSBE都可能是由于胃十二指腸內(nèi)容物反流所致,那為何GER癥狀與LSBE相關(guān),而與SSBE無關(guān)?這是由于SSBE是在食管遠(yuǎn)端2~3 cm(通常被限定在食管下括約肌的水平或以下,但高于食管胃交界處),與食管更近端的反流相比,生理量的反流在這個(gè)區(qū)域不太可能作為GERD癥狀而被感覺到。SSBE患者可能沒有異常的反流量,但他們的遠(yuǎn)端食管上皮仍可能對(duì)生理量的反流有病理性的反應(yīng),并最終導(dǎo)致上皮化生。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GER癥狀和BE之間的關(guān)系在亞洲人群較在美國(guó)或歐洲人群為弱。然而,這可能僅僅反映在亞洲SSBE較LSBE的比例更高。其他未知的遺傳或行為因素也可能改變GER癥狀對(duì)BE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。例如,非洲裔美國(guó)人具有與歐洲裔美國(guó)人類似的GER癥狀患病率,但是他們卻很少發(fā)展成GER的并發(fā)癥[37]。
目前對(duì)食管腺癌的篩查工作主要集中在具有GER癥狀的患者。然而,本研究表明,這種篩查在很大程度上會(huì)漏過SSBE患者。最近的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),SSBE和LSBE具有類似的進(jìn)展成癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果SSBE需要保證其診斷,那么篩選程序則需要進(jìn)行改變以可靠地鑒別這些患者。
本研究分析的局限性在于從各個(gè)單獨(dú)研究延伸而來的各種形式的偏倚,主要是混雜偏倚。雖然某些研究調(diào)整了潛在的混雜因素(如年齡、性別和肥胖),但大多數(shù)研究沒有進(jìn)行有效調(diào)整。本研究中總的OR合并值主要基于原始的各個(gè)研究的OR值,因此并不反映對(duì)潛在混雜因素的調(diào)整。此外,根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的數(shù)據(jù),我們尚無法在GER癥狀的頻率、持續(xù)時(shí)間和嚴(yán)重程度方面進(jìn)行劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系的測(cè)試。然而,在BE的長(zhǎng)度方面卻能夠顯示出一個(gè)劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系。最后,盡管有大量合適的研究,但來源于“A型設(shè)計(jì)”類型的研究中LSBE患者數(shù)量較少,導(dǎo)致其分層研究結(jié)果的置信區(qū)間(CI)過寬。
總之,本Meta分析結(jié)果表明,GER癥狀明顯與LSBE相關(guān),但與SSBE之間不存在相關(guān)性。這對(duì)食管腺癌的篩查方案具有重大意義。
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(責(zé)任編輯:陳香宇)
Relationship between symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett’s esophagus: a Meta-analysis
DAI Jie, HU Bingde, ZHAO Xiaoling, LIANG Dingbao, XU Linsheng
Department of Gastroenterology, the PLA Navy Anqing Hospital, Anqing 246000, China
Objective To evaluate the relationship between symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE) by Meta-analysis.Methods Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMbase, MD Consult, CNKI, WanFang data and CBM were searched from the date of their establishment to Jun. 2013 to collect the case control studies on the relationship between symptoms of GER and BE. Since the origins of case group (BE) and control group (non-Barrett’s esophagus) were different, the highest-quality sampling design was designed a priori by both cases and controls identified among unselected research volunteers (“design type A”) rather than by patients selected for endoscopy for clinical indications (“design type B”). The remaining studies identified cases of BE from patients undergoing endoscopy for clinical indication and controls among patients without known BE (“design type A/B”). Two researchers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria. RevMan 5.1 software was used for heterogeneity test and pooledORcalculation.Results Twenty-seven literatures met the criteria were enrolled in the Meta-analysis, in which 1 481 cases were BE patients and 38 419 were controls. Of these, 16 studies used “design type B”, 7 studies used the “design type A” and the remaining 4 studies used “design type A/B”. The summary odds ratio (OR) for the association between GERD and BE was 2.45 (95%CI: 1.55-3.87,P=0.0001), but the results were very heterogeneous (P<0.00001,I2=89%). When stratied by BE length and sampling design, GER was related with SSBE (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 0.85-3.39,P=0.014), and stronger related with LSBE (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 0.75-5.73,P=0.016) in design type B. In the research, stratifying by length of BE resolved the heterogeneity and showed a strong association between GERD and LSBE (OR=5.38, 95%CI: 2.22-13.04,P=0.0002) and no association between GER and SSBE (fixed effectsOR=1.10, 95%CI: 0.74-1.65,P=0.64) in design type A. Conclusion In the highest-quality studies, GER symptoms are not associated with SSBE, but increased the odds of LSBE. GERD symptoms can serve as a reliable predictor of LSBE, but not SSBE.
Gastroesophageal reflux; Symptom; Barrett’s esophagus; Meta-analysis
戴結(jié),碩士,研究方向:消化系統(tǒng)疾病。E-mail: daijie2050@163.com
胡炳德,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:消化系統(tǒng)疾病的基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究。E-mail: hubingde@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.09.017
R57
A 文章編號(hào):1006-5709(2016)09-1030-07
2015-07-24